石化污水处理场浮选剂的优化

对几种浮选剂在荆门石化污水处理场的处理效果进行了对比,结果表明岳阳云溪XY-Ⅱ和江苏武进PAFC比现有PAC浮选剂的处理效果佳,且运行成本低.     

硫化沉淀浮选处理电解钴镍废水的实验研究

用丁基黄原酸钠为浮选剂、硫化钠为沉淀剂，采用硫化沉淀浮选的方法处理电解钴镍废水，可以使处理水水质中的钴镍达到国家排放标准．本实验还为实际工业废水的处理提供了可靠的依据     

炼厂含油污水浮选剂的研究

针对江汉石化厂炼油污水开展了浮选剂的研究，通过大量的室内及现场模拟试验，筛选出了性能优良的几种复配浮选剂配方。实践证明，使用这些复配浮选剂克服了ＰＡＣ（聚合铝）作浮选剂的缺点和不足：提高了浮选效率，除油率平均提高２４．７％，悬浮物去除率平均提高５４．１％，ＣＯＤｃｒ、Ｓ（２－）等的去除率也大幅度提高；减轻了生化池的负荷，提高了外排水达标率（ＧＢ８９７８－８８，一级）；并且浮渣减少６９．９％～８４．３％，浮渣含油率提高５倍左右，含水率降低；对浮渣进一步处理有利；此外，浮选剂用量大幅度减少，与原用ＰＡＣ加入量相比减少６～９倍，每处理１ｍ３污水可降低药剂成本６０％～８５．２％。     

用四乙烯五胺制得的高效除油浮选剂及性能

研究了用四乙烯五胺与甲醛、尿素、环氧氯丙烷合成高分子浮选剂的条件，并用充气浮选法考察了产品性能。浮选剂的合成分两步，首先用四乙烯五胺、甲醛、尿素进行Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ反应制得聚和单体，然后用聚合单体与一定比例的环氧氯丙烷聚合和季铵化。着重研究了四乙烯五胺与环氧氯丙烷的不同摩尔比对产物性能的影响，并把其产物的浮选性能与用甲胺、二甲胺、二乙胺、二乙醇胺制得产物的浮选性相比，结果表明；四乙烯五胺与环氧氯丙烷的最佳摩尔比为１：１．５；用四乙烯五胺制得的浮选剂的浮选效果比用甲胺、二甲胺、二乙胺、二乙醇胶制得的要好。     

泡沫浮选分离中表面活性剂选择及回收研究

以含铬废水为处理对象.采用内循环泡沫浮选分离技术.探讨作为捕集剂的表面活性剂的选择以及处理后泡沫液中表面活性剂的回收。结果表明,阴离子型和两性型表面活性剂有较好分离效果,其中以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)效果最佳。回收泡沫液中加入Na_2CO_3、NaOH或Na_2SO_4,其中加入Na_2CO_3、NaOH,SDS回收率较高,且回收后的SDS能够循环使用于浮选分离过程中,浮选效果与新配置SDS相当,脱除率达到96.81%。     

吸附胶体浮选法处理电解钴废水的研究

采用吸附胶体浮选法处理电解钴废水。用十二烷基磺酸钠（ＳＬＳ）作浮选剂，用ＦｅＣｌ３和Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３作混凝剂，浮选后废水可达到国家工业废水排放标准（３ｍｇ／Ｌ）。为实际废水的处理提供了可靠的依据。     

混凝气浮处理羟丙甲基纤维素的实验研究

采用加压溶气气浮实验装置处理羟丙甲基纤维素模拟废水,实验结果表明：pH值、混凝剂用量、浮选剂用量和气浮时间对羟丙甲基纤维素的混凝气浮处理效果影响较大,当pH值为6．0,投加混凝剂硫酸铝钾333mg／L,投加浮选剂十二烷基硫酸钠2．00mg／L,气浮时间为5min时,CODCr去除率可达82．96％。混凝气浮对羟丙甲基纤维素有较好的去除效果。     

混凝气浮处理羟丙甲基纤维素的实验研究

采用加压溶气气浮实验装置处理羟丙甲基纤维素模拟废水,实验结果表明：pH值、混凝剂用量、浮选剂用量和气浮时间对羟丙甲基纤维素的混凝气浮处理效果影响较大,当pH值为6．0,投加混凝剂硫酸铝钾333mg／L,投加浮选剂十二烷基硫酸钠2．00mg／L,气浮时间为5min时,CODCr去除率可达82．96％。混凝气浮对羟丙甲基纤维素有较好的去除效果。     

浮选柱与纤维过滤工艺应用于污水回用试验研究

利用浮选柱与纤维过滤工艺对石化污水进行深度处理，使其达到回用水的要求。结果表明：对石化污水，应用浮选柱和纤维过滤工艺处理，能够取得很好的效果，完全达到回用水的标准。     

用四乙烯五胺制得的高效除油乳选剂及性能

研究了用四乙烯五胺与甲醛、尿素、环氧氯丙烷合成高分子浮选剂的条件，并用充气浮选法考察了产品性能。浮选剂的合成分两步，首先用四乙烯五胺、甲醛、尿素进行Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ反应制得聚和单体，然后用聚合单体与一定比例的环氧氯丙烷聚合和季铵化。着重研究了四乙烯五胺与环氧氯丙烷的不同摩尔比对产物性能的影响，并把其产物的浮选性能与用甲胺、二甲胺、二乙胺、二乙醇胺制得产物的浮选性相比，结果表明：四乙烯五胺与环氧氯丙烷     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.