Differential autumn migration of the aquatic warbler Acrocephalus paludicola

Relatively little attention has been paid to sex differences in the migration of birds in autumn. We studied the autumn migration strategy of molecularly sexed males and females in the globally threatened aquatic warbler Acrocephalus paludicola. We captured 176 birds at a stopover site in the Loire estuary at Donges, France. The median date for the passage of adults was 8 days earlier in males than females, although the timing of migration in first-year males and females was similar. This indicates that males, who are without parental duties, can start their migration earlier than females and first-year birds. Adults were significantly heavier than immature birds but did not have higher fat scores. In both age categories, more males (two to three times more) were captured. However, various factors (including tape-luring) can affect observed sex ratio.     

Sex- and age-related differences in the timing and body condition of migrating Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus and Sedge Warblers Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

The migration strategies of birds may vary strongly between species and also between age and/or sex groups. We studied the autumn migration and body condition of molecularly sexed Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus and Sedge Warblers Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (211 and 208 ind., respectively) at a stopover site on Lake Druzno, Northern Poland, in 2008. Immature male Reed Warblers were caught significantly later than females (median dates 9 days later), but in the Sedge Warbler, both sexes of immatures migrated at about the same time. Adult males and females of both species did not differ in their time of migration. Adult and immature males of both species were larger (wing length and body mass) than females. In both species, fat reserves were similar in both sexes of both age classes. Adults of both sexes of Reed and Sedge Warbler were generally caught earlier than immatures. In both species, the body mass and fat reserves of immatures were generally less than in adults. The autumn protogyny of immature Reed Warblers may allow smaller females to limit competition with bigger males during migration and at the wintering grounds. In the Sedge Warbler, which tends to match its migration to peak of occurrence of superabundant food at stopover sites, both sexes gain an advantage from migrating at the same time. Since part of the measured wing length variation in both species was explained by sex differences, temporal trends in wing length recorded at stopover sites should be interpreted with caution.     

Cognitive ability correlates positively with son birth and predicts cross-cultural variation of the offspring sex ratio

Human populations show remarkable variation in the sex ratio at birth which is believed to be related to the parental condition. In the present study, the global variation of sex ratio at birth (SRB, proportion of male offspring born) was analyzed with respect to indirect measure of condition, the intelligence quotient (IQ). IQ correlates strongly with lifespan across nations, which makes it a good indicator of health of the large populations. Relation between three standard measures of average national IQ and SRB was studied using multiple linear regression models. Average national IQ was positively correlated with SRB (r?=?0.54 to 0.57, p?<?0.001). Further, IQ emerged as a powerful predictor of SRB after controlling for the effects of all the known covariates like fertility, maternal age, polygyny prevalence, wealth, son preference, latitude, low birth weight, and neonatal mortality in the regression models. These results suggest that the striking variation of offspring sex ratio across nations could be caused in part by the difference in general condition of populations.     

上海秋季典型大气高污染过程中有机碳和元素碳的变化特征

于2011年10月1日至10日在上海市城区对大气中细粒子的质量浓度和含碳气溶胶进行了在线连续观测,获得了秋季典型大气灰霾污染过程中含碳气溶胶的变化特征.观测结果显示,在大气灰霾过程中PM2.5中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度分别为(20.38±7.11)μg·m-3和(4.07±1.97)μg·m-3,浓度显著高于非霾过程.以非霾天气的起始点作为参照点,得出灰霾期间OC和EC的增长率分别为641％±258％和409％±246％,本次灰霾过程中OC的污染累积与二次生成作用分别占63.8％和36.2％,污染过程以累积为主.灰霾期间OC/EC与O3具有良好的线性关系,且相关分析表明二者之间呈正相关,OC浓度的升高与含碳组分的光化学反应有关.采用EC示踪法估算短期大气过程中有机碳(SOC)含量,灰霾天气和非霾天气PM2.5中的SOC浓度分别为1.64～17.96 μg·m 3和0.25 ～2.83 μg·m-3,分别占OC的l0.7％～66.7％和9.2％ ～52.5％.     

An equal sex ratio followed by differential sex mortality causes overestimation of females in gall midges: no evidence for sex ratio regulation

Monogeny, the production of unisexual broods by individual females, has been recognized for nearly 80?years. The genetic nature of gall midges' sex determination predicts an equal numbers of male-producing and female-producing females in the populations such that the overall sex ratio is expected to be nearly 1:1. However, observations of some strictly monogenous populations with biased sex ratio, mainly toward females, have raised the question of whether gall midges are able to adjust their offspring sex ratio in response to changes in environmental conditions, and some authors have even considered sex ratio regulation as a strong force in the course of the evolution of monogeny. In this paper, first, by studying the sex ratio variations of the predatory gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza within a generation, we showed that adult males emerge up to 1?day earlier and have shorter life span than females (less than 4?days and up to 6?days, respectively). Although, the sex ratio of A. aphidimyza at the time of emergence was nearly 1:1 (52.41?% males), a simple population simulation indicated that the differential mortality of sexes can lead to a female-biased sex ratio estimation (57.88?% females) under random sampling in the natural environments. Our results imply that the primary sex ratio of monogenous gall midges is nearly 1:1 and that the arrhenogenic/thelygenic gall midges are not able to alter the number of their male/female progenies in response to changes in environmental conditions.     

汉中市秋季PM_(2.5)昼夜变化特征

为探讨汉中市秋季PM_(2.5)昼夜变化特征。于2015年9月7日至9月17日利用中流量大气颗粒物采样仪在汉中市三个不同站点分昼夜采集PM_(2.5)滤膜样品,并分别利用热光碳分析仪(DRI—2011)和离子色谱(Dionex—600)分析PM_(2.5)中碳组分和水溶性离子组分,主要探讨PM_(2.5)及其碳组分和水溶性离子昼夜变化特征。结果显示:汉中秋季PM_(2.5)浓度低于国家空气质量一级标准;PM_(2.5)中主要化学组分包括SNA (硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐)和有机类物质,白天和夜间占比分别达到32.3%、39.6%和28.9%、39.6%; PM_(2.5)颗粒物呈酸性。除SO_4~(2-)、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)之外,PM_(2.5)及其化学组分均呈现夜间浓度高于白天的特征。离子的赋存形态分析表明:SO_4~(2-)更多以(NH_4~+)_2SO_4~(2-)的形式存在于PM_(2.5)中。本文相关结果可为地方环保政策的制定提供参考和基础数据。     

北京秋冬季大气氨观测研究

利用差分光学吸收光谱技术,对北京市北郊的大气氨进行了近2个月的观测.结果显示,在秋冬季节,北京大气氨的浓度为（12.89±10.12）×10^-9（part per billion）,观测期间的小时浓度最大值为49.71×10^-9.氨浓度的日变化呈现出白天低、夜晚高的特征,在早高峰时间,氨有明显的一个峰值浓度.另外,氨与NO₂、CO、PM_2.5和PM₁₀之间相关性分别为0.845、0.824、0.821和0.598,明显高于春季,说明秋冬季北京大气氨受机动车排放影响明显.气象要素对氨 浓度明显影响,风速、气压和相对湿度与氨的关联性较高,相比而言,氨与气温关联性较低,说明秋冬季低温环境下,土壤排放、垃圾存储堆场和人体排泄物等排放对大气氨浓度影响较小.     

Characterization of submicron particles during autumn in Beijing, China

In this study, we performed a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of nonrefractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1) in Beijing by using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS). The results showed the average NR-PM_1 mass concentration to be 56.4 ± 58.0 μg/m~3, with a peak at 307.4 μg/m~3. Due to the high frequency of biomass burning in autumn, submicron particles significantly increased in organic content, which accounted for 51% of NR-PM_1 on average. Secondary inorganic aerosols(sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) accounted for 46% of NR-PM_1, of which sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium contributed 15%, 20%, and 11%, respectively. To determine the intrinsic relationships between the organic and inorganic species, we used the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model to merge the high-resolution mass spectra of the organic species and NO+and NO_2~+ions. The PMF analysis separated the mixed organic and nitrate(NO+and NO_2~+) spectra into four organic factors, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol(HOA), oxygenated organic aerosol(OOA), cooking organic aerosol(COA), and biomass burning organic aerosol(BBOA), as well as one nitrate inorganic aerosol(NIA) factor. COA(33%) and OOA(30%) contributed the most to the total organic aerosol(OA) mass, followed by BBOA(20%) and HOA(17%). We successfully quantified the mass concentrations of the organic and inorganic nitrates by the NO+and NO2+ions signal in the organic and NIA factors. The organic nitrate mass varied from 0.01-6.8 μg/m~3, with an average of 1.0 ±1.1 μg/m~3, and organic nitrate components accounted for 10% of the total nitrate mass in this observation.     

Aggressive behavior of the male parent predicts brood sex ratio in a songbird

Brood sex ratio is often affected by parental or environmental quality, presumably in an adaptive manner that is the sex that confers higher fitness benefits to the mother is overproduced. So far, studies on the role of parental quality have focused on parental morphology and attractiveness. However, another aspect, the partner’s behavioral characteristics, may also be expected to play a role in brood sex ratio adjustment. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether the proportion of sons in the brood is predicted by the level of territorial aggression displayed by the father, in the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). The proportion of sons in the brood was higher in early broods and increased with paternal tarsus length. When controlling for breeding date and body size, we found a higher proportion of sons in the brood of less aggressive fathers. Male nestlings are more sensitive to the rearing environment, and the behavior of courting males may often be used by females to assess their future parental activity. Therefore, adjusting brood sex ratio to the level of male aggression could be adaptive. Our results indicate that the behavior of the partner could indeed be a significant determinant in brood sex ratio adjustment, which should not be overlooked in future studies.     

夏秋季长江口及毗邻海域N、P营养盐分布及其潮汐变化

根据2005年7月和11月在长江口及毗邻海域进行的现场观测数据,分析表明:夏秋季表层N、P营养盐的高值区(N＞65 μmol/L,P＞1.3 μmol/L)多位于长江口及杭州湾海域,而低值区(N＜40 μmol/L,P＜0.5μmol/L)多存在于长江口东北海域以及舟山东南海域,底层N、P营养盐在夏季存在-向东北方向的舌状扩散,而秋季等值线比较均匀且呈南北向分布;调查海域表层N/P值都超过30,羽状锋区可达到200以上,表明浮游植物的生长存在着磷限制;连续观测站位的PO-P含量在夏秋季大都表现为小潮高于大潮,而NO3-N含量变化复杂.     

长三角秋冬季典型区域霾天气特征及对比

为总结出霾天气发生时的相关影响因子、特征共性,选取长三角地区8个主要城市,2016～2019年秋冬季发生的7次典型霾天气过程,对比分析了3次霾天气过程中AQI、PM2.5浓度、气象要素、天气形势、边界层特征的变化以及污染物来源.结果表明:不利的气象条件及高低空配置的静稳天气型导致霾天气的形成.3次过程AQI指数峰值分别...     

重庆市都市功能核心区秋季大气污染物时空分布特征

为研究重庆市都市功能核心区大气污染物浓度水平及变化规律,统计分析了2014年9月至2014年11月5个监测站(解放碑、高家花园、杨家坪、新山村和南坪)24 h连续监测PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3浓度数据.结果表明,观测期间,大气颗粒物污染严重,5个站点PM2.5日均浓度超标率分别为30.8%、37.4%、38.5%、37.4%和31.9%,5个站点PM10日均浓度超标率分别为23.1%、22.0%、18.7%、19.8%和19.8%;重庆市都市功能核心区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染严重,5个站点PM2.5占PM10比例分别为60.2%、64.6%、64.1%、75.4%和62.8%;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2和CO早晚出现高峰值;SO_2和O_3浓度日变化曲线呈现单峰型,峰值分别出现在中午和午后;降水量、气温和水汽压与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2呈显著负相关;相对湿度与O_3呈显著负相关,气温、水汽压和风速与O_3呈显著正相关;CO与相对湿度呈显著正相关;风向也影响着大气污染物浓度的时空分布,南偏西、南偏东和东北偏北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度积累,西北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO扩散;但西北风控制下利于O_3浓度积累.     

天津滨海新区秋冬季大气污染特征分析

为了解天津滨海新区大气污染物浓度水平和污染来源,2009年9月1日~2010年2月28日对NOx、CO、SO2、O3、PM2.5、PM10进行了连续在线观测,并同步观测了气象要素.结果表明,秋冬季上述污染物最高日均值(秋冬平均值±标准差,O3为日小时均值最大值)分别达到300.7(65.4±52.9)×10-9、7.278(1.324±1.169)×10-6、53(13±12)×10-9、95(28±21)×10-9(体积分数)和287.4(62.3±53.6)μg/m3、1421.4(161.9±136) μg/m3. NOx和SO2秋季低于冬季,O3和PM10反之. CO和PM10相对国家二级标准超标率为2%和38%,PM2.5相对WHO标准(75μg/m3)超标率为31%.季节统计日变化显示CO和NOx为早晚双峰型,SO2为中午的单峰型,O3为午后单峰型,且秋季日变化振幅远大于冬季, PM10为早晚双峰型,但冬季比秋季晚出峰2~3h.除冬季PM10,大气污染物浓度49%~74%的逐日变化由气象要素影响.滨海新区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,西南方向气流易造成污染物积累,其次是东北方向,而东和东南气流最有利于污染物扩散;各污染物具体表现为NOx主要受局地源控制;SO2主要受外来输送影响;CO和PM2.5同时受本地源和外来源的共同影响;PM10秋季表现为本地源污染,而冬季为本地源和外来源的共同影响.     

2019年秋季南京北郊气溶胶光学特性研究

于2019年11月1日-12月4日在南京北郊对气溶胶光学特性进行观测研究,使用三波长光声黑碳光谱仪（PASS-3）对气溶胶吸收系数β_abs和散射系数β_sca进行了实时在线观测.结果表明,532 nm处的β_abs和β_sca平均值分别为（31.58±16.84）Mm^-1和（168.46±127.09）Mm^-1,均低于南京以往的观测值.β_abs和β_sca的日变化呈双峰型,早晚高峰均与交通排放有关.除早晚高峰以外,β_sca在13：00-14：00略有回升,这与二次气溶胶的生成有关.本次观测期间气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数在风向为东风、东南风和西风时易出现高值,东风、东南风时受到本地排放的影响,西风时受到外地污染物传输的影响,气溶胶的消光物质主要集中在细粒子上.对观测期间典型污染过程的分析表明,高湿度、低风速的不利扩散条件下本地污染排放与西北向污染气团传输的叠加,使得气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数出现连续高值.吸收系数主要受交通排放影响,而工业源和交通源排放的SO₂、NO_x等气态污染物经过大气光化学氧化或液相氧化形成的二次气溶胶及其吸湿增长是导致散射系数增强的主要原因.     

Interannual differences in the relative timing of southward migration of male and female western sandpipers (Calidris mauri)

In the shorebird subfamily Calidridinae, one of the parents shortens parental care and initiates southward migration before the other. We estimated the difference in passage date between male and female western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) at their first major stopover on the southward migration from breeding areas in Alaska, in 18 years between 1978 and 2000. Overall, adult females preceded adult males by 1.22 days. A novel finding was that among juveniles, which migrate approximately a month later than adults, females preceded males by similar magnitude (1.14 days). There was wide variation among years, however, and males actually preceded females in years with late hatch. We relate these findings to hypotheses for female-first southward migration in sandpipers.     

Bird species migration ratio in East Asia, Australia, and surrounding islands

Bird migration and its relationship with the contemporary environment have attracted long-term discussion. We calculated the avian migration ratio (the proportion of breeding species that migrate) in the areas from 70°E to 180°E and examined its relationship with the annual ranges of ambient temperature, primary productivity (estimated by the Enhanced Vegetation Index), and precipitation, along with island isolation and elevational range. The avian migration ratio increased with increasing latitude in general but varied greatly between the two hemispheres. Additionally, it showed minimal differences between continents and islands. Our analyses revealed that the seasonality of ambient temperature, which represents the energy expenditure of birds, is the dominant factor in determining bird species migration. Seasonality in primary productivity and other environmental factors play an indirect or limited role in bird species migration. The lower avian migration ratio in the Southern Hemisphere can be attributed to its paleogeographical isolation, stable paleoclimate, and warm contemporary environment. Under current trends of global warming, our findings should lead to further studies of the impact of warming on bird migration.     

台风影响期间石家庄秋季典型空气污染过程研究

利用PM2.5污染监测数据、气象资料和WRF模式,研究了2013年10月2日至10日石家庄地区秋季一次典型的空气污染过程,结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度的上升和下降阶段与相继出现的台风"菲特"和"丹娜丝"输送气流及其背景场有关,本次污染过程同时受台风系统背景场、副热带高压系统和大陆高压系统协同控制.石家庄PM2.5质量浓度演变分为上升、下降、再上升和下降4个阶段,浓度曲线呈现双峰特征,分别对应台风"菲特"加强、减弱、台风"丹娜丝"加强和减弱阶段.污染过程中,PM2.5日均质量浓度最高值是425μg·m-3,导致这一现象的原因是由于台风"菲特"和"丹娜丝"系统外围东南暖湿气流进入石家庄地区,高空1000、1800和2600 m处出现逆温层,下沉气流最大风速是0.2 m·s-1,覆盖并影响石家庄地区,形成稳定的大气条件,利于PM2.5污染物持续积累,造成石家庄地区PM2.5浓度达到峰值并出现重污染事件.     

Measurement of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxide concentrations during autumn in Beijing, China

Gaseous peroxides play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. To understand the pathways of the formation and removal of peroxides, atmospheric peroxide concentrations and their controlling factors were measured from 7:00 to 20:00 in September, October, and November 2013 at a heavily trafficked residential site in Beijing, China, with average concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and methyl hydroperoxide (MHP) at 0.55 ppb and 0.063 ppb, respectively. H₂O₂ concentrations were higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning and evening, while MHP concentrations did not exhibit a regular diurnal pattern. Both H₂O₂ and MHP concentrations increased at dusk in most cases. Both peroxides displayed monthly variations with higher concentrations in September. These results suggested that photochemical activity was the main controlling factor on variations of H₂O₂ concentrations during the measurement period. Increasing concentrations of volatile organic compounds emitted by motor vehicles were important contributors to H₂O₂ and MHP enrichment. High levels of H₂O₂ and MHP concentrations which occurred during the measurement period probably resulted from the transport of a polluted air mass with high water vapor content passing over the Bohai Bay, China.     

论沈阳市“十一五”水环境保护

全面分析了沈阳市“十一五”期间水环境面临的主要问题,确定了“十一五”水环境保护的目标,提出了实现水环境保护目标的方案措施。强化城市（镇）污水处理厂建设、大力推进中水回用、实施河流综合整治、加强污染源管理是实现沈阳市水环境保护目标的保证。     

秋季东海二甲基有机硫化物的浓度分布与影响因素

于2012年10月对中国东海表层海水中二甲基硫（DMS）及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐（DMSP）、溶解自由态蛋氨酸（DF Met）的浓度分布及影响因素进行了研究。分析结果表明,秋季东海表层海水中硅酸盐（SiO₃-Si）、溶解无机氮（DIN）、磷酸盐（PO₄-P）浓度变化范围分别为0.11~1.76、0.08~0.56和0.013~0.054 mg/L,平均值为0.50±0.36、0.19±0.11和0.024±0.0098 mg/L,且东海西南部上升流区出现营养盐浓度的高值区。表层海水中DMS、DMSP和DF Met的浓度分别在0.47~6.46、9.44~55.57和3.48~14.42 nmol/L之间,平均值分别为3.10±1.93、28.05±14.17和6.19±2.30 nmol/L。DMS、DMSP的水平分布与叶绿素a（Chl a）分布基本一致,呈现出近岸向远海降低的趋势。所调查海域的DMS/Chl a和DMSP/Chl a比值变化范围分别为2.59~27.66和27.37~103.34 mmol/g,平均值分别为11.46±5.02和65.08±23.41 mmol/g,与该海域硅藻为浮游植物优势种的调查结果相一致。此外,秋季东海表层海水DMS的海-气通量介于0.89~105.50 μmol/（m2·d）之间,平均值为35.65 ±31.53 μmol/（m2·d）。