垃圾填埋气体收集及其工程设计

介绍垃圾填埋场垃圾填埋气体收集现场静态试验和动态试验的方法。通过对垃圾填埋场现场打井抽气试验,研究垃圾填埋气的收集及工程利用的技术参数,并对现场试验数据进行分析和整理,提出工程设计参数。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场产气规律研究

研究城市垃圾填埋气体成分及产气规律。方法通过深圳市玉龙坑垃圾填埋场现场抽气试验理论计算。结果场区内填埋气体含量分别为ＣＨ４６２．２％，Ｏ２１．０％，ＣＯ２３４．７％，其余气体２．１％；     

垃圾填埋场抽气竖井周边气体运移规律研究

通过建立填埋场抽气竖井周边气体轴对称稳态运移模型,分析了单层和分层垃圾体中气压力分布,并提出“降压百分比”的概念用于判定抽气影响范围,研究了垃圾产气率、气体渗透率、覆盖层厚度、覆盖层气体渗透率、抽气井深度和抽气负压对抽气影响范围和抽气量的影响,获得了竖井深度和井间距的确定方法.分析结果表明,抽气井的降压作用明显,抽气井深度和抽气负压越大,则抽气影响范围和抽气量越大.覆盖层厚度增加或其渗透率降低有助于扩大抽气影响范围和提高抽气量.抽气影响范围随气体渗透率的增加而增大,但随垃圾产气率的增加而减少;抽气量则随气体渗透率和产气率的增大而增加.抽气井深度是控制抽气影响范围的关键参数,建议竖井深度取垃圾填埋厚度的65％～75％,井间距取1.5～2.5倍竖井深度.     

沼气产生的两步一级反应耦合模型

根据有机物厌氧产生沼气的生化机理,假设沼气通过两步相互衔接的一级反应生成,即复杂有机物的水解酸化反应和简单有机酸的产气反应.根据假设,建立了基于两步一级反应耦合的沼气产气率与产气量随时间变化的数学模型.该模型用统一的数学公式对沼气产气率随时间变化的倒“U”形曲线进行了解释,指出这一过程是两步相互衔接的一级反应相互作用的结果.已知有机物质量,通过拟合或根据经验得出K值后,利用该模型可解出任一时刻有机物的产气率、产气量、最大产气率及其发生的时间.拟合表明,两步反应的反应常数趋于相等.利用该模型可导出已有的Scholl Canyon模型,并可对Palos Verdes模型和Sheldon Arleta模型的经验假设进行解释.      

深圳过桥窝垃圾填埋场填埋气体产量研究

结合垃圾成分、填埋量等因素,利用IPCC产气模型对深圳过桥窝垃圾填埋场封场后一段时期的产气情况进行了预测,将现场气体测试的结果与之进行比较,得出该填埋场气体不适合收集利用以及垃圾中厨余含量高、降解周期短的结论.     

生活垃圾填埋气体产量的现场测试及IPCC推荐模型的校验

为了获得深圳市玉龙坑垃圾填埋场封场后填埋气体的实际产量,采用改进的现场抽气方法分别测定了填埋场内4口抽气井抽气影响区域内填埋气体的产量,计算获得其产甲烷速率分别为14.67×10-5、9.46×10-5、9.55×10-5和4.28×10-5m3/(t.h).据此计算出2005年玉龙坑垃圾填埋场的甲烷产率为322 m3/h,表明该填埋场填埋气体在经济性上已经失去了回收利用价值.采用此实测数据对IPCC推荐模型进行校验,发现垃圾降解的半衰期是影响IPCC推荐模型预测准确性的关键参数.我国城市生活垃圾中可降解有机物以厨余垃圾为主,分解周期较短,垃圾降解的半衰期短于IPCC模型的推荐取值范围.为了准确预测填埋气体的产量,需要在充分调查我国生活垃圾特性的基础上,确定模型参数的合理取值,提高IPCC推荐模型在我国的适用性.     

中国生活垃圾填埋场甲烷源碳排放量预测评估

生活垃圾填埋场为全球第三大人为甲烷排放源。中国填埋垃圾体量巨大,生化降解持续产生含甲烷的填埋气,对中国碳达峰目标实现具有潜在影响,亟待预测评估。文章基于中国近40年生活垃圾产量和填埋量相关统计数据,建立了中国城市生活垃圾人均日产量与人均GDP的数学关系,预测了未来10年生活垃圾总产量和填埋量。通过对目前常用的3种填埋气产量计算模型比较分析与实测数据验证,筛选出了比较符合中国城市生活垃圾产气特点的双组分产气模型,利用该模型预测了中国未来10年填埋气总产量和甲烷排放量,评估了碳达峰前生活垃圾填埋场甲烷源碳减排潜力。预测结果表明：2021-2030年中国至少新增28.1亿t生活垃圾,其中8.5亿t仍以填埋方式处置;2021-2030年全国所有垃圾填埋场填埋气总产量达1 399.9亿m³,其中约75%的填埋气由2021-2030年间新增填埋垃圾产生,剩余25%由1980-2020年累计填埋的33.1亿t垃圾产生。评估结果表明：全国垃圾填埋场甲烷排放量介于494.7～659.6亿m³,对应的甲烷源碳排放量估算为8.9～11.8亿t。相比于中国其他重点行...     

城市生活垃圾填埋产气规律研究

通过理论计算及实验室和现场的试验,研究了生活垃圾填埋产气规律。结果表明,理想条件下上海市生活垃圾填埋产气量最大不超过96.31L/kg;填埋后1～5a内,产气速率为1.7～247.2mL/kg·d;填埋后2a的产气速率为4.6mL/kg·d;填埋气体中CH_4和CO_2的体积分数范围分别为55％～60％和25％～35％。     

关于城市生活垃圾填埋场填埋气体的产气影响因素探讨

在总结城市生活垃圾产气的特点的基础上．通过对杭州市天子岭垃圾填埋场内不同条件下的多处生活垃圾堆体所产生的填埋气体进行测量,找寻填埋气体的产气影响因素,从而找到了合适的管理与应用方法。     

填埋场渗滤液水质变化预测模型实验研究

利用垃圾污染负荷浸出实验装置对下坪垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质变化规律进行了模拟研究。并利用实验数据通过指数回归法确定了渗滤液水质预测模型的有关参数。实验结果和现场监测数据表明,单批填埋垃圾渗滤液的浓度在垃圾填埋75d后达到最大值,COD最大可达31581mg/L。利用渗滤液水质预测模型计算表明,垃圾填埋90．9d后垃圾渗滤液COD达到最大值,模拟计算结果和现场监测数据符合较好,说明该模型以及通过污染负荷浸出实验得出的模型参数可以较准确地对填埋场渗滤液水质变化进行预测。     

Modified landfill gas generation rate model of first-order kinetics and two-stage reaction

This investigation was carried out to establish a new domestic landfill gas (LFG) generation rate model that takes into account the impact of leachate recirculation. The first-order kinetics and two-stage reaction (FKTSR) model of the LFG generation rate includes mechanisms of the nutrient balance for biochemical reaction in two main stages. In this study, the FKTSR model was modified by the introduction of the outflow function and the organic acid conversion coefficient in order to represent the in-situ condition of nutrient loss through leachate. Laboratory experiments were carried out to simulate the impact of leachate recirculation and verify the modified FKTSR model. The model calibration was then calculated by using the experimental data. The results suggested that the new model was in line with the experimental data. The main parameters of the modified FKTSR model, including the LFG production potential (L ₀), the reaction rate constant in the first stage (K ₁), and the reaction rate constant in the second stage (K ₂) of 64.746 L, 0.202 d⁻¹, and 0.338 d⁻¹, respectively, were comparable to the old ones of 42.069 L, 0.231 d⁻¹, and 0.231 d⁻¹. The new model is better able to explain the mechanisms involved in LFG generation.     

沈阳市老虎冲垃圾填埋场填埋气产量估算

通过选取3种不同的填埋气预测模型：IPCC模型、中国填埋气估算模型、德国模型,结合沈阳市老虎冲填埋场的实际情况,对各参数进行了修订,从而预测老虎冲填埋场填埋气产量情况,并分析比较各模型预测结果。结果表明,2003—2011年,3种模型反映了相同的填埋气变化趋势,趋于上升状态;2012—2025年,由于填埋量发生变化,IPCC模型与中国填埋气估算模型和德国模型的填埋气变化情况相反,呈下降趋势。3种模型预测的填埋气产量的峰值大小为：中国填埋气估算模型为3.3×107m3/a,IPCC模型为2.1×107m3/a,德国模型为9.8×106m3/a。根据实际产气情况进行对比,发现德国模型更符合实际情况。     

渗滤液回灌负荷对填埋场垃圾产气效能的影响

以4座有效垃圾量均为30t的模拟厌氧生物反应器填埋柱(R1～R4),每周分别回灌1.6,0.8,0.2m³的渗滤液和0.1m³清水,对比分析渗滤液回灌负荷对垃圾产气效能及稳定化进程的影响.结果表明,回灌比例最大(5.3%)的实验柱R1在回灌5周后开始大量产气,比R2～R4分别提前了7～13周;且垃圾产气速率与系统进水COD、VFA等污染负荷的变化存在正相关关系.回灌至第50周时,R1柱内垃圾更趋于稳定,TOC和COD的累积气相转化率分别为28.96%和14.57%,这表明部分有机质在回灌早期随液相流失,减少了垃圾产气潜能.因此,为提高生物反应器填埋场的垃圾产气效能,应根据垃圾稳定化的不同阶段适时地调整回灌方案.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场气体的产生、控制及利用综述

对城市生活垃圾填埋场气体的产生、控制及利用进行了较为系统的综述分析，描述了填埋场气体的组成、性质及产生过程，分析了影响填埋场气体产生的因素，概括了填埋场气体控制手段和管理利用方式。     

填埋气产气量估算模型在我国的应用

填埋气(LFG)是一种利用价值高的高热值清洁燃料,对LFG进行控制和利用已成为城市垃圾处置技术的重要组成部分,但有效开发利用的前提是对LFG产量及产气速率进行较为准确的估算。重点分析了两中典型的生活垃圾填埋气估算模型:Land GEM模型、Scholl Cayon模型,探讨了这两种模型参数的确定。并以北京市某填埋场为例,运用两种模型预测该填埋场填埋气产气量,比较讨论分析了两模型预测结果的差异,为LFG的利用提供了设计依据。     

不同作物根系多环芳烃吸收特征差异的比较研究

为选育不/少或超量吸收多环芳烃(PAHs)的植物品种进而进行农产品的安全生产和PAHs污染环境的植物修复,以菲为PAHs的代表物,比较了水培条件下3种常见农作物(大豆、小麦、胡萝卜)根系吸收菲的动力学特征差异.结果表明,3种作物根系对水培液中的菲有明显的吸收和累积作用,且菲的吸收量随时间延长而增加,整个吸收过程可分为快速吸收和慢速吸收2个阶段;3种作物根系菲吸收能力的大小为大豆>胡萝卜>小麦;作物根系吸收菲量与吸收时间的关系可以用Elovich方程拟合,大豆、胡萝卜和小麦根系菲吸收速率常数分别为4.31、4.10和2.84 mg.(kg.h)-1;作物根系菲吸收的动力学曲线可用米氏方程表征,大豆、胡萝卜和小麦根系菲的Km值分别为0.117、0.124和0.540 mg.L-1;根系菲吸收会导致营养液pH升高,pH升高的趋势和吸收速率常数k与Km值相对应,且与3种作物根系吸收能力的大小一致.因此可用根系吸收速率常数k、米氏常数Km值和水培液pH的变化表征作物根系吸收PAHs的能力差异,且从受影响因素的多寡角度考虑,吸收速率常数k和米氏常数Km较pH变化更适合.     

A kinetic model of Ti（IV）-catalyzed H2O2/O3 process in aqueous solution

A kinetic model for the Ti(IV)-catalyzed H₂O₂/O₃ process was established, and the experimental results demonstrated that the model could well describe this ozone-based oxidative system mathematically and chemically.     

Effects of particle composition and environmental parameters on catalytic hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene by nanoscale bimetallic Ni-Fe

Catalytic nickel was successfully incorporated into nanoscale iron to enhance its dechlorination efficiency for trichloroethylene （TCE）, one of the most commonly detected chlorinated organic compounds in groundwater. Ethane was the predominant product. The greatest dechlorination efficiency was achieved at 22 molar percent of nickel. This nanoscale Ni-Fe is poorly ordered and inhomogeneous; iron dissolution occurred whereas nickel was relatively stable during the 24-hr reaction. The morphological characterization provided significant new insights on the mechanism of catalytic hydrodcchlorination by bimetallic nanoparticles. TCE degradation and ethane production rates were greatly affected by environmental parameters such as solution pH, temperature and common groundwater ions. Both rate constants decreased and then increased over the pH range of 6.5 to 8.0, with the minimum value occurring at pH 7.5. TCE degradation rate constant showed an increasing trend over the temperature range of 10 to 25℃. However, ethane production rate constant increased and then decreased over the range, with the maximum value occurring at 20℃, Most salts in the solution appeared to enhance the reaction in the first half hour but overall they displayed an inhibitory effect. Combined ions showed a similar effect as individual salts.     

Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m³/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.