苏州地区地下水资源城市应急利用适宜性研究

随着太湖水体富营养化程度的不断加剧,建立安全、稳定、可靠的应急备用水源日益重要。利用2005~2009年苏州地区地下水水质连续监测和补充监测资料,对第Ⅱ承压含水层进行了应急利用(生活饮用和工业利用)的水质适宜性和安全性评价分析。研究结果表明:第Ⅱ承含水层主要水化学类型为Na-HCO3、Ca-HCO3和Na-CaHCO3型,水质总体稳定,年际差异很小;地下水水质指数(WQI)均值较低(位于49.98~68.75之间),地下水没有受到有机物污染,可作为应急利用水源;WQI的水质指标贡献率表明,As、Fe、pH和Mn指标的贡献率最大,局部区域As、Fe、Mn及氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量较高,应急利用时应进行处理。朗格里尔饱和指数(LSI)和拉森比(LnR)评价结果表明,该水源易结垢,具有轻微腐蚀倾向,作为工业备用水源时应进行适当的处理。为苏州地区地下水应急水源建设和安全利用提供了科学依据和参考。     

Determination of the utility of groundwater with respect to the geochemical parameters: a case study from Tuticorin District of Tamil Nadu (India)

In modern living, rapid development has created an increase in demand for groundwater. An endeavor has been made to understand the hydrogeochemical parameters to determine the utility of groundwater. This situation is severe in coastal hard rock aquifers due to the influence of salinity ingression and other anthropogenic influence. A total of 135 groundwater samples were collected from the coastal aquifer of the Tuticorin district and analyzed for major cations and anions during premonsoon (PRM) and postmonsoon (POM). The ions analyzed were used to determine the drinking, agricultural and domestic utility of groundwater. The electrical conductivity (EC) contour shows that the groundwater quality is poor along the coast. The parameters were compared with WHO (Guidelines for drinking water quality recommendations, WHO, Geneva, 2004) standard for drinking purpose. A groundwater classification method has been developed for groundwater in the area using a dynamic water quality index (WQI). On the basis of the WQI so computed, groundwater in the area has been spatially classified into “excellent,” “good,” “poor” and “very poor” to “Unsuitable” water types variation lithologywise. Corrosivity ratio and hardness were noted to be higher and found to be unsuitable in majority of the regions for domestic purpose. Higher fluoride concentration was noted in the central part of the study area represented by complex geology comprising of the hornblende biotite gneiss and charnockite. Sodium percentage (Na%), sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, Wilcox (Classification and use of irrigation waters, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1955), permeability index, residual sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hazard, Kelly’s ratio and potential salinity also indicate that most of the groundwater samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes.     

A study on the significance of lithology in groundwater quality of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu (India)

The groundwater occurs in hard rock aquifers, which is more predominant in India. It is more common in the southern peninsula especially Tamil Nadu. Madurai district is located in the central part of Tamil Nadu, underlain predominantly by crystalline formations and alluvium along the river course. The study area being a hard rock terrain, the groundwater is stored in cracks, fissures, joints, etc., and hence the quantity is lesser. The frequent failure of monsoon also aggravates the scarcity of this commodity. In this scenario, the quality and hydrogeochemistry of the available quantum of water plays a significant role for the determination of its utility and in tracing out the hydrogeochemical evaluation. Fifty-four groundwater samples were collected representing the entire study area. The samples collected were representative covering all the major litho units of the study area (charnockite -21, fissile hornblende biotite gneiss-21, granite-4, quartzite-3, and 5 samples from flood plain alluvium). The samples collected were analyzed for major ions and were classified for different purposes like drinking, domestic, and agriculture, with respect to lithology. The comparison of the groundwater samples with the drinking water standards shows that few samples fall above the drinking water limit irrespective of lithology. The samples were classified with sodium absorption ratio, electrical conductivity, residual sodium carbonate, sodium percentage (Na %), Kellys ratio, and magnesium hazard, and permeability index for irrigation purpose found that most of the samples were suitable for irrigation purpose irrespective of lithology. Total hardness and corrosivity index were studied for the domestic purpose and found that the samples of the granitic terrain are safe. Apart from this, index of base exchange, Schoellers water type, Stuyfzands classification were attempted along with Gibbs plot to determine the major geochemical activity of the region. The study reveals that the samples collected from granitic and quartzitic terrains are comparatively better for the domestic and drinking purpose due to the presence of resistant minerals to weathering.     

Taxonomy of groundwater quality using multivariate and spatial analyses in the Tuticorin District,Tamil Nadu,India

A holistic appraisal of the quality of groundwater from the Tuticorin District has been conducted using multivariate statistical and spatial analyses. The objectives of the study were to delineate the spatial and temporal variabilities in groundwater quality and to understand its suitability for human uses. A total of 100 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. Water quality index rating was calculated to quantify overall water quality for human consumption. The PRM samples exhibit poor quality in greater percentage when compared with POM due to the dilution after rainfall. Correlation, factor analysis, and plot of the factor scores reflect the seawater intrusion and weathering process. The mineral stability diagrams indicated that the groundwater is in equilibrium with kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite, whereas Gibbs plot showed that the chemical composition of groundwater in both districts is controlled by the natural weathering processes irrespective of seasons. The major water type identified in this study is the Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–HCO₃ ^? type, which degrades into predominantly Na⁺–Cl^?–SO₄ ^2? more saline groundwater toward the coast.     

Arsenic concentrations in rice, vegetables, and fish in Bangladesh: a preliminary study

Arsenic contaminating groundwater in Bangladesh is one of the largest environmental health hazards in the world. Because of the potential risk to human health through consumption of agricultural produce grown in fields irrigated with arsenic contaminated water, we have determined the level of contamination in 100 samples of crop, vegetables and fresh water fish collected from three different regions in Bangladesh. Arsenic concentrations were determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All 11 samples of water and 18 samples of soil exceeded the expected limits of arsenic. No samples of rice grain (Oryza sativa L.) had arsenic concentrations more than the recommended limit of 1.0 mg/kg. However, rice plants, especially the roots had a significantly higher concentration of arsenic (2.4 mg/kg) compared to stem (0.73 mg/kg) and rice grains (0.14 mg/kg). Arsenic contents of vegetables varied; those exceeding the food safety limits included Kachu sak (Colocasia antiquorum) (0.09-3.99 mg/kg, n=9), potatoes (Solanum tuberisum) (0.07-1.36 mg/kg, n=5), and Kalmi sak (Ipomoea reptoms) (0.1-1.53 mg/kg, n=6). Lata fish (Ophicephalus punctatus) did not contain unacceptable levels of arsenic. These results indicate that arsenic contaminates some food items in Bangladesh. Further studies with larger samples are needed to demonstrate the extent of arsenic contamination of food in Bangladesh.     

南淝河表层水中重金属空间分布、污染评价及来源

根据南淝河丰水期和枯水期水质的调查数据,采用单因子水质指数法和改进后的模糊综合评价法对水中重金属元素的污染进行了评价,确定了主要污染因子和优先控制断面,并利用主成分分析法对重金属污染进行了溯源分析。结果表明:Cr、Cu、Pb的含量平均值均为枯水期高于丰水期,而As、Cd的含量平均值均为枯水期低于丰水期。单因子水质指数法评价结果显示南淝河重金属污染的主要污染因子是Cd,丰水期和枯水期各采样点Cd的含量均达到地表水Ⅴ类水标准,最高值达到地表水Ⅴ类标准值的2.6倍。改进后模糊综合评价法评价结果显示南淝河水质丰水期基本属于地表水环境质量标准Ⅱ类水标准,潜山北路大桥断面污染最严重,属于优先控制断面,枯水期各断面水质均属于Ⅲ类水标准,整体上南淝河水质达到了水体功能区目标。主成分分析法结果显示,南淝河重金属污染的主要来源是流域内的农药化肥、机械制造和电镀行业的废水以及河道的行船。     

Resource management for sustainable development: a community- and GIS-based approach

A combined approach utilizing GIS, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) has been developed for resource mapping in a rural poverty-prone area of Bangladesh. This model integrated GIS and participatory tools to include the voices of the stakeholders in assessing available resources and needs. The resource mapping framework, developed using PRA with local community people and community gatekeepers, was aimed at sustainable resource management, and ArcView GIS was used to digitize the resource maps as a Decision Support System (DSS). A detailed assessment and analysis of the quality, quantity and physical status of resources was first mapped in the field and then digitized using GIS. FGD-based interaction with community people at each union in a subdistrict of Bangladesh revealed stakeholders’ opinions on land and water body management. The present paper demonstrates the power of this model as a policy-making tool for sustainable development and poverty eradication. It also recognized the need for collaboration between interdisciplinary policy planners and researchers to develop and implement a policy on agricultural resource management for poverty-prone areas.     

流域地下水质评价的GIS与模型集成分析

流域水环境管理已经成为当今环境科学的一个重要研究对象,对流域规模的水资源可持续管理和战略环境评价,地下水质评价是其重要内容,急需方法学的支持。全面分析目前国内外GIS与模型集成的研究现状,论述GIS与综合指数模型和机理模型集成的所需条件、优势和存在的问题。强调集成中应对模型的特征、模型的输入输出要求、流域数据基础以及GIS软件的功能进行具体分析,否则将导致区域分析的误差加大甚至产生错误信息。结合地下水水质评价常用的指数模型和机理模型,提出了GIS与模型的集成框架,分析GIS在集成中的3种模式,指明GIS与模型集成的发展方向。最后基于GIS与模型集成的现存问题提出对策,得出GIS与综合指数模型和机理模型集成的最优方法及适用条件,为具体应用提供方法学指导。     

Rice farming sustainability assessment in Bangladesh

Farming sustainability is primordial to long-term socioeconomic development. This study assesses rice farming sustainability in Bangladesh by developing a composite indicator (CI) under the four pillars of sustainability and examines the main determining factors. The assemblage of top-down and bottom-up approaches were applied to generate an essential set of indicators and data were collected through a household survey from 15 villages of three major rice growing ecosystems. The results revealed that less than half of the rice growers were sustainable in terms of economical viability, ecological benefits, and quality of life. By category, Boro rice farming was found to be the most sustainable, followed by Aman and Aus rice farming. Human capital development, increasing land productivity, use of resource conserving practices and technologies, and information availability and accessibility were the main factors promoting rice farming sustainability. The findings indicated that the construction of CI by employing several methodologies such as normalisation provide straightforward and clear-cut policy inputs. The major policy implications that emerged from the findings of the study are outlined to actualise rice farming sustainability, which contributes to sustainable development in Bangladesh.     

川中遂宁地区红层地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源分析

四川红层区居民用水主要为就近开采的地下水,水质参差不齐,研究红层地下水水文地球化学特征,对于宜井区选择,红层水源地用水安全具有重要意义。利用在遂宁船山区采集的70组浅层地下水水样,采用数理统计分析、离子比例关系等方法,分析了红层浅层地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源,研究得出:区内地下水中阴离子以HCO_3~-(164.00～571.91 mg·L~(-1))为主,其次是SO_4~(2-)(13.96～1 000.00 mg·L~(-1)),阳离子以Ca~(2+)(45.70～313.00 mg·L~(-1))为主,其中孔隙水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3,SO_4-Ca,SO_4-Mg型,裂隙水以HCO_3-Ca,Mg型与HCO_3-Ca型为主;地下水中离子成分主要由岩石风化产生,来源于地层中的方解石、白云石、石膏、芒硝等矿物的风化溶解,蒸发浓缩、地下水酸碱环境及人类活动对地下水成分造成了一定的影响;浅层地下水质量以Ⅲ～Ⅳ类为主,污染物主要为TDS、Fe~(3+)等原生污染,也存在NO_3~-、NO_2~-等人类活动污染;红层宜井区主要为平坝、丘坡坡脚及沟谷一带,为避免污染指标超标,井深不宜超过25m,远离养殖场、农厕等地下水易受人类活动污染的环境,防止鱼塘、农田等地表水进入井中。     

流域地下水质评价的GIS与模型集成分析

流域水环境管理已经成为当今环境科学的一个重要研究对象，对流域规模的水资源可持续管理和战略环境评价，地下水质评价是其重要内容，急需方法学的支持。全面分析目前国内外GIS与模型集成的研究现状，论述GIS与综合指数模型和机理模型集成的所需条件、优势和存在的问题。强调集成中应对模型的特征、模型的输入输出要求、流域数据基础以及GIS软件的功能进行具体分析，否则将导致区域分析的误差加大甚至产生错误信息。结合地下水水质评价常用的指数模型和机理模型，提出了GIS与模型的集成框架，分析GIS在集成中的3种模式，指明GIS与模型集成的发展方向。最后基于GIS与模型集成的现存问题提出对策，得出GIS与综合指数模型和机理模型集成的最优方法及适用条件，为具体应用提供方法学指导。     

Spatial assessment for groundwater quality based on GIS and improved fuzzy comprehensive assessment with entropy weights

The objective of the research is to evaluate spatial groundwater quality based on improved fuzzy comprehensive assessment model with entropy weights(FCAEW)in geographical information system(GIS)environment.This paper explores the method of comprehensive evaluation of groundwater and sets up an evaluation model applying GIS and FCAEW.Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from 29 wells in Zhenping County,China.Six parameters were chosen including chloride,sulfate,total hardness,nitrate,fluoride and color.Better spatial interpolation methods for evaluated parameters are found out and selected according to the minimum cross-validation errors from the interpolation methods.FCAEW model was carried out with the help of GIS which makes the evaluating process simpler and easier and more automatically,effectively,efficiently and intelligently.The result embodies the feasibility and effectiveness of FCAEW in GIS when compared with other comprehensive evaluation methods.     

水环境可持续承载评价方法及实证研究

基于广义水环境的概念，研究水环境承载可持续性的量化评价方法，拓展了水环境承载的内涵。主要考虑水环境的水源、资源、纳污、生态等四个功能过程，兼顾社会调节活动对水环境功能的影响。设计并构建了水环境承载的可持续性评价指标体系。对指标体系的1个指数、6个分类指标和36个衰征变量，采用多指标综合评价方法进行定量评价，得到水环境可持续承载度。建立了基予GIS的评价平台。结合白洋淀保定地区的案例进行了水环境承载的实证评价，分析了不同年份水环境承载度指数的变化趋势。提出了改善水环境承载状况的措施建议。研究成果可为科学制定保护规划和管理政策提供技术依据。     

基于PCA和SOM网络的洪泽湖水质时空变化特征分析

2010年分4个季度对洪泽湖全湖20个样点的水质理化特征进行了定期监测,采用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数法（TSIm）综合评价了洪泽湖水质的营养状况,同时应用主成分分析（PCA）和自组织特征映射网络（SOM网络）分析了洪泽湖水质的时空变化特征。结果显示：除了水深（WD）和透明度（SD）,洪泽湖的pH、EC、NH+4 N、TN、TP、和CODMn等水质参数季节差异显著。TSIm综合评价结果表明洪泽湖4个季节的水质均呈富营养化状态,夏季富营养化程度最严重。PCA分析表明洪泽湖水质主要受离子和氮盐的控制,磷不是控制洪泽湖水质的最主要因素。SOM网络将全湖20个样点聚为G1、G2和G3三类,G1代表洪泽湖相对封闭的北部区域,有沉水植被分布,水质主要受围网养殖污染的影响;G2代表洪泽湖东部和南部区域,〖JP2〗航运繁忙,直接承接淮河入湖河水,水质主要受淮河入湖河水和航运的影响;G3代表洪泽湖西部水域,沿岸密布养殖池塘且人口密度大,水质主要受养殖废水和城镇生活污水的影响。研究认为,控制外源污染和恢复沉水植被是防治洪泽湖富营养化的有效途径     

江苏盐城地区地下水水化学特征及形成机理

为了查明江苏盐城地区深层地下水咸化的主要影响因素,采集了不同类型水样(河水、浅层地下水、深层地下水和海水),通过对该地区不同水体的水化学特征、离子比值以及氘氧氚同位素组成进行分析,研究了盐城地区深层地下水水化学特征的形成机理。结果表明:浅层微咸水主要是溶解地层盐分和蒸发作用形成,而滨海港镇的部分地区受到一定程度的现代海水入侵影响。深层地下水总体为淡水,水化学演化以正常的水-岩作用为主,而深层微咸水主要分布在两个地区,一是东部滨海地区的灌河口至大丰一带,二是内陆地区的大丰市及其周边一带。滨海地区的深层微咸水主要是淋滤古海相地层盐分形成,黄沙港镇部分地区则受到轻微的现代海水入侵影响,而内陆地区的深层微咸水主要是浅层咸水下渗造成的。因此,盐城东部沿海矿化度增高的区域应大力加强对地下水的保护,特别是随着全球变暖,黄海海平面有上升的趋势,东部的滨海港镇等受海水入侵影响较大的区域更应引起高度重视。     

Contamination of groundwater and risk assessment for arsenic exposure in Ha Nam province, Vietnam

The characteristics of arsenic-contaminated groundwater and the potential risks from the groundwater were investigated. Arsenic contamination in groundwater was found in four villages (Vinh Tru, Bo De, Hoa Hau, Nhan Dao) in Ha Nam province in northern Vietnam. Since the groundwater had been used as one of the main drinking water sources in these regions, groundwater and hair samples were collected in the villages. The concentrations of arsenic in the three villages (Vinh Tru, Bo De, Hoa Hau) significantly exceeded the Vietnamese drinking water standard for arsenic (10 microg/L) with average concentrations of 348, 211, and 325 microg/L, respectively. According to the results of the arsenic speciation testing, the predominant arsenic species in the groundwater existed as arsenite [As(III)]. Elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, and ammonium were also found in the groundwater. Although more than 90% of the arsenic was removed by sand filtration systems used in this region, arsenic concentrations of most treated groundwater were still higher than the drinking water standard. A significant positive correlation was found between the arsenic concentrations in the treated groundwater and in female human hair. The risk assessment for arsenic through drinking water pathways shows both potential chronic and carcinogenic risks to the local community. More than 40% of the people consuming treated groundwater are at chronic risk for arsenic exposure.     

荆州市地下水动态特征及影响因素分析

利用2008~2011年4年荆州地区36个水位观测孔、30个水质监测孔的连续监测资料,结合地下水补径排条件,分析了该区上部孔隙承压水水位和水质的时空变化特征及其影响驱动因子。结果显示:(1)荆州地下水位动态类型分为自然动态型和人为动态型两种,不同类型地下水水位动态规律在时空分布上有明显差异,呈现出周期性、同步性、特殊性等特点。4167%~50%的监测孔地下水位处于稳定状态,2222%~3611%的监测孔地下水位下降幅度大于02 m,1944%~3611%的监测孔地下水位上升幅度大于02 m,地下水位动态主要受气候条件与人工开采条件影响。(2)荆州地区地下水质不容乐观,整体较差。连续四年均超标的指标有总硬度、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、砷、铁、锰、溶解性固体含量,同时在部分监测点存在超标异常情况,铁、锰、砷的超标与江汉平原区域特有的原生地质环境条件密切相关,而其它组分的超标在很大程度上受到人类活动的影响     

Environmental sustainability practices in South Asian university campuses: an exploratory study on Bangladeshi universities

Environmental sustainability practices in universities can play an important role in helping society form a sustainable future. In this study, the roles that Bangladeshi universities play in terms of sustainability practices on their campuses are scrutinized, as well as the challenges these universities face. The existing research on campus sustainability practices in Asia is reviewed, and a new exploratory study is put forth on environmental sustainability practices in the higher education institutions of a developing country—Bangladesh. The Campus Sustainability Assessment Framework used in Canadian universities was taken as basis for determining potential environmental management indicators. Results show that environmental management practices (i.e., environmental education, research, governance and operations) are present only to a very limited extent in higher education institutions in Bangladesh.     

Urbanization and sustainability: challenges and strategies for sustainable urban development in Bangladesh

Like other developing countries, urbanization in Bangladesh is a growing phenomenon, which is steady in nature but fretfully affects urban sustainability in the wake of lacking in good governance. Despite urban authorities are concerned about this issue, they often fail to address the problems due to the fact of uncontrollable and unpredictable rural to urban migration, and negligence of urban poor’s sustainable living and access to basic services. Virtually the rural poverty problem has been transposed to urban areas, particularly in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Inadequacy of infrastructural services, basic amenities and environmental goods; environmental degradation; traffic jam and accidents; violence and socioeconomic insecurity are the major challenges which are created through rapid urbanization. This paper provides a general understanding of urbanization in Bangladesh and tries to embrace related sustainability issues and challenges hindrance to sustainable urban development in Dhaka city. In addition, it presents a brief case study of water supply in Dhaka city which introduces an issue of ‘system hijack’. The paper concludes providing some strategies that might be helpful to the policy makers in formulating development policies for sustainable urban services.     

Assessment of groundwater contamination by nitrate leaching from intensive vegetable cultivation using geographical information system

This study employed the Geographical Information System (GIS) technology to investigate nitrate contamination of groundwater by agrochemical fertilizers in the Kakamigahara Heights, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Thematic information and chemical data of groundwater from the Heights were analyzed in a GIS environment to study the extent and variation of nitrate contamination and to establish spatial relationships with responsible land use types. The high and correlated concentrations of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), SO(4)(2-), and NO(3)(-) reflected the polluted nature of the unconfined highly permeable Kakamigahara aquifer. Ninety percent of the water samples showed nitrate concentrations above the human affected value (3 mg/l NO(3)(-)), while more than 30% have exceeded the maximum acceptable level (44 mg/l NO(3)(-)) according to Japan regulations. The spatial analyses indicated that groundwater contamination by nitrate is closely associated with one specific land use class, the "vegetable fields". The nitrate concentration of groundwater under vegetable fields was significantly higher than that under urban land or paddy fields. Most of the unacceptable nitrate levels were encountered in boreholes assigned to "vegetable fields" but a few were also found in boreholes allotted to "urban" class. Therefore, the vegetable fields were considered the principal source of nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Kakamigahara. However, contamination from urban sources is also possible.