Phenol removal from high salinity effluents using Fenton's reagent and photo-Fenton reactions

The removal of pollutants in saline medium by the Fenton's reagent needs a more detailed investigation, since the presence of chloride may inhibit or retard degradation. Phenol was used as a model pollutant and the influence of some important process variables for the removal of total organic carbon and phenol were investigated, such as FeSO4 and H2O2 concentrations, pH and salinity. The reactivity of iron cations and alternative procedures of applying UV radiation (photo-Fenton) were evaluated. Phenol was fast and completely removed by the Fenton's process even in a high saline medium (50,000mg NaCll(-1)). However, TOC was only moderately or poorly removed in saline media, depending on the salt concentration. When the photo-Fenton process was used, mineralization was improved and high TOC removals were observed in moderately saline media (NaCl concentration < or =10,000mgl(-1)). For the highest NaCl concentration tested (50,000mgl(-1)) only a moderate TOC removal was observed (50%).     

不同来源高浓度有机废水的集中处理

按照水质情况,将多种来源于不同工业生产过程中的高浓度有机废水划分为高悬浮固体乳化液废水、难生化高浓度有机废水、高悬浮固体不含油有机废水、含铬有机废水和杂质含量较少的乳化液废水5类,分别采用酸化破乳/Fen-ton氧化/混凝/絮凝、Fenton氧化/混凝/絮凝、混凝/絮凝、还原/混凝/絮凝、震动膜过滤技术作为生化预处理技术,并通过小试和中试验证了各技术的效果。实验结果表明,按照上述分类结果,采用不同预处理技术可以得到良好的效果,废水水质明显改善,满足继续生化处理的基本条件。各预处理生产装置处理效果稳定,同时生化系统已经稳定运行120天以上,COD去除率超过90%,出水经过低剂量的Fenton试剂处理后可达到《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(CJ343-2012)。     

Ecotoxicological and chemical evaluation of phenolic compounds in industrial effluents

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the ecotoxicological response of industrial effluents containing phenolic compounds. All complex effluents collected from a chemical plant and then after both a chemical–physical and biological treatment were characterised with chemical analysis, biodegradability tests and four ecotoxicological tests (Daphnia magna, Artemia salina, Brachionus plicatilis and Vibrio fisheri with Microtox^®). The evaluation of the chemical and ecotoxicological data was useful for predicting the effect of the raw effluent on the treatment plant and the impact of the final treated effluent on the receiving water. Besides the toxicity of the effluent from the chemical plants, the acute toxicity of its main components was also determined. The results of the tests and toxicity data from literature were transformed in Toxic Units (TUs). Effluent toxicity was under- or over-estimated by calculating the sum of the TUs of the individual components, depending on which toxicity data and test organisms were used.     

Color removal from dye containing effluents by treatment with manganese solid waste

A solid waste from manganese dioxide industry was studied for possible use to remove color from dye containing effluents. Artificial mixtures with direct, basic and acid dyes were studied. This material was found to be an effective adsorbent for the class of direct dyes.     

Physicochemical characterization of industrial effluents and their effect on fish survival

Abstract

Water samples taken from selected industrial drainages and receiving streams in and around Islamabad, Pakistan, during the summers of 1987 to 1990 showed disturbances in pH and low oxygen levels. Selected metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Hg) were higher in all effluents than in receiving waters. Static bioassays of the undiluted industrial effluents from three sites caused 100% mortality in carp during the first 24 hrs. Fishes also suffered 30 to 60% mortality when exposed to other undiluted industrial effluents and some mortality when industrial effluents were diluted by 50%.     

ABR/BAF组合工艺用于高浓度工业废水除碳降氨的实验研究

将ABR和BAF组合工艺应用于高浓度有机工业废水,实验中对比了膜法ABR和泥法ABR的COD去除效率及其氨氮变化规律;BAF工艺对比了HRT=3 h和HRT=4.5 h时COD和氨氮的降解效果。结果表明,在进水流量为2 L/h,进水COD在1 350～2 220 mg/L之间、氨氮在15～73 mg/L范围时,在ABR...     

Physicochemical characterization of industrial effluents and their effect on fish survival.

Water samples taken from selected industrial drainages and receiving streams in and around Islamabad, Pakistan, during the summers of 1987 to 1990 showed disturbances in pH and low oxygen levels. Selected metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Hg) were higher in all effluents than in receiving waters. Static bioassays of the undiluted industrial effluents from three sites caused 100% mortality in carp during the first 24 hrs. Fishes also suffered 30 to 60% mortality when exposed to other undiluted industrial effluents and some mortality when industrial effluents were diluted by 50%.     

微波-均相Fenton法深度处理工业聚集型村镇复合废水

为了提高工业聚集型村镇复合废水处理效率,对微波-均相Fenton技术进行了研究。基于Box-Behnken响应曲面法,重点考察了初始pH值、H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比、H2O2投加量、微波功率及微波辐射时间的单独及交互作用;建立以COD去除率为响应值的二次响应曲面模型并采用方差分析进行验证。结果表明,影响因子显著性排序为：初始pH值 > H2O2投加量 > 微波辐射功率 > H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比 > 微波辐射时间;其中初始pH和H2O2投加量之间交互作用显著;所建数学模型回归性较好,最优组合条件为：初始pH值3.43,H2O2投加量19.2 mmol·L-1,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比39.42,微波辐射功率597.55 W,微波辐射时间5.12 min,该条件下COD实际去除率为95.3%,与模型预测结果相比偏差为4.7%。采用微波-均相Fenton法深度处理工业聚集型村镇复合废水,出水COD值完全满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978-1996）一级排放标准COD≤100 mg·L-1。     

Electrochemical conversion of chromium from tannery effluents for potential reuse in industrial applications

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Electrochemical oxidation of trivalent chromium from leather tanning mud waste leachates (containing ca 6&nbsp;g.L?1 Cr(III)) to its...     

Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in coastal marine sediments receiving industrial and municipal effluents in Kuwait

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were measured in surficial sediments from coastal sediments receiving industrial and municipal effluents in Kuwait. The summation PBDE concentrations varied by two orders of magnitude ranging from 80 to 3800 pg g(-1)dw. The congener distribution was dominated by BDE 183, with minor contributions from BDEs 154 and 153. The similarity between the congener profile to that of the technical octa formulation (Bromkal 79-8DE) suggests a source of this product in Kuwait. The observed gradient in concentration distribution, with high summation PBDE concentrations near the shore and an exponential decrease seaward, indicates that wastewater discharge from industrial activities in the study area is the primary source of these compounds in the sediments.     

复合电化学法处理含盐有机废水

研究了复合电化学法处理含盐，酚废水的可行性及处理效果，实验结果表明，在110－160℃，PH3-3.5，处理电压5V，电流密度6-9mA/cm^2,H2O2/苯酚（质量比）＞0．06时，200mg/L的苯酚溶液经处理后，酚去除率大于98％，CODCr去除率大于70％，该法电能消耗低，是一种适合于含盐有机废水处理的新方法。     

Measurement of organic nitrogen and phosphorus fractions at very low concentrations in wastewater effluents

The purpose of this study was to develop simple, accurate, and inexpensive measurement protocols for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved non-reactive phosphorus (DNRP) at low levels in wastewater effluents. Two protocols are presented--one to measure DON exclusively, and the other to measure DON and DNRP simultaneously. Currently, DON and DNRP are calculated indirectly by subtracting the dissolved inorganic fractions from the total dissolved concentration, resulting in significant errors. To increase the accuracy of DON measurements, effluent sample pretreatment using ion exchange to remove nitrate was applied. Spectrometric methods were selected to measure the inorganic fractions-the second derivative UV spectroscopy method for nitrate, and the malachite green method for orthophosphate. These methods, combined with the optimized persulfate digestion of the samples, can be used to measure total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus accurately. The measurement ranges attained were 0.05 to 3 mg N/L for DON and 0.01 to 0.5 mg P/L for DNRP.     

Phosphorus removal from piggery effluents of varying quality using lime and physico-chemical treatment methods

The choice of management practices for the treatment of piggery effluent prior to its disposal to waterways or land is governed by the desire to simultaneously minimise the cost of treatment whilst minimising pollution of the environment. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the removal of total and total filterable phosphorus (P) (<0.45 microm) from ortho-phosphate solutions or piggery effluent by hydrated lime or lime kiln dust alone, or from recycled piggery effluent by lime and physico-chemical treatment methods. In addition, the ability of lime to remove P from recycled piggery effluent at an intensive piggery was assessed. Most P in lime treated effluent was present in the >0.45 microm fraction because of the presence of unsettled flocs of P impregnated lime. The efficiency of total P removal by hydrated lime and lime kiln dust decreased as effluent quality declined. The efficiency of removal of total filterable P by hydrated lime or lime kiln dust was not affected by effluent quality. Hydrated lime was more efficient in removing P from effluent or ortho-phosphate solutions, but lime kiln dust was more cost effective. More than 95% of total P was removed from recycled piggery effluent when physico-chemical treatment followed settling with or without lime. The physico-chemical treatment decreased total P mainly by decreasing the number of suspended particles in the effluent and by precipitating some total filterable P as iron, aluminium or calcium compounds.     

Phosphorus removal from livestock effluents: recent technologies and new perspectives on low-cost strategies

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Phosphorus is an essential element in the food production chain, even though it is a non-renewable and limited natural resource, which is going to run...     

低溶解氧污泥微膨胀污染物去除性能的研究

为了研究低溶解氧微膨胀状态下污染物的去除效果,采用SBR反应器,平均DO浓度为0.5～0.9 mg/L,通过好氧/缺氧(O/A)的运行方式,对污染物处理效果进行研究。结果表明：低溶解氧丝状菌污泥微膨胀状态下,SVI可稳定控制在200 mL/g左右,出水SS含量很低,COD去除率在80%以上,氨氮去除率90%以上,除磷效率在90%之上,出水水质良好,同时可以节约曝气量约46.7%。低溶解氧微膨胀状态下,可保证出水处理效果,污泥沉降性能影响小,同时可以节约动力费用。     

Studies on thio-substituted polyurethane foam (T-PUF) as a new efficient separation medium for the removal of inorganic/organic mercury from industrial effluents and solid wastes

Novel thio-substituted flexible polyurethane foam (T-PUF) was synthesised by addition polymerisation of mercaptan with the precursors of an open-cell polyurethane foam, which can be used as a highly selective sorbent for inorganic and organic mercury from complex matrices. The percentage extraction of inorganic mercury was studied at different flow-rates, over a wide pH range at different concentrations ranging from 1 ppm, to 100 ppm. The break-through capacity and total capacity of unmodified and thio-foams were determined for inorganic and organic mercurials. The absorption efficiency of thio-foam was far superior to other sorbent media, such as activated carbon, polymeric ion-exchange resins and reagent-loaded polyurethane foams. It was observed that even at the 1000 ppm level, divalent ions like Cu, Mg, Ca, Zn do not appreciably influence the per cent extraction of inorganic mercury at the 10 ppm level. These matrix levels are the most concentrated ones which are likely to occur, both in local sewage and effluent waters. Further, the efficiency of this foam was sufficiently high at 10-100 ppm levels of Hg, even from 5-10 litres of effluent volumes using 50 g of thio-foam packed into different columns in series. Thio-foams were found to possess excellent abilities to remove and recover mercury even at low levels from industrial effluents and brine mud of chlor-alkali industry after pre-acid extraction. This makes it a highly efficient sorbent for possible application in effluent treatment. Model schemes for the removal and recovery of mercury from industrial effluents and municipal sewage (100-1000 litre) by a dynamic method are proposed and the costs incurred in a full-scale application method are indicated to show that the use of thio-foam could be commercially attractive.     

氮掺杂多孔碳电极CDI技术对水中四环素和硬度离子的高效去除

为解决水体中过剩四环素 (tetracycline, TC)与水硬度离子(Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺)等共存带来的复杂环境污染问题,采用分散聚合法将含氮单体聚合成手风琴状碳前驱体并将其碳化后,制备得到氮掺杂多孔碳材料 (nitrogen-doped porous carbon, NPC),采用电容去离子技术考察了NPC电极同步去除不同水体、pH、初始浓度中TC和水硬度离子的能力。结果表明：Langmuir,Freundlich和Temkin模型对NPC样品电吸附TC的吸附等温线分别进行拟合,发现电吸附过程包含了化学吸附、强静电吸附和物理吸附等机制,吸附过程较为复杂;NPC独特的手风琴状层次结构,使得TC的电吸附容量高达854.3 mg·g⁻¹,是传统自吸附的2.4倍 (350.6 mg·g⁻¹);稳定的层次结构与高导电碳网络结构,协同增强了NPC电极的吸附稳定性、再生性和循环稳定性,使其在自然水体中经过200次吸-脱附后吸附容量仍可保持在78%以上。由此可知,基于CDI技术的氮掺杂多孔碳电极能够有效地同步去除水体中的四环素和硬度离子。该研究结果可为复杂水体污染处理提供参考。     

Effect of amorphous silica and silica sand on removal of chromium(VI) by zero-valent iron

The effect of two surfaces (amorphous silica and silica sand) on the reduction of chromium(VI) by zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) was investigated using batch reactors. The amendment of both surfaces significantly increased the rate and extent of Cr(VI) removal. The rate enhancement by amended surfaces is presumed to result from scavenging of Fe(0)-Cr(VI) reaction products by the provided surfaces, which minimized surface deactivation of Fe(0). The rate enhancing effect was greater for silica compared to sand, and the difference is attributed to silica's higher surface area, greater affinity for reaction products and pH buffering effect. For a given mass of Fe(0), the reactivity and longevity of Fe(0) to treat Cr(VI) increased with increasing dose of silica. Elemental analyses of the reacted iron and silica revealed that chromium removed from the solution was associated with both surfaces, with its mass distribution being approximately 1:1 per mass of iron and silica. The overall result suggests reductive precipitation was a predominant Cr(VI) removal pathway, which involves initial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), followed by formation of Cr(III)/Fe(III) hydroxides precipitates.     

利用UVC去除低浓度苯的实验研究

探讨了不同实验参数对苯的UVC去除效果的影响,获得了苯的去除率与苯的初始浓度、气体流量、相对湿度和氧气含量等参数之间的关系。数据表明,在实验条件范围内,苯的去除率的倒数与苯初始浓度、气体流量之间为线性关系;苯的去除率随相对湿度的增加呈现先升高后缓慢降低的关系,最佳相对湿度值在30%～50%之间;苯的去除率随氧气量的增加而缓慢增加;波长为185+254 nm的UV与254 nm的UV相比净化效果更为理想。还分析了苯降解产生的中间产物,探讨了苯的降解机理。