臭氧对颗粒物中有机组分形成的关键作用

基于2019年10月广东省鹤山大气超级监测站的观测数据分析了臭氧浓度特征与单颗粒气溶胶中的有机物组分.结果表明,PM_2.5中OC的含量显著大于EC,OC/EC比值为0.7～10.4,其中,OC/EC>2的比例占91%,表明有机碳主要来自二次生成.高臭氧浓度下二次组分(Sec)单颗粒和老化有机无机碳(ECOC-aged)单颗粒的数浓度显著增加,Sec和ECOC-aged单颗粒中含乙酸根(⁵⁹CH₃CO₂^-)和乙醛酸(⁷³C₂HO₃^-)的单颗粒数浓度呈单峰分布,两种有机单颗粒的增加都发生在下午臭氧浓度升高光化学反应较强的时段,表明大气氧化性增强有利于含氧有机物的生成.此外,Sec单颗粒中两种有机单颗粒的峰值出现在16:00,而ECOC-aged单颗粒中两种有机单颗粒的峰值出现在18:00之后,这种差异产生的原因可能与含氧有机物氧化形成的过程有关,ECOC-aged粒子中的含氧有机物主要来自...     

面向未来的污水处理厂关键技术研发与工程实践专栏序言

污水处理行业碳排放水平约占全社会碳排放水平的1%～2%,为实现行业碳达峰、碳中和目标以及满足建设面向未来污水处理厂的需要,污水处理行业碳减排技术的开发及碳中和路线图的搭建迫在眉睫.本文是国家水专项“面向未来污水处理厂关键技术研发与工程示范”课题近年来科研成果的总结,致力于构建面向未来污水处理技术体系,从污水处理厂“碳减排”和“碳中和”角度出发,在污水“碳转向”、污水处理过程“碳减排”、基于大数据和云平台的智慧水务3个关键技术的研究以及对面向未来污水处理厂工程实践等方面进行了总结凝练,以期为我国污水处理行业的“碳减排”及“碳中和”提供技术支撑.     

World Stress Map of the Earth: a key to tectonic processes and technological applications

Modern civilisation explores and penetrates the interior of the Earth's crust, recovers from it and stores into it solids, fluids and gases to a hitherto unprecedented degree. Management of underground structures such as boreholes or reservoirs take into account the existing stress either to take advantage of it or at least to minimise the effects of man-made stress. This paper presents the World Map of Tectonic Stresses (in short: World Stress Map or WSM) as a fundamental geophysical data-base. The impact of the WSM is pointed out: in the context of global tectonics, in seismic hazard quantification and in a wide range of technological problems in industrial applications such as oil reservoir management and stability of underground openings (tunnels, boreholes and waste disposal sites).     

从碎片化到系统化：农村精准扶贫中的社会工作资源整合

在脱贫攻坚的大背景下,社会工作专业力量积极参与农村精准扶贫,资源整合是其中的一个重要议题。当前农村贫困对象的资源呈现总体匮乏、资源无联动、资源流失的状态。在农村精准扶贫中,社会工作资源整合需要使贫困对象碎片化的资源状态能够系统化。开展社会工作资源整合,首先需要评估贫困对象的资源需求,然后盘点贫困对象现有资源,并优化资源输送机制,再次需要对整合的资源进行管理与评估。在农村精准扶贫中,也需要反思社会工作资源整合的本土化问题,以及思考后扶贫时代如何针对农村相对贫困群体开展社会工作资源整合服务。     

可怕的『只要经济上去,哪怕天上不飞鸟』

《人民日报·华东时评版》刊登了《“污染市长”得拥戴的背后》一文。文中列举了山西省环保局日前公布的一个万人环保意识问卷调查。该调查虚拟了一种情形：“某市财政收入全省领先,但环境污染日趋严重,您愿意让现任市长继续留任吗?”不出意料,接受调查的普通民众中,71．01%选择了“不愿意”。但令人震惊的是,在身份为市     

Adapting food systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains to global environmental change: key information needs to improve policy formulation

The Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP; including regions of Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh) is generally characterised by fertile soils, favourable climate and an abundant supply of water. Nevertheless, the challenge of increasing food production in the IGP in line with demand grows ever greater; any perturbation in agriculture will considerably affect the food systems of the region and increase the vulnerability of the resource-poor population. Increasing regional production is already complicated by increasing competition for land resources by non-agricultural sectors and by the deterioration of agri-environments and water resources. Global environmental change (GEC), especially changes in climate mean values and variability, will further complicate the agricultural situation and will therefore, have serious implications for food systems of the region. Strategies to reduce the vulnerability of the region's food systems to GEC need to be based on a combination of technical and policy options, and developed in recognition of the concurrent changes in socioeconomic stresses. Adaptation options need to be assessed with regard to their socioeconomic and environmental efficacy, but a greater understanding of the interactions of food systems with GEC is needed to be able to do this with confidence. This paper discusses information needs relating to resource management and policy support to guide the development of research planning for increasing the robustness of IGP food systems to GEC. Further information is needed to develop a range of adaptation strategies including augmenting production and its sustainability, increasing income from agricultural enterprises, diversification from rice–wheat systems, improving land use and natural resource management, and instigating more flexible policies and institutions.     

Project feasibility study: the key to successful implementation of sustainable and socially responsible construction management practice

This paper introduces a new approach for conducting project feasibility study by embracing the principles of sustainable development. Construction projects, in particular, infrastructures have major influence on the attainment of sustainable development, thus project sustainability needs to be considered. This becomes a pressing issue particularly in those developing countries or regions, such as China where a huge amount of construction works are currently performed and remain to happen in the future. Previous study has addressed little on the relevance of project feasibility study to project sustainability performance. The importance of incorporating sustainable development principles in conducting project feasibility study is not effectively understood by project stakeholders. This paper addresses major challenges of undertaking project feasibility study in line with sustainable construction practice with reference to the Chinese construction industry. A case study approach is the major research method in this study. The research team collected 87 feasibility study reports from various projects. Attributes are used for measuring project performance, including 18 economic performance attributes, nine social performance attributes, and eight environmental performance attributes. Research results show that economic performance is given the most concern in the current practice of project feasibility study, whilst less attention is given to the social and environmental performance. The study reveals the insufficiency of examining the performance of implementing a construction project from the perspective of sustainable development. The results also suggest the need for shifting the traditional approach of project feasibility study to a new approach that embraces the principles of sustainable development.     

Out of Africa: Fossils shed light on the origin of the hoatzin,an iconic Neotropic bird

We describe the earliest fossils of the enigmatic avian taxon Opisthocomiformes (hoatzins) from the Oligo-Miocene (22–24 mya) of Brazil. The bones, a humerus, scapula and coracoid, closely resemble those of the extant hoatzin, Opisthocomus hoazin. The very similar osteology of the pectoral girdle in the new Brazilian fossil compared to the extant O. hoazin, in which it reflects peculiar feeding adaptations, may indicate that hoatzins had already evolved their highly specialized feeding behavior by the mid-Cenozoic. We further show that Namibiavis senutae from the early Miocene of Namibia is another, previously misclassified representative of Opisthocomiformes, which documents that the extant Neotropic distribution of hoatzins is relictual. Because of the weak flight capabilities of hoatzins, their occurrence on both sides of the South Atlantic is of particular biogeographic interest. We detail that this distribution pattern is best explained by dispersal from Africa to South America, and that Opisthocomiformes provide the first example of transatlantic rafting among birds.     

The key role of inoculated sludge in fast start-up of sequencing batch reactor for the domestication of aerobic granular sludge

Two types of inoculated sludges, granular sludge that had been stored at-20°C and activated sludge, were investigated for the domestication of aerobic granular sludges(AGSs in sequencing batch reactors(SBRs). The results showed that using the stored granular sludge as inoculation sludge could effectively shorten the domestication time of AGS and yielded mature granular sludge after 22 days of operation. The AGS domesticated by stored granular sludge had better biomass and sedimentation properties; its MLSS and SVI reached8.55 g/L and 35.27 mL/g, respectively. The removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) and total phosphorus(TP) reached 90.76%, 97.39% and 96.40%, respectively. By contrast, 54 days were needed to obtain mature granules using activated sludge. The microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the diversity of the microbial community in mature granules was reduced when stored granular sludge rather than activated sludge was employed as inoculation sludge, and the dominant microbes were changed. The dominant species in mature granules domesticated using stored granular sludge were Zoogloea, Acidovorax and Tolumonas at the genus classification level, while the dominant species were Zoogloea and TM7-genera in granules developed from activated sludge.     

Caspase-3在微囊藻毒素诱导的细胞凋亡中的作用

在已证实微囊藻毒素LR(MCLR)可以诱导大鼠肾细胞凋亡的基础上,采用荧光染料FAM标记的特异性的caspase-3的抑制剂来检测活细胞中caspase-3的酶活性,探讨caspase-3在MCLR诱导的细胞凋亡中所起的作用.结果表明,MCLR可以诱导caspase-3活性的增强.因此推测caspase-3在MCLR诱导的细胞凋亡中可能起重要作用.     

运用FLAC3D分析澜沧江某边坡地震稳定性

本文运用FLAC3D对澜沧江左岸某边坡进行地震作用下的数值模拟,通过人工合成50年超越概率10％加速度时程的地震波,将其利用积分转换成应力时程输入到边坡模型中,并采用莫尔-库仑本构模型分析了该某边坡在地震波作用下剪应力位移矢量的变化情况,结果表明:应力方面,坡肩出现剪应力集中的现象,随着最大主应力和最小主应力两者差异增...     

Performance of Manufacturer Cleaning Recommendations Applied to 3D Food Ink Capsules for the Control of a Human Norovirus Surrogate

With the widespread availability of 3D food printing systems for purchase, users can customize their food in new ways. Manufacturer recommendations for cleaning these machines remain untested with regard to the prevention of foodborne pathogen transmission. This study aimed to determine if manufacturer cleaning recommendations for food ink capsules utilized in 3D food printers are adequate to control human norovirus (HuNoV). A HuNoV surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV; ~?6 log₁₀ PFU/mL), was inoculated onto the interior surface of stainless steel food ink capsules. Capsules were either unsoiled or soiled with one of the following: butter, protein powder solution, powdered sugar solution, or a mixture containing all three food components. The capsules were allowed to dry and then one of three hygienic protocols was applied: manual washing (MW), a dishwasher speed cycle (DSC), or a dishwasher heavy cycle (DHC). The interaction effect between DSC and pure butter was a significant predictor of log reduction (P?=?0.0067), with the pure butter and DSC combination achieving an estimated mean log reduction of 4.83 (95% CI 4.13, 5.59). The DSC was the least effective method of cleaning when compared with MW and the DHC. The 3-way interaction effects between wash type, soil, and capsule position were a significant predictor of log reduction (P?=?0.00341). Capsules with butter in the DSC achieved an estimated mean log reduction of 2.81 (95% CI 2.80, 2.83) for the front-most position versus 6.35 (95% CI 6.33, 6.37) for the back-most position. Soil matrix, cleaning protocol, and capsule position all significantly impact capsule cleanability and potential food safety risk. The DHC is recommended for all capsules, and the corners should be avoided when placing capsules into the dishwasher. The current study seeks to provide recommendations for users of additive manufacturing and 3D food printing including consumers, restaurants, industry, and regulatory industries.

     

From ideas to market applications: dynamics of knowledge transfer and the role of champions

Technology transfer is a significant effort of the federal government and the intent of this effort is to transfer technologies developed in federal laboratories to the private sector for commercial use. The Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer is a clearing-house for technologies developed through federal research laboratories. In addition, universities and other institutions use various mechanisms for transferring the technologies or knowledge to the private sector for civilian use. In this paper, the transfer of experimental and conceptual knowledge from research environment to civilian sector, covering aspects of engineering and social science is emphasized. The engineering examples deal with alleviating the nitrate pollution of rural domestic wells (a conceptual knowledge) and phytoremediation of hazardous wastes (an experimental knowledge). The social science examples deal with a culture assimilator for improving race relations (a conceptual knowledge) and a multimedia assimilator for global managers (an experimental knowledge). In each case, mechanisms and shortcomings involved in transfer-ring the knowledge for civilian use are demonstrated. We present a framework for knowledge transfer, and discuss the role of champions in knowledge transfer. We take the position that, though the attributes of the technology itself are important, knowledge transfer does require champions.