中晚期垃圾渗滤液的处理研究

垃圾渗滤液的处理一直是近几年污水处理领域的热点和难点问题.采用"吹脱-SBR-混凝沉淀-氯化"处理工艺对中晚期垃圾渗滤液进行实验研究,确定了各工艺的最佳运行参数,并对SBR的强化进行了新的探索.结果表明,该工艺可使垃圾渗滤液的COD值从1360 mg/L下降到93.6 mg/L,BOD5值从320 mg/L降低到28mg/L,NH3-N的值从1098.6 mg/L下降到16.1 mg/L,出水色度接近无色,处理效果良好.     

矿化垃圾床＋SBR工艺处理渗滤液的论证及研究

通过论证，选择了矿化垃圾床 SBR工艺进行渗滤液处理的研究。当两类渗滤液水质CODcr分别为22．648和13．236g／L，NH3-N分别为850和642mg／L时，采用矿化垃圾床 SBR工艺处理垃圾渗滤液取得了良好的效果。试验结果表明，处理后渗滤液CODcr降到小于300mg／L，NH3-N降到小于20mg／L的水平，达到了渗滤液的二级排放标准。     

两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液的启动研究

采用两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理早期城市生活垃圾渗滤液。系统出水按不同比例回流到一级UASB中进行反硝化，同时进行产甲烷反应，有机物在二级UASB中被进一步降解，好氧池完成剩余有机物的去除和氨氮的硝化。启动阶段通过对原渗滤液不同比例的稀释，分5次逐步提高进水浓度，启动结束时完成了对原渗滤液的高效处理。在进水COD浓度从3000mg／L提高到15000mg／L，氨氮浓度从250mg／L提高到1400mg／L时，最终COD去除率稳定在92％左右，氨氮去除率可达99％以上，一级UASB中反硝化率接近100％，回流比为300％时系统总氮去除率为70％～80％。     

吹脱法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮研究

对吹脱法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮进行了研究，控制吹脱效率高低的关键因素是温度、气液比和pH值。在水温大于25℃，气液比控制在3500左右，渗滤液pH值控制在10．5左右，对于氨氮浓度高达2000～4000mg／L的垃圾渗滤液，去除率可达到90％以上。     

支撑气膜法脱除／回收垃圾渗滤液中氨氮

利用由微孔疏水性聚丙烯中空纤维制成的工业级膜组件对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮进行支撑气膜法脱除研究,考察了泡沫分离．石灰絮凝等预处理技术对垃圾渗滤液表面张力及COD值的处理效果,在此基础上研究了物料因素和操作因素对膜传质性能的影响,并对该工艺的长期操作稳定性进行了研究。实验结果表明该预处理技术不仅可显著提高垃圾渗滤液的表面张力,还可大大降低其色度和COD值。当进料流量为100L／h、进料氨氮浓度为1000～3000mg／L、硫酸吸收液流量为200L／h、硫酸浓度为6％～10％、温度为20～30℃时,支撑气膜过程（两级膜组件串联）可有效脱除垃圾渗滤液中99％以上的氨氮,同时得到含10％～15％硫酸铵的水溶液作为副产品。工业级支撑气膜组件在连续运行的2个月内保持了良好的传质稳定性。     

混凝沉淀-SBR-活性炭过滤处理垃圾渗滤液

采用沉淀-SBR-活性炭过滤复合工艺对城市垃圾渗滤液进行处理，确定混凝、SBR和活性炭过滤的最隹参数。结果表明，当进水COD为2500mg／L、氨氮在900mg／L的条件下，经该系统处理后，出水COD均在300mg／L以下，氨氮在20mg／L以下，COD去除率达90％以上，氨氮去除率达98％以上，达到较好的去除有机物和去氨效果。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液物化深度处理研究

通过Fenton法和结合聚合硫酸铁的混凝作用,实现垃圾渗滤液氧化塘出水COD的深度处理;并利用水泥水化产物的凝胶物质,强化COD去除率。30％H2O2投加量为0．75mL／L、七水硫酸亚铁投加量为1．5g／L、n（H2O2）：n（Fe^2＋）=1．2：1（摩尔比）时,Fenton法对渗滤液COD的去除率可达52％;水灰比为2：1、搅拌24h的水泥水化物将Fenton法的出水pH值从4调至10,该工艺流程总的COD去除率为73．6％,较普通的Ca（OH）2调节法提高9．3％,出水COD可以从进水的1200mg／L降至315mg／L。     

超声/Fenton联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液中的有机物

详细研究了超声/Fenton联用技术对垃圾渗滤液中有机物的处理效果.研究内容包括:超声波频率对垃圾渗滤液色度和COD去除率的影响,超声波功率对垃圾渗滤液色度和COD去除率的影响以及Fenton试剂用量和pH值对垃圾渗滤液色度去除率和COD去除率的影响.还利用一次正交回归实验确定了超声/Fenton联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液的优化条件,并在优化条件的基础上,对超声波技术、Fenton高级氧化技术和超声/Fenton联用技术对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果进行比较研究.研究结果表明:超声/Fenton联用技术对垃圾渗滤液的色度去除率和COD去除率最高,其色度去除率接近100%,COD去除率达到73.5%.超声/Fenton联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液的优化条件是:超声频率为28 kHz,超声功率为75W,Fe2 浓度为280 mg/L,H2O2浓度为1.29×104 mg/L,pH值为2.5.超声波的频率、功率和Fenton试剂用量之间存在优化匹配值.     

臭氧预氧化-BAF工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液

以广东省江门市垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,对经SBR生化处理和聚合硫酸铁混凝后的垃圾渗滤液,采用臭氧-BAF(曝气生物滤池)工艺进行深度处理。该工艺优点在于：臭氧高级氧化技术使大分子有机污染物降解成二氧化碳和水,或者小分子有机污染物,有利于后继BAF的生化处理,且臭氧处理过后废水的色度明显降低,是废水处理的有效方法之一。而后采用曝气生物滤池对垃圾渗滤液进行进一步处理,对COD进一步去除。结果表明,当臭氧的加入量为150 mg/L,BAF停留时间＞4 h,出水COD低于85 mg/L,稳定达到国家GB 16889-1997《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》一级排放标准,臭氧氧化法处理每吨垃圾渗滤液的费用为4.8元。     

CLR+立式A~3/O~3-MBR组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的工程实例

介绍了一种以沼气提升厌氧反应器(CLR)+立式A~3/O~3-MBR为核心的垃圾渗滤液处理组合工艺,该工艺对垃圾渗滤液有着良好的处理效能。在实际运行过程中,CLR单元对COD负荷的变化有着较好的适应能力,能够高效去除渗滤液中的有机污染物。当进水负荷为6~8 kg COD/(m~3·d)时,CLR出水COD、VFA和SS可以分别低于5 000、1 000和2 000 mg/L,COD去除率维持在90%左右。立式A~3/O~3-MBR能够进一步去除CLR厌氧出水中的氨氮和有机物,组合工艺出水中的COD500 mg/L,BOD5300 mg/L,NH_4~+-N35 mg/L,TP8 mg/L,各指标完全符合设计要求,且符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的三级排放标准。运行成本分析表明,该组合工艺每处理1 m~3垃圾渗滤液的成本大约为36.98元。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)