基于UNMIX模型的矿区周边农田土壤重金属源解析

采集了云南省会泽县铅锌矿区周边42个农田土壤样品,测定了14种元素的含量,应用UNMIX模型进行了土壤重金属源解析的研究,并利用Arc GIS地统计分析模块中的反距离加权插值法分析了污染严重的6种重金属的空间分布,进一步验证源解析结果.结果表明:(1)研究区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd污染较为严重,均超过当地土壤背景值的数十倍.(2)UNMIX模型解析出的3个土壤重金属污染来源分别为工业活动造成的人为污染源(源1),源贡献率为16.32%;燃煤和施肥导致的污染源(源2),源贡献率为68.26%;矿山开采导致的人为污染源及土壤母质造成的自然污染源的综合污染源(源3),源贡献率为15.42%.(3)研究区的农田土壤重金属污染的空间分布格局与当地的土地利用类型和UNMIX模型解析的结果基本吻合,表明UNMIX模型可以很好地应用于矿区周边农田土壤重金属源解析研究.     

枝江、当阳两市农田土壤重金属来源解析

为解析湖北省枝江、当阳两市农田土壤重金属来源及贡献率,采集了研究区水稻田表层土壤和成土母质、沟渠底泥、降水、大气降尘、化肥这5类投入品样品,测定了砷（As）、铬（Cr）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）和汞（Hg）5种元素含量.同时,对农田土壤重金属含量进行主成分分析、空间分析,并利用UNMIX、PMF模型对比验证使源解析结果在源分配上更为可靠,再结合对投入品的描述性统计分析,从源与汇两个角度对比分析并选择更符合研究区实际情况的源解析结果,定量解析农田土壤重金属的来源.结果表明：As、Cd和Pb含量均值分别为土壤背景值的1.14、1.51和1.12倍,Hg和Cr含量最大值分别为背景值的17.63和1.35倍.除Hg存在少部分最大值高于风险筛选值外,土壤中As、Cr、Cd、Pb含量均低于风险筛选值.5种重金属均表现为中等强度变异,其空间分布图也表明存在空间变异性.UNMIX和PMF模型的解析结果在源分配上基本一致,结合对投入品的描述性统计分析,确定PMF模型的解析结果更符合研究区实际情况.PMF的解析结果表明：Hg主要来源于农药施用和废弃物混合源,该源的相对贡献率为14.68%;Pb和Cr主要来源...     

基于UNMIX模型和莫兰指数的湖南省汝城县土壤重金属源解析

工业化正在加剧我国的土壤重金属污染.湖南省汝城县矿产资源丰富,工矿企业密集,粗放的矿业生产给当地土壤环境带来了一系列问题,准确掌握其污染来源是土壤污染防治的关键和前提.采集汝城县233个土壤样本,对重金属含量进行模型分析后选择拟合效果较好的Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni七种重金属为研究对象,测定其含量,使用UNMIX模型解析其污染来源,并结合空间插值与莫兰指数方法,从空间关系的角度验证模型并补充说明研究区土壤重金属的来源.结果表明:①研究区土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni含量的平均值分别为0.29、0.18、19.91、44.17、66.31、28.67、25.16 mg/kg,除Cr、Ni外,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cu含量的平均值均高于当地背景值.除Hg外的其他6种重金属存在含量超出GB 15618-2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》筛选值的情况.②研究区土壤中7种重金属的含量主要受到自然源、大气沉降与工业直接排放混合源、污水源和工业直接排放源的影响,贡献率分别为41.87%、33.10%、13.27%和11.76%.其中,自然源对Cr和Ni的贡献率较大,大气沉降与工业直接排放主要影响Cd和Pb,污水源和工业直接排放源分别对Hg和As的贡献最大.③UNMIX模型与空间分析方法的结合,一方面验证了受体模型的解析结果,同时也对土壤重金属的来源起到了补充说明的作用.研究显示,汝城县土壤重金属含量与工业活动关系密切,工业排放除直接对附近土壤造成污染外,通过大气沉降、河流输送对远距离土壤环境的影响也尤为突出.      

黔中喀斯特地区临近矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价及其源解析

土壤健康状况是制定土壤可持续发展策略的基础.为阐明黔中喀斯特地区矿区周边耕地土壤重金属（Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr）的空间分布特征、污染现状及其来源,本研究按网格法采集378份耕地土壤样本,测定五项重金属含量,基于污染负荷指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属超标程度,运用地统计学分析重金属空间特征,应用正定矩阵因子分解法解析重金属来源.研究结果表明：Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr的平均含量分别为0.41、0.28、26.1、53.7和82.3 mg·kg^-1;污染程度从高到低为Hg>Pb>As>Cr>Cd,对耕地土壤潜在生态危害的影响程度从大到小为Hg>Cd>As>Pb>Cr,Hg是最主要的污染因子;在空间分布上,Hg的含量高值区呈面状分布,Cd、As、Pb和Cr含量高值区多呈点状分布,Cd、Hg和Pb受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响,As和Cr主要受结构性因素影响;PMF定量解析出大气源贡献率为19.12%,自然源贡献率为18.81%,岩性源贡献率为31.46%,工业源贡献率为30.61%.大气沉降和工业活动是导致...     

安徽典型硫铁矿集中开采区土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

为查明安徽某典型硫铁矿集中开采区周边土壤重金属元素污染特征及污染来源,采集了研究区42个表层土壤样品和2个垂向剖面的16个土壤样品测定其pH值及Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg和As重金属元素含量,运用ArcGIS反距离权重插值法、内梅罗综合指数法、主成分分析法和绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）受体模型等方法进行了重金属元素分布特征分析、污染评价和来源解析.结果表明,土壤中8种重金属元素的含量平均值是铜陵地区背景值的1.03~13.14倍,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg和As这6种重金属元素局部富集明显,在空间分布上与采矿活动位置基本一致.单因子污染指数评价显示,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb和As这5种元素存在不同程度的污染风险,Cd和Cu元素污染程度最为严重,中度污染以上占比分别为47.62%和42.86%;内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示,研究区土壤样点中度污染以上占比为61.90%;地累积指数评价显示,研究区Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg和As这6种重金属元素污染程度主要为轻污染~强污染.在土壤剖面垂向变化上,重金属元素易在土壤表层富集,向深部迁移较缓慢,高含量主要在1 m以上位置.源解析表明,Zn、Pb和As的来源中地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率分别为37.82%、43.49%和46.63%,成土母质风化的自然来源贡献率分别为34.02%、40.88%和38.52%;Cr和Ni来源主要为成土母质风化的自然来源,贡献率分别为91.95%和73.68%;Cu的来源中地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率为41.91%,大气沉降和农业综合源贡献率为41.30%;Hg的来源较多,成土母质风化的自然来源贡献率为35.60%,地质高背景和采矿活动贡献率为29.87%,未知来源贡献率为34.05%;Cd的主要来源为大气沉降和农业综合源,贡献率为81.81%.     

湖南省地块尺度土壤重金属污染及成因研究

准确评价地块尺度的农田重金属污染状况及识别土壤重金属污染成因对农田土壤生态保护具有重要的实践价值。经长株潭重金属污染耕地修复综合治理试点调查发现,湘潭县部分远离工矿企业的地块存在成因未明的重金属Cd污染,文章选取湘潭县Y镇某Cd污染水田地块为研究对象,通过测定土壤中重金属含量,基于内梅罗污染指数法和UNMIX模型,评估土壤重金属污染状况,识别其污染成因。结果表明：（1）研究区生态环境整体处于中等风险状况,水田土壤中元素Ni、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As的含量均值分别达到了湖南省土壤环境背景值的149%、158%、246%、144%、554%、274%、135%,以农用地土壤污染风险筛选值作为标准,Cd的点位超标率达到了45.83%,综合污染指数达到了2.27,污染较为严重;（2）UNMIX模型对地块尺度的农田重金属污染源解析问题具有适宜性。Ni、Cu、Cr、Pb、Hg、As含量变化主要受土壤自身理化性质的影响,而土壤中Zn、Cd主要来源于人为活动,无序的农业投入是造成Cd污染异常的主要原因。     

基于GIS对宁夏某铜银矿区周边土壤重金属来源解析

以中卫市沙坡头区南部崾岘子沟汇水区为研究区,采用网格布点法采集0~20 cm表层土壤样品194份,对Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Ag、Cr、Cd、Hg和Pb这9种重金属元素进行含量测定,采用PMF源解析模型和IDW插值法分析重金属的来源和空间分布,利用ArcGIS空间统计分析工具进行空间自相关和聚类与异常值分析,得到土壤中重金属来源的分布区域.结果表明,研究区Hg、Ag、Cd和Pb平均值分别为背景值的20.48、3.13、2.23和1.12倍,Cd、Cu、Pb和As最大值分别为筛选值的10.92、5.52、2.03和1.39倍,污染较为严重;Cu、Cd、Pb和Hg的变异系数大小为：Cu （283.23%）>Cd （224.77%）>Pb （144.40%）>Hg （67.12%）,受人类活动影响密切;PMF源解析得到4个主要污染源：自然母质源（32%）、矿业活动和交通运输综合源（17.1%）、工业活动和大气沉降综合源（40.3%）及农业活动和农田压砂综合源（10.6%）,代表元素分别为Cr和Ni,As和Cu,Hg以及Cd;空间统计分析结果表明土壤重金属主要污染源为矿业活动和农业活动,污染严重的区域分布在研究区南部的矿区和研究区东部、中部和西北部的种植区.     

基于APCS-MLR和PMF模型解析黄河下游文化公园土壤重金属污染特征及来源分析

选取黄河下游典型人类扰动区——黄河文化公园为研究区域,系统采集表层土壤样品,测定土壤中7种(Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb和As)重金属含量,利用地累积指数研究公园土壤重金属污染特征,应用克里格空间插值法、绝对因子分析-多元线性回归模型(APCS-MLR)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析黄河文化公园土壤重金属的来源.结果表明,研究区表层土壤重金属(Cd、 Zn、 Cu、 Pb和As)含量平均值高于黄河下游潮土区土壤元素背景值,分别是背景值的4.62、 1.78、 1.41、 1.08和1.03倍.除Zn外,其他元素含量均低于黄河流域沿线不同区域土壤相应元素值.7种元素地累积指数递减趋势为：Cd>Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>As=Cr,元素Cd属于偏中污染,在表层土壤中积累明显.空间分布特征及源解析结果显示,Cr、 Ni和Cu为自然源因子,主要受成土母质影响;Cd和Pb为交通源,Zn和As属于受少量人类活动和自然叠加影响的混合源.APCS-MLR的分析结果显示：自然源贡献率为46.67%,交通源贡献率为24.11%,混合源贡献率为16.12%,...     

基于APCS-MLR和PMF模型的燃煤电厂周边土壤潜在有毒元素(PTEs)污染特征与来源解析

为探究燃煤电厂周边土壤潜在有毒元素（PTEs）的污染特征及来源,以靖远电厂周边土壤为研究对象,分别采集了36个城市土壤样品和27个农田土壤样品,测定了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量.采用地累积指数法、单因子污染指数法和改进的内梅罗污染指数法对土壤PTEs污染特征进行评估,并利用相关性分析、绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）法定量解析PTEs污染来源.结果表明,除农田土壤As之外,靖远电厂周边土壤其余元素含量均值都高于甘肃省土壤背景值,其中Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb相对较为富集,Hg空间分异较大,受人类活动干扰显著.地累积指数法和单因子污染指数法结果显示,周边土壤污染以Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb为主,Hg的污染范围较广.改进的内梅罗污染指数显示,周边土壤为偏中度-偏重度污染,且城市土壤的综合污染程度高于农田土壤.源解析表明,城市土壤PTEs源自于交通燃煤混合源、交通工矿混合源和工业降尘源,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为35.2%、25.1%和23.4%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为40.2%、12.4%和47.7%;农田土壤PTEs源自于工矿农业交通混合源和交通燃煤混合源,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为40.3%和35.9%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为36.2%和18.0%.此外,PMF模型还识别了贡献率为48.5%的燃煤农业混合源.     

基于正定矩阵因子分析模型的城郊农田重金属污染源解析

城郊农田是城市农副产品的重要生产基地,其土壤环境质量直接影响人群的健康状况.本研究采用200 m×200 m网格布点法采集DL市城郊农田表层土壤样品246个,分析土壤中重金属Cd、Hg、Zn、Pb、Cu、As、Ni、Cr和Mn的含量分布特征.运用正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)对研究区9种重金属污染来源及其贡献率进行了解析.结果表明:工业污染源贡献率29.74%,农业与污灌复合污染源贡献率19.93%,自然母质源贡献率35.98%,大气沉降源贡献率14.35%.其中,Hg主要来源于大气沉降源,贡献率为67.23%;Pb、Cu和Zn主要来源于工业污染源,贡献率分别为67.58%、40.65%、35.51%;Ni、Cr和Mn主要来源于自然母质源,贡献率分别为68.82%、67.16%、72.32%;Cd、As主要来源于农业与污灌复合源的影响,其贡献率分别为71.30%、47.53%.由PMF模型解析结果可知,工农业生产等人为因素(64.02%)是造成城郊农田土壤重金属污染的主要来源.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.