机构改革新形势下加强污染物与温室气体协同控制的对策研究

现阶段,我国生态环境保护工作同时面临着国内环境质量改善、全球气候变化应对等多重严峻挑战。2018年3月国务院机构改革将应对气候变化职能进行调整,为污染防治和气候变化协同控制提供了重要的机制保障。为保障国务院机构改革红利很好地释放,本研究在梳理国内污染物与温室气体协同控制现状的基础上,分析了应对气候变化工作面临的机遇与挑战,最后提出未来的应对气候变化工作应坚持问题导向和目标导向,强化污染物与温室气体协同控制效果的相关对策建议,以促进国内绿色低碳发展和加快建设全球生态文明。     

减排温室气体的经济手段：许可证交易和税收政策

温室气体的减排是当前国际社会关心的热点环境问题。本文首先从分析采用经济手段减排温室气体的潜在利弊出发，对温室气体排放交易和国际碳税进行了深入的分析比较。最后，提出了我国响应减排温室气体经济政策的若干建议。     

Palm oil and the emission of carbon-based greenhouse gases

The current use of South Asian palm oil as biofuel is far from climate neutral. Dependent on assumptions, losses of biogenic carbon associated with ecosystems, emission of CO₂ due to the use of fossil fuels and the anaerobic conversion of palm oil mill effluent currently correspond in South Asia with an emission of about 2.8–19.7 kg CO₂ equivalent per kg of palm oil. Using oil palm and palm oil processing wastes for the generation of energy and preventing further conversion of tropical forest into oil palm plantations by establishing new plantations on non-peaty degraded soils can, however, lead to large cuts in the emission of carbon-based greenhouse gases currently associated with the palm oil lifecycle.     

Long-term reduction potential of non-CO2 greenhouse gases

A methodology is presented here to assess the potential long-term contribution of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases in mitigation scenarios. The analysis shows the future development of the mitigation potential of non-CO₂ gases (as a function of changes in technology and implementation barriers) to represent a crucial parameter for the overall costs of mitigation scenarios. The recently developed marginal abatement cost curves for 2010 in the EMF-21 project are taken as the starting point. First-order estimates were made of the future maximum attainable reduction potentials and costs on the basis of available literature. The set of MAC curves developed was used in a multi-gas analysis for stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations at 550 ppm CO₂-equivalent. Including future development for the non-CO₂ mitigation options not only increases their mitigation potential but also lowers the overall costs compared to situations where no development is assumed (3–21% lower in 2050 and 4–26% lower in 2100 in our analysis). Along with the fluorinated gases, energy-related methane emissions make up the largest share in total non-CO₂ abatement potential as they represent a large emission source and have a large potential for reduction (towards 90% compared to baseline in 2100). Most methane and nitrous oxide emissions from landuse-related sources are less simple to abate, with an estimated abatement potential in 2100 of around 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Mitigation of greenhouse gases by adoption of improved biomass cookstoves

Greenhouse gases especially CO₂ can be reduced with the help of improved biomass cookstoves. This paper deals with the design and development of biomass stoves (single pot and double pot) with better efficiency for meeting household cooking energy requirement. Thermal performance, flue gas emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) have been investigated. It was seen from the result that the flue gas emission is within permissible limit as recommended by World Health Organization. The design of improved biomass stove sent to Palampur (32^o10’N,76^o30’E) center situated in Himalaya in hilly terrain of India, where the acceptability of double pot stoves (85%) is quite high compared to single pot stoves (30%). Thermal efficiencies of both single and double pot stove were recorded about 21% and 25% respectively. An improved biomass cookstove can save about 161 kg of CO₂ annually. Improved cookstoves was found eco-friendly in nature and suitable for the cooking requirement of hilly areas.     

Costs and benefits of differences in the timing of greenhouse gas emission reductions

Most modelling studies that explore long-term greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios focus on cost-efficient emission pathways towards a certain climate target, like the internationally agreed target to keep global temperature increase below 2 °C compared to pre-industrial levels (the 2 °C climate target). However, different timing of reductions lead to different transient temperature increase over the course of the century and subsequently to differences in the time profiles of not only the mitigation costs but also adaptation costs and residual climate change damage. This study adds to the existing literature by focussing on the implication of these differences for the evaluation of a set of three mitigation scenarios (early action, gradual action and delayed action), all three limiting global temperature increase below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, using different discount rates. The study shows that the gradual mitigation pathway is, for these discount rates, preferred over early or delayed action in terms of total climate costs and net benefits. The relative costs and benefits of the early or delayed mitigation action scenarios, in contrast, do strongly depend on the discount rate applied. For specific discount rates, these pathways might therefore be preferred for other reasons, such as reducing long-term uncertainty in climate costs by early action.     

Marginal costs of abating greenhouse gases in the global ruminant livestock sector

Livestock [inclusive of ruminant species, namely cattle (Bos Taurus and Bos indicus), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus), and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), and non-ruminant species, namely pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and chickens (Gallus domesticus)] are both affected by climate change and contribute as much as 14.5 % of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most of which is from ruminant animals (Gerber et al. 2013). This study aims to estimate the marginal costs of reducing GHG emissions for a selection of practices in the ruminant livestock sector (inclusive of the major ruminant species—cattle, sheep, and goats) globally. It advances on previous assessments by calculating marginal costs rather than commonly reported average costs of abatement and can thus provide insights about abatement responses at different carbon prices. We selected the most promising abatement options based on their effectiveness and feasibility. Improved grazing management and legume sowing are the main practices assessed in grazing systems. The urea (CO(NH₂)₂) treatment of crop straws is the main practice applied in mixed crop–livestock systems, while the feeding of dietary lipids and nitrates are confined to more intensive production systems. These practices were estimated to reduce emissions by up to 379 metric megatons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalent emissions per year (MtCO₂-eq yr^?1). Two thirds of this reduction was estimated to be possible at a carbon price of 20 US dollars per metric ton of CO₂ equivalent emissions ($20 tCO₂-eq^?1). This study also provides strategic guidance as to where abatement efforts could be most cost effectively targeted. For example, improved grazing management was particularly cost effective in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, while legume sowing appeared to work best in Western Europe and Latin America.     

室内空气污染物氨的检测与防治

氨是影响室内空气质量的主要污染物,室内空气中的氨主要来源于装修材料,文章通过对11个室内空气样品进行检测．探讨室内装修中氨的影响,并提出了防治室内氨污染的措施和建议。     

室内空气污染物氨的检测与防治

氨是影响室内空气质量的主要污染物,室内空气中的氨主要来源于装修材料,文章通过对11个室内空气样品进行检测,探讨室内装修中氨的影响,并提出了防治室内氨污染的措施和建议.     

Interactive analysis and environmental policy for mitigating the consumption of potent greenhouse gases in Taiwan

Taiwan, although not a Party to the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol, has diligently strived to advance technological and social changes for mitigating the use of potent greenhouse gases, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). The objective of this paper is to present an interactive analysis of HCFCs and HFCs consumptions under the regulatory framework and policy promotion in Taiwan during the period of 2000–2009. It was concluded that the consumption of HCFCs was on the significant decrease during this period because they are being replaced now by HFCs. In response, the consumption of HFCs with relatively low global warming potentials was on increasing trend from 861 t in 2000 to 2,923 t in 2009. Based on the inventory of HFCs, the most important source for the emissions of HFCs in Taiwan should be from HFC-134a, which was consistent with the East Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea. Finally, global HCFCs production and consumption was analyzed in comparison with Taiwan’s HCFCs demand trend.     

Cost-effectiveness of greenhouse gases mitigation measures in the European agro-forestry sector: a literature survey

Over the last 20 years, climate change has become an increasing concern for scientists, public opinions and policy makers. Due to the pervasive nature of its impacts for many important aspects of human life, climate change is likely to influence and be influenced by the most diverse policy or management choices. This is particularly true for those interventions affecting agriculture and forestry: they are strongly dependent on climate phenomena, but also contribute to climate evolution being sources of and sinks for greenhouse gases (GHG). This paper offers a survey of the existing literature assessing cost-effectiveness and efficiency of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies or the effects of broader economic reforms in the agricultural and forestry sectors. The focus is mainly on European countries. Different methodological approaches, research questions addressed and results are examined. The main findings are that agriculture can potentially provide emissions reduction at a competitive cost, mainly with methane abatement, while carbon sequestration seems more cost-effective with appropriate forest management measures. Afforestation, cropland management and bioenergy are less economically viable measures due to competition with other land use. Mitigation policies should be carefully designed either to balance costs with expected benefits in terms of social welfare. Regional variability is one of the main drawbacks to fully assess the cost-effectiveness of different measures. Integration of models to take into account both social welfare and spatial heterogeneity seems to be the frontier of the next model generation.     

施氮稻田温室气体排放的环境效益评价

基于对成都平原稻田生态系统CO2、CH4和N2O排放的原位观测,应用碳税法、工业制氧成本法和造林成本法对施氮情况下稻田生态系统气体调节的环境效益进行评价。研究表明,施氮情况下,稻田温室气体排放产生的环境负效益增加14.4%,但由于施氮提高了水稻生物量,使稻田生态系统固定CO2和释放O2的环境正效益提高26.2%,因而稻田生态系统通过自身气体调节功能产生的环境效益提高47.8%。所以,施氮通过提高稻田生态系统自身气体调节功能,能够降低大气中温室气体的浓度,抑制温室效应的发生,而水稻在调节稻田气体,减轻温室效应中起到主要作用。     

城市绿化对街道空气污染物扩散的影响

以CO为环境示踪物,通过对西安市典型街道的实测和数据分析,讨论了绿化形式对街道污染物扩散效果的影响,指出绿化带对气态污染物扩散存在阻碍作用的因素是郁闭度,而不是绿量,车流量的大小对行道树树冠的生态净化功能有直接影响,并据此对街道绿化的生态设计给出了建议.     

Life cycle greenhouse gases,energy and cost assessment of automobiles using magnesium from Chinese Pidgeon process

Magnesium (Mg) has a great potential to reduce vehicle weight, fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. The Chinese Mg industry has developed rapidly since the 1990s. The output of Mg reached 700,000 tons in 2006, accounting for more than 70% of global Mg production. Most of Mg is produced in China through the Pidgeon process that has an intensive energy usage and generates a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which may offset the potential advantage of using Mg parts in automobiles. It is critical to quantify the energy usage and GHG emissions through entire life cycle when the Mg are applied to automobiles. It is also essential to evaluate cost implications of the Mg parts application in automobiles and ensure it to be cost competitive. The objectives of this study are (1) Build a life cycle inventory (LCI) of Mg produced by Pidgeon process; (2) Establish an LCA model that can evaluate GHG emissions and energy usage for the Mg automotive application; (3) Estimate the cost implications of the Mg parts application in automobiles.An Mg LCI was built based on interviews and surveys and the GREET model was adapt for this study. The results indicated that, for each kilogram of Mg produced by Pidgeon process, GHG emissions and energy usage would be 27 kg CO₂eq and 280 MJ, which are five times higher than steel production. Replacing steel with 82 kg Mg on a base automobile would lower curb weight by 5.7%, but only reduce life cycle GHG emissions and energy usage by 0.8% and 1.3%. Scenario analyses indicated that potential reduction of life cycle GHG emissions and energy usage could reach to 15%, if secondary weight saving and a smaller engine were included. Cost analyses also show 18% reduction when the additional weight saving and a smaller displacement engine were included, under a 100,000 km driving distance and gasoline price at $1.0/l.     

Well-to-wheels greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions from battery electric vehicles in China

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Electric vehicles (EVs) play a crucial role in addressing climate change and urban air quality concerns. China has emerged as the global...     

Decisions to reduce greenhouse gases from agriculture and product transport: LCA case study of organic and conventional wheat

A streamlined hybrid life cycle assessment is conducted to compare the global warming potential (GWP) and primary energy use of conventional and organic wheat production and delivery in the US. Impact differences from agricultural inputs, grain farming, and transport processes are estimated. The GWP of a 1 kg loaf of organic wheat bread is about 30 g CO₂-eq less than the conventional loaf. When organic wheat is shipped 420 km farther to market, organic and conventional wheat systems have similar impacts. These results can change dramatically depending on soil carbon accumulation and nitrous oxide emissions from the two systems. Key parameters and their variability are discussed to provide producers, wholesale and retail consumers, and policymakers metrics to align their decisions with low-carbon objectives.     

湿空气作为自由基源物质脱除烟气中的NOx

以湿空气为自由基源物质,通过直流电晕放电自由基簇射,结合化学吸收脱除烟气中的NOx,比较了湿空气和湿氧气两种自由基源物质条件下的NOx脱除效果.结果表明,以湿空气为自由基源物质时的NOx脱除效率比湿氧气低.实验条件下,湿空气时,反应器NOx脱除效率为45.5%,经25%NaOH溶液吸收后系统总效率为68.6%;湿氧气时,反应器NOx脱除效率为71.5%,经25%NaOH溶液吸收后系统总效率为90.9%.     

The power and pain of market-based carbon policies: a global application to greenhouse gases from ruminant livestock production

The objectives of this research are to assess the greenhouse gas mitigation potential of carbon policies applied to the ruminant livestock sector [inclusive of the major ruminant species—cattle (Bos Taurus and Bos indicus), sheep (Ovis aries), and goats (Capra hircus)]—with particular emphasis on understanding the adjustment challenges posed by such policies. We show that market-based mitigation policies can greatly amplify the mitigation potential identified in marginal abatement cost studies by harnessing powerful market forces such as product substitution and trade. We estimate that a carbon tax of US$20 per metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalent emissions could mitigate 626 metric megatons of CO₂ equivalent ruminant emissions per year (MtCO₂-eq year^?1). This policy would also incentivize a restructuring of cattle production, increasing the share of cattle meat coming from the multiproduct dairy sector compared to more emission intensive, single purpose beef sector. The mitigation potential from this simple policy represents an upper bound because it causes ruminant-based food production to fall and is therefore likely to be politically unpopular. In the spirit of the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC 2015), which expresses the ambition of reducing agricultural emissions while protecting food production, we assess a carbon policy that applies both a carbon tax and a subsidy to producers to manage the tradeoff between food production and mitigation. The policy maintains ruminant production and consumption levels in all regions, but for a much lower global emission reduction of 185 MtCO₂-eq year^?1. This research provides policymakers with a quantitative basis for designing policies that attempt to trade off mitigation effectiveness with producer and consumer welfare.