中国区域地表和大气人为影响敏感区域分布

通过1981-2000年NOAA-AVHRR 8km*8km卫星数据,从季节和年尺度分析了人为活动对地表植被覆盖具有显著影响区域分布.在季节尺度上,人为的多季农业耕作活动,造成部分地区植被覆盖出现季节不连续性,在植被轮作季节地表物理减性和几何特征发生明显变化;在年尺度上,人类活动对区域气候的影响主要体现在造成区域地表和...     

应用NOAA／AVHRR遥感资料对大面积草场进行产草量定量估算的方法研究

本文选择我国北方典型草原区──内蒙古锡林郭勒草原为试验区，开展了利用ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料进行大面积草地产草量遥感定量估算方法的研究，从估产原理、植被指数选取、景观生态分区等方面，探讨了ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料应用于大面积估产和动态监测的可行性和具体途径，为提高估产精度，尝试了大气纠正、几何纠正、多时相数据最大值化处理等新的数据预处理方法，并结合了ＧＩＳ技术，结果表明，适宜的景观生态分区及必要的数据预处理是提高估产精度的基础。     

1982-2006年新疆山地-绿洲-荒漠系统植被覆盖变化时空特征

植被覆盖变化在新疆山地-绿洲-荒漠系统(MODS)共存、平衡演变机制中扮演着重要角色。基于1982-2006年GIMMS/NDVI数据,提取新疆地区年最大植被覆盖指数(fvc),针对新疆MODS的基本格局,通过先地理分区再因海拔而异讨论,划分出山地、绿洲、荒漠子系统,对比分析不同分区不同子系统下fvc变化趋势、变率、变幅、变异性等时空动态特征。结果表明:新疆植被覆盖总体呈显著上升趋势,可分为1982-1995年的剧烈波动期和1996-2006年的相对平稳期,不同分区和子系统差异显著;在变幅和变异性上,东、南疆地区>北疆、伊犁地区,荒漠>山地>绿洲,植被覆盖度低的地区>植被覆盖度高的地区;显著改善的地区位于绿洲内部、绿洲的周边地区及部分山地,显著退化的地区大多位于东、南疆的荒漠区;不同植被覆盖度下植被覆盖变化具有不同特征,植被覆盖度低的地区,植被退化趋势明显,植被覆盖度高的地区,植被改善趋势明显。     

应用NOAA气象卫星图象资料估算草场生物量方法的初步研究

新疆幅员辽阔,草场面积>40×10⁴km²,是我国主要畜牧业基地之一。因此测量草场生物量和掌握其动态变化可以为合理规划、利用和改良草场以及发展畜牧业提供科学依据。 测量草场生物量的方法很多。传统的方法是人工割下单位面积的草,称其重量来估算生物量,但此法繁琐费时,而且是一种破坏性的测量方法,同一块草场采样不能重复进     

An application of NOAA AVHRR thermal data to the study of urban heat islands

Brightness temperatures were derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at channel 4 (10.5–11.5 μm) on the NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 satellites to examine the applicability of the AVHRR thermal data to the study of urban heat islands. Air and ground surface temperatures measured at meteorological stations in large cities (population over 300,000) in South Korea were compared with in situ brightness temperature data.The correlation coefficient between air temperatures and brightness temperatures is 0.85 and the relationship may be expressed by the regression: AT=0.59 BT + 2.54. This equation explains 73% of variances at the 0.02% significance level. The best-fit line, however, underestimates air temperatures in such heat-processing industrial cities as Ulsan and Pohang, where smoke puffs up from the high stacks of industrial plants, and overestimates them in the Seoul metropolitan area. The regression equation of ground surface temperatures on brightness temperatures explains 72% of variances. Assuming that optimal meteorological conditions can be selected, the regression equation can be used as a tool to assess air temperature fields in cities.Urban land-use, such as built-up, residential and industrial areas, was clearly identified from the AVHRR thermal data, while small-scale land-use, like parks, were not distinguishable. Brightness temperatures for the intensity of heat islands were related to the population size of cities. The areal magnitude of heat islands in the Seoul metropolitan area expanded considerably, reflecting the conurbation trend for the period 1986–1989. Urban temperatures in the area increased during the period, while temperature gradients declined.     

神东矿区AVHRR/NDVI的时空、开采强度和气候效应

研究采矿扰动区长时序、多维度NDVI变化趋势,有助于认识非自然生态区植被演替规律,对高强度开采条件下西北脆弱生态区地表植被自然修复和人工修复工作具有指导意义.研究通过设立直接影响区、间接影响区和自然生态校验区,利用长时序GIMMS AVHRR/NDVI（1981～2006）植被指数数据集,结合同期温度、降水和煤炭产量信息,从时间、空间、气候和开采强度方面开展对比分析,并以长时序MODIS NPP/NDVI（2000～2010）数据进行结果验证.时序分析表明,全球变化背景下,神东矿区植被生长季二度延长;空间分析表明,神东矿区NDVI增量低于缓冲区,缓冲区NDVI增量低于自然生态区;开采强度分析表明,随着神东矿区开采强度增强,NDVI增速放缓,增长速率低于自然生态区;气候变化分析表明,神东矿区NDVI受温度升高、降水减少共同作用,与温度相关性较高,与降水相关性较低;同期MODIS NPP/NDVI验证结果表现出与AVHRR/NDVI一致的规律性.     

Topical scientific and practical issues of wildland fire problem

Problem of wildfires has not been resolved anywhere in the world. Mere increase of technical power does not lead to desirable results. Forests of developed countries burn as actively as those in Africa or in Russia. The main reasons of wildfire problem are as follows: (1) Constant wandering of dry seasons over the planet causing outbreaks of wildfires. (2) Unpredicted self-development of ordinary wildfires into awful fire disasters. (3) Difficulties in delivery and use of heavy machines on hardly accessible territories. (4) Absence of a perfect technique for economic evaluation of how effectively the wildfire control system works. (5) Absence of the system of payments encouraging wildfire fighters. To solve the problem of wildfires in Russia it is necessary to: (1) Create the Russian wildfire behaviour and fire effects prediction system on the basis of the developed classification of vegetation fuels and methods of their mapping as well as maximum utilization of forest inventory information and Geographic Information System (GIS). (2) Elaborate a technique of proper wildfire monitoring including estimation of vegetation damage. (3) Improve daily rating of regional fire danger. (4) Improve fire-preventive arrangement of the territory covered by vegetation, the main goal being creation of favourable conditions for active fire management. (5) Choose the main direction in elaboration of fire-fighting means and methods taking into account their universality, simplicity, reliability, etc. (6) Elaborate an improved technique for estimation of economic effectiveness of the wildfire control system. (7) Develop international cooperation of scientists and professionals in fire management.     

Vulnerability of land systems to fire: Interactions among humans,climate, the atmosphere,and ecosystems

Fires are critical elements in the Earth System, linking climate, humans, and vegetation. With 200–500 Mha burnt annually, fire disturbs a greater area over a wider variety of biomes than any other natural disturbance. Fire ignition, propagation, and impacts depend on the interactions among climate, vegetation structure, and land use on local to regional scales. Therefore, fires and their effects on terrestrial ecosystems are highly sensitive to global change. Fires can cause dramatic changes in the structure and functioning of ecosystems. They have significant impacts on the atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles. By contributing significantly to greenhouse gas (e.g., with the release of 1.7–4.1 Pg of carbon per year) and aerosol emissions, and modifying surface properties, they affect not only vegetation but also climate. Fires also modify the provision of a variety of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, grazing value, biodiversity, and tourism, and can hence trigger land use change. Fires must therefore be included in global and regional assessments of vulnerability to global change. Fundamental understanding of vulnerability of land systems to fire is required to advise management and policy. Assessing regional vulnerabilities resulting from biophysical and human consequences of changed fire regimes under global change scenarios requires an integrated approach. Here we present a generic conceptual framework for such integrated, multidisciplinary studies. The framework is structured around three interacting (partially nested) subsystems whose contribute to vulnerability. The first subsystem describes the controls on fire regimes (exposure). A first feedback subsystem links fire regimes to atmospheric and climate dynamics within the Earth System (sensitivity), while the second feedback subsystem links changes in fire regimes to changes in the provision of ecological services and to their consequences for human systems (adaptability). We then briefly illustrate how the framework can be applied to two regional cases with contrasting ecological and human context: boreal forests of northern America and African savannahs.     

天地一体化遥感监测大气污染技术进展

天地一体化遥感监测技术通过地基和卫星融合互补,成为研究大气污染来源、传输和影响的重要方法.但目前国外主导的地基和卫星遥感算法不适应国内复杂大气环境,其数据可靠性尚需验证.为进一步推动国内大气研究自主性,厘清天地一体化遥感监测技术发展现状,对相应的平台建设、算法研发及应用实例进行介绍.结果表明:①可通过地基观测网络实时连续监测大气污染物的浓度（柱总量）/廓线信息,目前国内组建并运行了CNEMC空气质量监测网络和USTC地基遥感网络.②可通过紫外-可见波段卫星载荷获取全球/区域尺度大气污染物的浓度（柱总量）/廓线产品,GF-5搭载的EMI填补了国内该类载荷的空白,基于DOAS（BOAS）的柱总量反演算法、基于OE的垂直廓线反演算法是当下国际主流业务算法.③天地一体化遥感监测技术以高精度、广覆盖、准定位的优势得到快速发展,可为亟需解决的大气污染治理成效评估、作用机理研究、区域传输测算及精准溯源等难题提供技术支持.研究显示,天地一体化遥感监测技术需以应用化和业务化为导向,加快观测平台硬件建设,加强相关反演算法研发,深入融合多平台数据,全面推进大气遥感监测技术的立体化和系统化发展.      

黄土高原近30年植被变化特征及其气候驱动

The use of Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data acquired with multiple satellite sensors has become a necessity in research fields such as agriculture, Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) and changes in the natural environment. In this paper, vegetation 10-day composite (VGT-S10) NDVI data with a 1 km×1 km resolution, covering the period from April 1982 to December 2011 and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI data with a 8 km×8 km resolution, covering the period from April 1998 to December 2006 were used. The VGT NDVI covering the period from 2007 to 2011 was converted to the GIMMS NDVI for the same period. The vegetation trend during 1982 to 2011 was calculated using the extended NDVI data set. Climate change has a large impact on the vegetation dynamics. A series of statistical analyses were employed to demonstrate the relationship between NDVI and meteorological data during 1982 to 2005. A multiple correlation analysis was applied to validate the association between the two climatic factors and monthly maximum NDVI (MNDVI). The partial correlation coefficient of MNDVI and each climate factor were calculated respectively to describe the singular influence of each meteorological variable. The results indicated that temperature made a significant positive influence on vegetation growth in the whole Loess Plateau. Precipitation is the most important climatic factor that closely correlates with MNDVI, particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. However, in some wet regions, precipitation is not a limiting factor on vegetation growth.     

Satellite-Derived Mean Fire Return Intervals As Indicators Of Change In Siberia (1995–2002)

Under current climate change scenarios, temperatures in Siberia are expected to increase, and consequently, fire is also expected to increase. Potential climate-induced change is difficult to assess in Siberia because ground-based fire data are not complete. This investigation introduces a method by which potential climate-induced change can be remotely evaluated. Mean fire return intervals are established for 58 ecosystems across Siberia using eight years of satellite-based area burned data (1995 to 2002). Mean fire return intervals should decrease under current climate change scenarios, however the results do not currently demonstrate consistent evidence of fire-induced change. The overall boreal forest mean fire return interval is lower than the published mean, inferring increased fire. Most notably, using satellite data to calculate mean fire return intervals in individual ecosystems for the entire population of fire is shown to be a viable method by which potential climate-induced land cover change can be evaluated.     

天山北坡中段天然草场牧草产量遥感动态监测模式

本文用1989-1991年在天山北坡不同草场类型上观测的牧草产量与光谱资料以及同步接收的 NOAA/AVHRR资料,计算了牧草产量与各种植被指数的相关系数。结果表明,天然草场牧草产量与各种植被指数存在显著相关,并建立天然草场牧草产量动态监测光谱模型;牧草干重和鲜重与气象卫星比值植被指数的相关系数达0.7597和0.8066;建立牧草产量卫星遥感监测模型,可用于天然草场牧草产量的动态监测。     

Development of the Indonesian and Malaysian Fire Danger Rating Systems

Forest and land fires in Southeast Asia have many social, economic, and environmental impacts. Tropical peatland fires affect global carbon dynamics, and haze from peat fires has serious negative impacts on the regional economy and human health. To mitigate these fire-related problems, forest and land management agencies require an early warning system to assist them in implementing fire prevention and management plans before fire problems begin. Fire Danger Rating Systems (FDRS) were developed for Indonesia and Malaysia to provide early warning of the potential for serious fire and haze events. In particular, they identify time periods when fires can readily start and spread to become uncontrolled fires and time periods when smoke from smouldering fires will cause an unacceptably high level of haze. The FDRS were developed by adapting components of the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System, including the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System and the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System, to local vegetation, climate, and fire regime conditions. A smoke potential indicator was developed using the Drought Code (DC) of the FWI System. Historical air quality analysis showed that the occurrence of severe haze events increased substantially when DC was above 400. An ignition potential indicator was developed using the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) of the FWI System. Historical hot spot analysis, grass moisture, and grass ignition studies showed that fire occurrence and the ability for grass fires to start and spread dramatically increased when FFMC > 82. The Initial Spread Index (ISI) of the FWI System was used to develop a difficulty of control indicator for grassland fires, a fuel type that can exhibit high rates of spread and fire intensity. This ISI-based indicator was developed using the grass fuel model of the FBP System, along with a standard grass fuel load and curing level estimated from previous Indonesian studies. Very high fire intensity is expected in grasslands when ISI ≥ 6. To provide early warning, the FDRS identifies classes of increasing fire danger as the FFMC, DC, and ISI approach these key threshold values. The Indonesian FDRS is now operated nationally at the Indonesian Meteorological and Geophysical Agency. The Malaysian Meteorological Service operates the Malaysian FDRS and displays regional outputs for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The FDRS are being used by forestry, agriculture, environment, and fire and rescue agencies to develop and implement fire prevention, detection, and suppression plans.     

灰色模型理论在哈尔滨市大气污染物NO2预测中的应用

根据哈尔滨市大气污染物NO2 2002-2006年监测数据,利用灰色系统理论建立了NO2的GM（1,1）模型,对GM（1,1）模型的计算结果和精度进行了分析,并通过该模型得出了2009年NO2的预测值是0．040mg／m3。结果表明：到2009年世界大学生冬季运动会在哈尔滨召开时NO2浓度可以达到国家二级标准。     

针对NPP VIIRS数据的云检测方法研究

为了获得新型红外成像辐射仪套件(Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite, VIIRS)传感器准确的云掩码数据,克服当前VIIRS云检测算法在中国区域存在的部分缺陷.本研究通过分析当前较为成熟的中分辨率光谱成像仪(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)云掩码算法,结合VIIRS传感器的波段特性,提出了适合中国区域的云检测算法.针对1.38μm高(卷)云检测算法在高海拔区域存在的限制,本研究使用亮温进行辅助检测,降低因低水汽含量造成的误报;针对当前VIIRS M12-M13云检测阈值在我国存在误报的问题,对M12-M13差值云检测在我国适用范围和阈值进行了分析讨论,并使用亮温辅助M12-M13进一步克服地表二项性反射造成的干扰.使用中国区域的两景数据进行应用分析表明:亮温辅助1.38um高(卷)云检测能够较好的抑制地表污染,亮温辅助M12-M13差值云检测比当前VIIRS M12-M13云检测能更好的抑制误报.通过人工解译,将检测结果和解译结果做了对比分析,实例数据检测精度均高于85%,能够满足当前云检测精度要求.     

京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网支撑作用

京津冀及周边大气污染综合立体观测网制定了38项观测标准技术规范,开展了高效的综合立体观测,解决了原有站点不足、观测零散、标准不一、要素不全、数据可比性差等问题;注重业务和科研相结合,提升了京津冀及周边地区（“2+26”城市）重污染过程中大气污染化学成分的快速监控能力,对区域空气质量宏观和中、微观演变特征进行动态监测与追踪.区域大气环境综合监测数据库和共享应用平台解决了多源大气环境数据缺乏归一质控、管理、分析和图形影像显示技术,缺乏统一、安全、稳定的数据采集、传输、核验、存储和共享业务化平台的问题,为生态环境部、地方政府和科研机构及研究人员提供全方位数据共享.      

Protection of Antarctic soil environments: A review of the current issues and future challenges for the Environmental Protocol

2016 marked the 25th anniversary of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Terrestrial ice-free areas constitute approximately 0.18% of Antarctica, but represent the most biologically active, historically rich, and environmentally sensitive sites. Antarctic soils are easily disturbed and environmental legacies of human activities are scattered across the continent; many are remnants of the 1950s-1980s when environmental protection was less comprehensive than today. Adoption of the Environmental Protocol in 1991 represented an important and proactive shift in Antarctic governance, securing environmental protection as a fundamental tenet of the Treaty System. Twenty five years on standards of environmental management have greatly improved, yet environmental pressures are compounding. Shortcomings in the implementation of the Environmental Protocol exist due to disparities in cultural values, operational realities, and inconsistent environmental impact assessments among governments and National Antarctic Programs. Non-native species management remains underdeveloped; and there is inadequate representation of all biogeographic regions within the Protected Area system; therefore jeopardizing conservation of Antarctic biodiversity and the integrity of the soil environment. Fundamental improvements are required to address the current shortcomings and ensure effective environmental protection for the next 25 years, including: (1) increased multinational and multidisciplinary collaboration to answer targeted research questions addressing contemporary management challenges, (2) effective communication of science to policy makers and environmental managers to inform decision- making, and (3) making the mandate of long-term monitoring of the terrestrial environment a high priority for all governments signatory to the Antarctic Treaty.     

Implementing remote sensing strategies to support environmental compliance assessment: A neural network application

Environmental compliance assessment and enforcement are complex, labor intensive tasks that would benefit from some form of decision support. Despite the well-documented application of remote sensing in environmental analysis and assessment, the operational use of this technology for environmental compliance enforcement remains in its infancy. Because the majority of environmental laws and regulations in the United States were enacted prior to the emergence of a mature science of remote sensing, there exists a degree of skepticism regarding the operational utility and reliability of remotely sensed data as an environmental compliance tool. This paper provides a review of the role of remote sensing in environmental compliance assessment and introduces a framework to guide the application of this technology based on the use of artificial neural networks. The customized neural networks developed in this study serve as a simplifying strategy to assist the process of compliance monitoring. Functioning as “intelligent” classifiers, the network models provide a spatial characterization of activities likely to cause damage; achieving mapping accuracies that ranged from 68 to 90% for the test case samples selected for investigation.     

The roles of academia in Regional Sustainability Initiatives

Sustainability initiatives at the regional level play an increasingly important role in the implementation of the principles of Sustainable Development (SD) around the world. These activities successfully combine a wider ‘systems’ perspective with the benefits of the more ‘humane approach of the sub-national scale.’ The potential for academic institutions to play an important role in the success of these initiatives is significant, yet institutions of higher education need encouragement. This article outlines the most important factors which determine the roles of academic institutions in RSIs based on both a review of the literature and research findings from two questionnaires directed to people active in RSIs and higher educational institutions (HEIs). Results confirm the existence of widespread faculty interest in engaging in work within RSIs and also highlight the most important barriers to engagement.     

大辽河流域环境变化卫星遥感监测研究

将中巴地球资源一号卫星（CBERS—1）采集到的数据与地面监测站、数据传输与处理系统、地理信息系（GIS）相结合，可以实现对区域环境准确、客观、动态、简捷、快速的监测。在全球定位系统（GPS）支持下，对大辽河流域精选地面解译标志，开展野外实地调查及CBERS-1卫星数据遥感分析，在系统设计与开发中坚持规范化、完备性、可操作性、先进性原则的基础上，建立了可运行的环境动态监测调控信息系统。