Modelling nature-like fishway flow around unsubmerged obstacles using a 2D shallow water model

In the scope to create efficient nature like fish ramps using large-scale roughness elements, the present study is an audit of modelling such complex 3D free surface flows using an industrial 2D code solving shallow water equations. Validation procedure is based upon the comparison between numerous experimental measurements and numerical runs around large-scale roughness patterns disposed on the flume bottom in order to determine what 2D reliable numerical results can be expected. In this paper, we focused on cases of unsubmerged obstacles. The results demonstrate that 2D shallow water modelling using an industrial code such as TELEMAC-2D can be a convenient way for the hydraulic engineer to help design a nature-like fishway. This article emphasizes the limitations due to 2D depth integration of velocities and turbulence modelling and gives the domain of validity of the method.     

钾素营养对浅海沉积土桉树生长的影响

研究了浅海沉积物发育的砂壤土上种植桉树(EucalyptusU6),N60g/株、P2O590g/株作基肥,钾肥的多次施用对桉树的生长影响,结果表明:只是在造林前配合NP作基肥或当年追施钾肥才能发挥理想的钾肥使用效果。在NP作基肥的基础上添加氯化钾50g/株,一年生树高增长24.6%,当年再追施氯化钾50g/株的处理,一年生树高增长52.5%,二年生胸径则分别增长22.1%、42.8%;而后钾肥的追施效果不显著;这些差异一直保持到伐龄6a,但随林龄的增长,差异有所减少。由于材积由树高和胸径来决定,使处理间材积上的差异更加明显,并由此带来明显不同的经济效益。桉树对肥料的“相互作用效应”是明显的,造成以上结果的最大可能是桉树对元素的平衡需求。因此,建议桉树施肥以多元素的复合肥为主,并添加适量的微量元素,对其提供完全的营养,才能获得理想的产量,同时,应尽早进行施肥,以免错过桉树敏感期对肥料的大量需要而造成难以弥补的损失。     

Effects of light quality on initiation and development of meroplanktonic diatom blooms in a eutrophic shallow sea

We investigated the effects of light quality on resting stage cell germination and vegetative cell growth of meroplanktonic diatoms in a small port in Hakata Bay, Japan and in the laboratory. During the investigation over the year of 2006, the meroplanktonic diatom bloom first occurred in the end of May and then repeated wane and wax until October in the small port. From late April to middle May, light penetrating the water column was often strong and attenuations of all spectral lights were low. During this period, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira minima, and Chaetoceros sp. appeared frequently, followed by the blooms of S. costatum and Chaetoceros sp. in late May. Thereafter, S. costatum and Chaetoceros sp. bloomed in late June but not in middle June, when pigmented flagellates bloom appeared. The attenuation of short-wavelength light such as violet and blue lights was markedly high during these diatom and flagellate blooms; all blooms disappeared within several days. Vegetative cell strains of the three diatoms under light emitting diodes (LEDs) with six different spectra (violet, blue, green, orange, red, and near-infrared) grew at a higher rate under short-wavelength light, violet and blue. On the other hand, when suspensions of bottom sediments from Hakata Bay were cultured under the same LEDs and in the dark, vegetative cells of S. costatum appeared under all LEDs except for orange and near-infrared, vegetative cells of T. minima appeared under all LEDs but not in the dark, and vegetative cells of Chaetoceros sp. appeared under violet and blue LEDs. However, vegetative cell densities of the three diatoms increased much more under violet light than under other LEDs within a short period (6 days). Our study indicates that underwater penetration by short-wavelength light, such as violet and blue, may be an important factor in the initiation and development of meroplanktonic diatom blooms.     

Effects of floaters on the free surface profiles of river flows

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - The presence of floaters should be taken into account when dealing with hydraulic analyses, e.g. when boats are moored along the river banks or large wood is...     

Epibenthic macrofaunal community response after a mega-earthquake and tsunami in a shallow bay off central-south Chile

On February 27, 2010, the world’s sixth strongest earthquake on record (8.8 M _w) and tsunami hit central Chile. We assess the response of the epibenthic macrofaunal community following this event in Coliumo Bay, one of the areas most affected by this mega-perturbation. The indicators of aggregate and compositional variability show that 3 years after this event, the community appears to have undergone the following dynamics: (1) At an inter-annual timescale, the community (both in density and biomass) shifted through different structures with apparent directionality; (2) Oceanographic and biological seasonality had a strong cyclical influence on the inter-annual community response; (3) There was spatial homogenization of the community over time (i.e., recovery of diversity), probably promoted by the ecological functionality of scavenger species (i.e., crab Cancer coronatus and snail Nassarius spp.) and by the proportional increase in non-dominant species; (4) Bathymetry and bottom dissolved oxygen also played significant roles in the spatial structure of this community; (5) Three years after the perturbation, total density and total community biomass were still considerably below those described under unperturbed conditions, mainly associated with the decrease in density and biomass of dominant species. Therefore, in spite of this apparent community compositional recovery, the aggregate variability currently remains below the levels reported prior to the effect of the mega-earthquake and tsunami. These results provide evidence that supports both the Cross-Scale Resilience Hypothesis and the Response Diversity Hypothesis.     

Flow and drag force around a free surface piercing cylinder for environmental applications

This paper investigates flows around a free surface piercing cylinder with Froude number F > 0.5 and Reynolds number around Re = 50,000. The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of the flow behaviour in environmental systems such as fishways. The advances are based upon experimental and numerical results. Several flow discharges and slopes are tested to obtain both subcritical and supercritical flows. The drag force exerted on the cylinder is measured with the help of a torque gauge while the velocity field is obtained using particle velocimetry. For the numerical part, two URANS turbulence models are tested, the k-\(\omega\) SST and the RNG k-\(\varepsilon\) models using the OpenFOAM software suite for subcritical cases, and then compared with the corresponding experimental results. With fishways applications in mind, the changes in drag coefficient \(C_d\) versus Froude number and water depth are studied and experimental correlations proposed. We conclude that the most suitable URANS turbulence model for reproducing this kind of flow is the k-\(\omega\) SST model.     

Influence of varying nutrient and pesticide mixtures on abatement efficiency using a vegetated free water surface constructed wetland mesocosm

The nutrient and pesticide abatement efficiency of varying mixtures was examined in a vegetated free water surface constructed wetland. Three different agricultural chemical pollutant mixture conditions were assessed: nutrients only (N and P); pesticides only (atrazine, S-metolachlor and permethrin); and a mixture of nutrients and pesticides. With nutrients only, 672 h nutrient mitigation of 77–91% total phosphorous (TP) and 74–98% total nitrogen (TN) was associated with distance from the injection point and rainfall, whereas with nutrient and pesticide mixtures, 672 h nutrient mitigation of 11–71% TP and 84–98% TN were associated with distance and time. With pesticides only, 672 h pesticide mitigation of 50–99% was associated with distance and time, whereas with nutrients and pesticide mixtures, 672 h pesticide mitigation of 48–99% was associated primarily with distance. Dissipation half-lives were 2–10 times greater for P and 1.5–5 times greater for N when pesticides were present. Pesticide dissipation half-lives showed no clear differences with or without nutrients. While vegetated free water surface constructed wetlands can be effective best management practice tools to trap and abate agricultural run-off during rainfall events, efficiencies can be affected by different types of complex pollutant mixtures and wetland design and implementation should accommodate varying efficiencies.     

Mobility of free surface in different liquids and its influence on water striders locomotion

Dynamics of the surface layer in different liquids is examined by means of infrared thermography of the surface and simultaneous velocity fields measurements using surface and infrared Particle Image Velocimetry. This technique allows measurements and comparison of two velocity fields—at the surface and at small depth about 50–200 μm. In distilled water the velocity fields at the surface and at small depth exhibit significant dissimilarity. The flow field below the surface is essentially 3D, whereas the surface flow is characterized by vanishing 2D divergence of velocity, indicating predominantly planar motion. In contrast, in ethanol–butanol mixture two velocity fields are well correlated, both corresponding to 3D flow with continuous surface renewal. Thermal patterns, observed at the surface, and the flow field structure in different liquids are associated with different boundary conditions for velocity at the surface. Water surface is seldom renewed, which inhibits heat and mass exchange between the liquid and atmosphere. However, absence of vertical advection also enables organisms to live within the surface layer, to stand and walk on the free surface. This is illustrated by the difficulties a water strider faces on the surface of ultrapure water, which exhibits Marangoni convection.     

Assessment of nutrients and heavy metals enrichment in surface sediments from Taihu Lake,a eutrophic shallow lake in China

Concentrations of the nutrients (TN and TP), phosphorus fractions and heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, Zn and Hg) in 40 surface sediment samples collected from Taihu Lake, a eutrophic shallow lake in China, were determined. The results showed that the northwest region of the lake possessed higher concentrations of TN and TP, as well as the similar spatial distribution trend in the water column. This should be related to excessive anthropogenic input from industrial effluents and domestic sewage in surrounding areas. Similarly, the concentrations of P fractions exhibited significant regularity. In addition, except for Sr showing low concentration, the rest of the heavy metals in the surface sediments had two- to four-folds of magnitude of the concentrations compared with the reference values in earth's crust. In the past decade, concentrations of heavy metals had undergone different levels of variations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and enrichment factors (EFs) of the compositional data aiming at heavy metals showed that Taihu Lake was slightly exposing to heavy metal contamination except Sr. High concentrations of heavy metals were ascribed to the discharge of untreated and partially treated industrial waste water via rivers. Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn positively correlated with each other (R = 0.78–0.92), that indicated they had analogous sources and/or kindred geochemistry characteristics. Differing from nutrients, randomness in the space indicated that heavy metals had a complex distribution.     

Dynamic behaviour of 1-aminopropan-2-one in sewage: a preliminary synthetic and spectroscopic study

A preliminary investigation of the solution phase behaviour of the biomarker compound 1-aminopropan-2-one (APR) using NMR spectroscopy was carried out. This was achieved, in part, by synthesis of APR with¹³C-enrichment in the methylene position. In this paper, we report that this biomarker undergoes H/D exchange with D₂O, probably via an enol intermediate. In addition, use of¹³C-enriched APR enabled its detection by¹³C NMR spectroscopy at environmentally relevant concentrations.     

Modeling the buoyant flow of heated water discharged from surface and submerged side outfalls in shallow and deep water with a cross flow

In this study, a three-dimensional model was used to numerically study the buoyant flow, along with its mixing characteristics, of heated water discharged from the surface and submerged side outfalls in shallow and deep water with a cross flow. Hydraulic experimental data were used to evaluate the applicability of the model. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results, particularly, the jet trajectories, the dimensions of the recirculating zone, and the distribution of the dimensionless excess temperature. The level of accuracy of the simulation results of the present study is nearly identical to that of the results conducted by McGuirk and Rodi (1978). If the heated water is discharged into shallow water where the momentum flux ratio and the discharge densimetric Froude number are high, the submerged discharge method is better than the surface discharge method in terms of the scale of the recirculating zone and the minimum dilution. In deep water, where the momentum flux ratio and discharge densimetric Froude number are low, however, the submerged discharge method had few advantages. In shallow water, the discharge jet is deflected by the ambient cross flow, while forcing the ambient flow to bend towards the far bank for the full depth. For a submerged discharge in shallow water, the recirculating zone is the largest in the lowest layer but becomes smaller in the upper layer. As the water depth increases, the ambient flow goes over the jet and diminishes the blocking effect, thereby decreasing the bending of the jet.     

基于AutoCAD的三维图转换成平面图的研究

介绍了AutoCAD的Solview命令和Soldraw命令，从而实现三维实心体模型向二维平面图快速转换的方法和使用技巧．     

RANS-based simulation of transverse turbulent mixing in a 2D geometry

Although transverse mixing is a significant process in river engineering when dealing with the discharge of pollutants from point sources or the mixing of tributary inflows, no theoretical basis exists for the prediction of its rate, which is indeed based upon the results of experimental works carried on in laboratory channels or in streams and rivers. The paper presents the preliminary results of a numerical study undertaken to simulate the transverse mixing of a steady-state point source of a tracer in a two-dimensional rectangular geometry, which is expected to reproduce a shallow flow. This geometry is that of Lau and Krishnappan (J Hydraul Div 13(HY10):1173–1189, 1977), who collected turbulent mixing data for a shallow flow. In the numerical study an approach based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations was applied, where the closure problem was solved by using turbulent viscosity concept. Particularly, the classical two-equations k–? model was used. Two methods were applied to the model results to evaluate the turbulent transverse mixing coefficient. The effect on transverse mixing of a grid located upstream the tracer source was also studied. Numerical results were generally higher than the experimental data. This overestimation could be explained considering the hypothesis of isotropic turbulence underlying the k–? model, which can lead to large turbulent viscosities and rate of mixing. However, RANS-based results may still be considered acceptable also providing the large uncertainties associated with literature predictive equations.     

Effect of increasing sea water pCO2 on the northern Atlantic krill species Nyctiphanes couchii

Surprisingly little is known about potential effects of ocean acidification on krill of the Northern Hemisphere as ecologically very important food web component. Sub-adult individuals of the northern Atlantic krill species Nyctiphanes couchii (caught at Austevoll near Bergen, Norway, in January 2013) were exposed in the laboratory to four different levels of pCO₂ (430, 800, 1,100, and 1,700 µatm) for 5 weeks in order to assess potential changes in a set of biological response variables. Survival decreased and the frequency of moulting-related deaths increased with increasing pCO₂. Survival was considerably reduced at relatively high pCO₂ of 1,700 µatm and tended to be negatively affected at 1,100 µatm pCO₂. However, the experimental results show no significant effects of pCO₂ on inter-moult period and growth at pCO₂ levels below 1,100 µatm. No differences in length measurements of the carapace and uropod were observed across pCO₂ levels, indicating no effect of changing carbonate chemistry on the morphology of those calciferous parts of the exoskeleton. The results suggest that sub-adult N. couchii may not suffer dramatically from predicted near-future changes in pCO₂. However, potential detrimental effects on the moulting process and associated higher mortality at 1,100 µatm pCO₂ cannot be excluded. Further experiments are needed in order to investigate whether early life stages of N. couchii show a different sensitivity to elevated sea water pCO₂ and whether those results are transferable to other krill species of the Northern Hemisphere.     

Lunar influence on distribution of a calanoid copepod in the water column of a shallow,temperate estuary

Moonlight had a significant influence on the distribution of the copepodPseudodiaptomus hessei in the water column. Copepod samples were taken between March 1986 and March 1987 in the Sundays River estuary. South Africa. Late copepodid stages and adults showed vertical differences in abundance on moonlit nights, with more animals in bottom waters, but not on dark nights. Numbers of adults present in the water column were markedly lower on full moon nights compared with new moon nights. The strongest decrease in abundance was displayed by ovigerous females. These observed distribution patterns support published predation hypotheses.     

TiO2对毒死蜱在土壤表面光降解的催化作用

以太阳光为光源研究了TiO2用量、毒死蜱初始浓度、土壤厚度对毒死蜱在土壤中的光解行为的影响.结果表明:毒死蜱的光解符合准一级动力学方程,且随添加TiO2用量从0 mg·kg-1增加到200 mg·kg-1,毒死蜱的一级光解动力学常数也增大,其中最快的降解速率是最慢的1.51倍.在含有TiO2的土壤中,添加浓度相对较低的情况下,毒死蜱的降解较快;毒死蜱在不同厚度土壤中的光解速率不同,土壤厚度较大的情况下.毒死蜱的半衰期也比较大.     

海水混合和层化对叶绿素a垂直分布的影响

根据长江口海区、近岸浅水区、黄海冷水团海区和水深超过200m的陆架区等四个区域的定点调查获得的数据，分析了温度、盐度与叶绿素a垂直分布的相互关系。结果表明，长江口海区，陆源径流与海水混合不充分，表层营养盐含量较高，表层叶绿素a含量高于中下水层。近岸浅水区的苏北近岸海水垂向没有温跃层和盐跃层，叶绿素a的垂向分布也均匀，东海西部沿岸出现逆温跃层和逆盐跃层，海水垂直混合不充分，叶绿素a含量(6．72mg／m^3)在10m深水域最高。黄海冷水团海区海水的垂直混合不充分，叶绿素a的垂直变化显著，高值区出现在温跃层下方(4．37mg／m^3)。水深超过200m的陆架区，温度的阶梯状结构、营养盐跃层、光照等因素共同导致整个水层叶绿素a含量普遍较低。同时，结合历史资料分析认为，海水的混合、温度和盐度的层化将影响营养盐的浓度和分布，从而影响海水中叶绿素a的垂直分布。     

A 200-year perspective on alternative stable state theory and lake management from a biomanipulated shallow lake

Multiple stressors to a shallow lake ecosystem have the ability to control the relative stability of alternative states (clear, macrophyte-dominated or turbid, algal-dominated). As a consequence, the use of remedial biomanipulations to induce trophic cascades and shift a turbid lake to a clear state is often only a temporary solution. Here we show the instability of short-term manipulations in the shallow Lake Christina (Minnesota, USA) is governed by the long-term state following a regime shift in the lake. During the modern, managed period of the lake, three top-down manipulations (fish kills) were undertaken inducing temporary (5-10 years) unstable clear-water states. Paleoecological remains of diatoms, along with proxies of primary production (total chlorophyll a and total organic carbon accumulation rate) and trophic state (total P) from sediment records clearly show a single regime shift in the lake during the early 1950s; following this shift, the functioning of the lake ecosystem is dominated by a persistent turbid state. We find that multiple stressors contributed to the regime shift. First, the lake began to eutrophy (from agricultural land use and/or increased waterfowl populations), leading to a dramatic increase in primary production. Soon after, the construction of a dam in 1936 effectively doubled the depth of the lake, compounded by increases in regional humidity; this resulted in an increase in planktivorous and benthivorous fish reducing phytoplankton grazers. These factors further conspired to increase the stability of a turbid regime during the modern managed period, such that switches to a clear-water state were inherently unstable and the lake consistently returned to a turbid state. We conclude that while top-down manipulations have had measurable impacts on the lake state, they have not been effective in providing a return to an ecosystem similar to the stable historical period. Our work offers an example of a well-studied ecosystem forced by multiple stressors into a new long-term managed period, where manipulated clear-water states are temporary, managed features.     

Lethal and sublethal effects of a simulated salt brine effluent on adults and subadults of the shrimps Penaeus setiferus and P. aztecus

Lethal and certain sublethal effects of salt brines on adults and subadults of two species of penaeid shrimps, Penaeus setiferus and P. aztecus, were examined to evaluate the potential impact of ocean disposal of brine from solution mining of salt domes. Brines, prepared from dome salt or synthetic sea salt diluted with Brazos River (Texas, USA) water or deionized water, were mixed with seawater and dalivered from a proportional diluter to shrimp held (usually) at 25°C. For each combination of species, salt, and diluent, 90-individual trials were conducted in the fall and spring. The effects of temperature were evaluated separately. Median lethal time was strongly dose-dependent: Median lethal concentrations at 48 and 96 h were 654±42 (95% confidence interval) and 540±41 mOsm kg^-1 above ambient seawater, respectively, well above the worst-case predictions for the brine-disposal area. Salt type, diluent type, season or species did not significantly affect brine lethality. Mortality was higher for both species at 30°C and lower for P. setiferus and higher for P. aztecus below 25°C. Lethal brine doses produced tachycardia after 6 (P. setiferus) or 12 h (P. aztecus) of brine exposure. Opacity of abdominal muscles increased with brine concentration. Lethal brine concentrations evoked hyperactivity after 0.75–1.5 h of exposure, significant failure to orient after 6 h and a reduction in general activity after 12 h. Behavior and osmoregulation suggest higher sensitivities to brines made with dome salt or river water and in shrimp tested during the cool seasons.     

Sediment resuspension by wind in a shallow lake of Esteros del Iberá (Argentina): a model based on turbidimetry

A model based on empirical relationships is used to study frequency and magnitude of the sediment resuspension by wind-induced waves. The model has been developed for Laguna Galarza, a mesotrophic round-shaped shallow lake located in Esteros del Iberá wetland. Given the logistic and accessibility difficulties of this macrosystem, the installation of automated field stations facilitated continuous data acquisition. Using the wave theory, a daily spatial model of resuspension was built from simultaneous time series of hourly measurements of infrared nephelometric turbidity, wind speed and wind direction. The model was used to predict total suspended solids in another lake of the wetland (Laguna Iberá) showing a good agreement with observed field values, even although Laguna Iberá has a more irregular contour and a eutrophic state. Finally, we apply the model to discuss the ecological impacts of resuspension on the distribution of the littoral communities and to characterize the composition of the particulate suspended matter of the limnetic ecosystem. The model was useful to simulate the possible implications of the recent alterations of the wetland water level on the resuspension regime of the open water bodies.