基于环境库兹涅茨曲线特征的桂林市大气环境状况研究

根据2006年-2012年桂林市经济发展主要指标和大气环境污染指标的统计资料,分析了该市人均 GDP 与SO2、NO x、烟（粉）尘排放量及 PM10质量浓度和 API优良率等大气环境指标的相关关系,建立了经济发展与大气环境指标之间的模拟曲线。模拟结果表明,桂林市处于工业时期,随着人均GDP增加,SO2和烟（粉）尘排放得到了一定程度的缓解,而NO x 和 PM10排放从长期看还处于上升趋势。建议改善能源结构,调整产业结构和工业布局,制定财税激励政策,开展环境综合整治,加大机动车排污防治力度,进一步控制大气污染。     

沈阳殡葬行业烟气环境污染物排放现状

对9家火化场11台火化设备的运行状况进行监测,以火化废气环境污染因子烟尘、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、氨气、硫化氢及烟气黑度为测试研究对象。火化设备中70%以上排放大气环境污染物超标,且50%排气筒高度低于15米,属于低空排放,对周边大气环境造成较重影响,全市90%火化场尚未安装烟气除尘净化设施,应引起上级主管部门和环境保护管理部门重视。     

Proximity analysis of air pollution exposure and its potential risk

Proximity analysis and spatial variability of the ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) concentration in Rayong province, Thailand, were analyzed using geostatistics and spatial modeling techniques. Annual concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were predicted and spatially interpolated using various interpolation techniques (i.e. kriging, IDW and spline). Sensitivity analysis was carried out to assure the accuracy of the predicted results. The GIS-based exposure map was simulated and was assisted to identify high exposure areas. A health risk warning system was set for "action" (exceeds 100% of the annual average NO(2) guideline), for "alert" (between 66-100% of the annual average NO(2) guideline) and for "some concern" (between 33-66% of the annual average NO(2) guideline). Although no areas were exposed to an action level, many locations in the study area could have levels of "some concern". Potential risk to the population was analyzed by spatial interpolation of the nitrogen dioxide concentration with population data. The result indicated the number of people exposed to air pollution, as well as the areas which have a high risk to air pollution. About 88.3% of the total population in the study area live in areas where levels of air pollution are designated as being in the "some concern" zone. About 6.7% of the registered population have their residence in an area where action should be taken for air quality management. The study demonstrates the application of GIS-based prediction for the evaluation of exposure mapping, in order to determine the spatial extent and frequency of areas where pollution levels exceed target values, and their potential health impacts.     

张掖市SO2控制区污染源的解析

张掖市是国务院划定的SO2污染控制区之一,其SO2污染严重程度居全国前列,本研究以环境空气SO2监测和SO2污染源监测调查为基础,以ATDL模式为模拟手段,对张掖市SO2控制区的污染源进行了解析,分析找出造成该控制区SO2污染的根本原因,从而为制定SO2污染总量控制方案奠定科学基础。     

黑烟车电子抓拍林格曼黑度对比验证研究

对同一场景中同一机动车排放黑烟的行为,采用光电测烟望远镜和黑烟车电子抓拍系统2种方法测定林格曼黑度,以光电测烟望远镜作基准,对黑烟车电子抓拍系统的测量结果进行修正。结果表明,黑烟车电子抓拍系统的测量结果经修正后与光电测烟望远镜的测试结果的相关性系数约为0.977,误差平均值为-0.015,方差为0.032,说明2种测量方法具有良好的相关性和可比性,利用光电测烟望远镜可以为黑烟车电子抓拍系统搭建量值溯源链。     

Measuring reactive nitrogen emissions from point sources using visible spectroscopy from aircraft

Accurate measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a key trace gas in the formation and destruction of tropospheric ozone, are important in studies of urban pollution. Nitrogen dioxide column abundances were measured during the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 using visible absorption spectroscopy from an aircraft. The method allows for quantification of the integrated total number of nitrogen dioxide molecules in the polluted atmosphere and is hence a useful tool for measuring plumes of this key trace gas. Further, we show how such remote-sensing observations can be used to obtain information on the fluxes of nitrogen dioxide into the atmosphere with unique flexibility in terms of aircraft altitude, and the height and extent of mixing of the boundary layer. Observations of nitrogen dioxide plumes downwind of power plants were used to estimate the flux of nitrogen oxide emitted from several power plants in the Houston and Dallas metropolitan areas and in North Carolina. Measurements taken over the city of Houston were also employed to infer the total flux from the city as a whole.     

Variations in wood burning organic marker concentrations in the atmospheres of four European cities

The particulate emissions from biomass burning are a growing concern due to the recent evidence of their ubiquitous and important contribution to the ambient aerosol load. A possible strategy to apportion the biomass burning share of particulate matter is the use of organic molecular tracers. Anhydrosugars (levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan), together with two organic acids (dehydroabietic and pimaric acids), were previously reported as organic markers for particulate wood burning emissions. These five compounds were studied in four European cities (Helsinki, Copenhagen, Birmingham and Oporto), at both a Roadside and an Urban Background station, during a summer and a winter campaign in the fine (PM(2.5)) and the coarse (PM(10-2.5)) size-fractions of the ambient aerosol. Levoglucosan concentrations were highest in the city of Oporto. In winter, levoglucosan was more present in the fine fraction but in summer, concentrations were similar in both size fractions. Levoglucosan concentrations in the fine size fraction were higher in winter, but no seasonal differences were observed for the coarse size fraction. The lack of difference between the Roadside and Urban Background levoglucosan concentrations points towards a regional nature of this type of pollution. Wood burning was estimated to contribute to about 3.1% of the winter PM(10) mass in Oporto, and to 3.7% in Copenhagen. Mannosan followed the trends exhibited by levoglucosan. The ratio between the levoglucosan and mannosan concentrations allowed determination of a preference for softwood over hardwood in all four cities. Galactosan, pimaric acid and dehydroabietic acid were found to be minor compounds.     

The Effect of Smoke from Charcoal Kilns on Soil Respiration

The objective of the work was a laboratory examination of the effect of a water-soluble fraction of the smoke, emitted during charcoaling by dry distillation, on soil metabolism. The experimental soil was exposed to smoke for ten years and the control soil was taken from a site not exposed to smoke. Oxygen uptake and carbondioxide evolution were measured in soil samples by using the method of volumetric respirometry. When an aqueous smoke solution was added to the soil, the rate of oxygen metabolism increased by a factor 15 for the experimental soil and by a factor 5 for the control soil. A similar increase was observed in carbondioxide evaluation. RQ was clearly higher for the experimental soil. Also after the addition of an aqueous smoke solution to the soil, differences were observed in changes of RQ between the experimental and control soils. These differences suggest that respiratory metabolism is changed in the soils permanently exposed to smoke, and RQ value can be an indicator of the initial stages of soil degradation.     

Air pollution and lung diseases in Oporto Area

This area has a rate of patients with obstructive chronic lung disease that is the highest in Portugal and the second in Europe. Levels of pollution observed in 1985/86 and 1986/87 allowed evaluating the effects of concentrations lower than those that usually cause acute episodes. It was observed that even low levels of strong acidity can be related with lung diseases, when observed simultaneously with appreciable levels of black smoke; climatic factors have a synergetic effect.     

A change vector analysis technique for monitoring land cover changes in Copsa Mica,Romania, in the period 1985–2011

During the communist regime, Romania’s planned economy focused exclusively on production neglecting the environment protection. The lack of less polluting production technologies and of environmental protection measures led to excessive pollution in certain industrialized areas. This is the case of the town of Copsa Mica in Sibiu County, which in 1987 was considered one of the most polluted towns in Europe. The present study assesses the change vector analysis (CVA) technique using a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image time series to monitor land cover changes caused by carbon black and heavy metal pollution. CVA was applied to the tasseled cap greenness (TCG) and tasseled cap brightness (TCB) indices, as well as to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and bare soil index (BI). Various maps were generated for the periods 1985–1994, 1994–2003, 2003–2011, and 1985–2011, and threshold values were determined for the detection of land cover change/no change. The change direction and magnitude values were cross-tabulated and classified. The technique was assessed based on the change versus no-change error matrix. The results show that in the area of Copsa Mica, land cover changes occurred because of a considerable decrease in the area affected by carbon black and heavy metal pollution. The CVA technique proved efficient in monitoring the land cover changes caused by pollution and especially by carbon black pollution. Soil pollution by heavy metals is reflected in the bare soil surfaces present in the imagery.     

一起环境噪声污染纠纷案的仲裁监测

环境噪声污染纠纷仲裁监测 ,既要选择噪声源界外测点 ,又要选择其相邻方区域内测点 ,并按标准规定对测量值进行背景值修正。提出环境噪声污染应以所产生的环境噪声排放是否超过其所在区域环境噪声标准来判别。     

An Assessment on Variation of Sulphur Dioxide and Particulate Matter in Erzurum (Turkey)

Sulphur dioxide and PM₁₀ levels are investigated in Erzurum during the periods of 1990–2000 heating season to assess air pollution level. For that reason, emissions of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter were calculated by using consumption of fuels and Turkish emission factors. These emission values were evaluated together with air pollution levels, which were measured at six stations in Erzurum atmosphere during 1990–2000 winter periods. Results reveal that in 1990–1994 heating period, there is an increasing trend in the emissions and air pollution levels over Erzurum, and the air quality limits were not met. The daily 24 h limit (short-term limit) was exceeded 127 days in 1992–1993 winter period. The reason for this increase was found to be the switching to use of low-quality fossil fuels instead of cleaner ones. Results also indicated that there was a considerable decrease in emissions of air pollutants and air pollution levels after 1995. This can be explained by the consumption of more high-quality fossil fuels. The correlation coefficient of SO₂ with PM₁₀ is obtained as r² = 0.85, which is a high value supporting the idea that both pollutants are emitted from the same source.     

Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimation. Part V. Traffic exposure in adults

In Oslo, traffic has been one of the dominating sources of air pollution in the last decade. In one part of the city where most traffic collects, two tunnels were built. A series of before and after studies was carried out in connection with the tunnels in use. Dispersion models were used as a basis for estimating exposure to nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter in two fractions. Exposure estimates were based on the results of the dispersion model providing estimates of outdoor pollutant concentrations on an hourly basis. The estimates represent concentrations in receptor points and in a square kilometre grid. The estimates were used to assess development of air pollution load in the area, compliance with air quality guidelines, and to provide a basis for quantifying exposure-effect relationships in epidemiological studies. After both tunnels were taken in use, the pollution levels in the study area were lower than when the traffic was on the surface (a drop from 50 to 40 micrograms m-3). Compliance with air quality guidelines and other prescribed values has improved, even if high exposures still exist. The most important residential areas are now much less exposed, while areas around tunnel openings can be in periods exposed to high pollutant concentrations. The daily pattern of exposure shows smaller differences between peak and minimum concentrations than prior to the traffic changes. Exposures at home (in the investigation area) were reduced most, while exposures in other locations than at home showed only a small decrease. Highest hourly exposures are encountered in traffic.     

Measurements of nitrogen dioxide in Greenland using Palmes diffusion tubes

Measurements of nitrogen dioxide using the Palmes diffusion tubes in Uummannaq, Aasiaat, and Nuuk. all located along the west-coast of Greenland, have demonstrated that the levels of pollution at the most heavily impacted sites are comparable to levels in much larger towns in Denmark. The highest concentrations were, in general, observed near sites influenced by car traffic (peak concentrations of up to 16 ppbv), medium concentrations were observed in the residential areas (2 6 ppbv), and very low levels were found at the background locations in the town outskirts (1-2 ppbv). Observations of nitrogen dioxide concentrations less than 0.1 ppbv at a remote site, Akia, 25 km from Nuuk, indicate that, compared to local sources, long-range transport of nitrogen dioxide is not important in western Greenland.     

Indoor Air Quality at Salarjung Museum, Hyderabad, India

Deterioration of art objects at Salarjung Museum has been noticed such as blackening of white and pink pigments of Indian miniature paintings and other objects like pigments, paints, varnishes, coatings, silver ware, zari works, textiles, which are displayed in museum galleries. The cause of deterioration of the artifacts is attributed to air pollution. The outdoor air pollution levels with respect to suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, aldehydes and oxidants are observed to be high when compared with background environment and ambient air quality standards for sensitive areas. The indoor air quality levels in terms of various parameters including temperature and relative humidity (RH) observed to be more than the threshold limits. The climatic conditions coupled with polluted indoor air are the main causes for the deterioration of art objects. Hence remedial measures are suggested to avoid further deterioration of objects.     

Effects of Smoke Emissions from a Charcoal Kiln on the Functioning of Forest Soil Systems: A Microcosm Study

Long-term charcoal production in small private charcoal kilns (CK) in Eastern Bieszczady Mts. (SE Poland) can cause local smoke contamination of the ambient forest environment. Responses of model soil systems, contaminated or not contaminated by CK smoke, to contrasting combinations of hydrothermic regimes were compared in laboratory microcosms (respiration of soil community, decomposition rate of soil organic matter and cotton stripes, herb seeds germination were studied). The majority of the obtained data show a markedly higher level of soil biological activity in the CK versus the control series. In some cases CK and control soil systems show different patterns of reactions to the tested combinations of microclimate regime. These phenomena should at least partly be attributed to the effects of CK pollution.     

Air pollution in Athens basin and health risk assessment

An inventory of air pollution sources within the Athens basin is carried out for the years 1989, 1992 and 1998 and the results areinputted in a climatological model for predicting ambient concentrations. Despite of the significant growth in the numberof road vehicles and the deteriorating traffic, the emissions andambient concentrations of fine particulates, CO, NO_x and VOCappear to remain reasonably constant over for the period 1989 to 1998, while these of SO₂ and Pb are reduced, mainly due to the renewal of vehicle fleet, the use of catalytic technologies and the improved quality of the used fuel. The results further indicate that for CO, NO_x and VOC the major source is road traffic, while for PM_2.5 and SO₂ both space heating andtraffic share responsibility. The air pollutant concentrations monitored by the network of 11 stations are reviewed and statistics related to air quality guidelines are presented. As fine particulate levels are not monitored, approximate PM_2.5and PM₁₀ concentrations are derived from black smoke ones on basis of experimentally determined conversion factors. The computed and monitored air pollution levels are compared and found in reasonable agreement. The results of the above analysisshow that the levels of all `classical' pollutants, with the exception of SO₂ and Pb, exceed significantly the WHO guidelines and are thus expected to exert a significant healthimpact. The latter could be quantified in relation to the PM_2.5 or PM₁₀ levels on the basis of risk assessment information developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results show that the existing levels of fine particle concentrations in Athens increase significantly the mortality and morbidity, and reduce the average longevity of the entirepopulation from 1.3 to 1.7 years.     

Problems of correlation of global and local monitoring of air pollution

1. The Air Polluttion Monitoring System has got a significant development of late, which is in direct relation with a considerable extention and improvement of the observation network in cities and industrial areas, with creation of a new network for assessing regional and global background of the atmosphere pollution, as well as with the wide involvement of meteorologists to monitoring organization.
2. While developing a new global monitoring system, it is necessary to take into account its relationship with the local monitoring within the region of air pollution sources, i.e. at the \lsimpact\rs level. The need in such an account is dictated first of all by the physics of pollutant spreading that states: changes in air pollution over large territories must be in a certain agreement with greater changes in the vicinity of emission sources. Methods applied in the global and local monitoring have also a number of common peculiarities. White organizing regional network for observations of the background pollution of the atmosphere twin stations (one of the pair of stations located outside the city boundaries in a small community, and the other, in the nearest city with the population of 200–400 thousand inhabitants) were established in the U.S.S.R. and in a number of socialist countries in Europe.
3. Implementation of the twin-station principles in the U.S.S.R. has contributed to data interpretation and representativity assessment as well as to correction of the station location. Observation results from the Soviet background stations and those abroad have been compared by now according to a number of indices.
4. The correlation of monitoring systems of various scales tells positively both on mutual improvement and completion of observational methods. The methods of obtaining integral characteristics of air pollution were used for the global monitoring, in particular spectral actinometric observations and chemical analysis of the precipitation composition. Now they find still wider employment. Thus methods of spectral actinometric measurements and data processing were used to estimate the degree of aerosol pollution of a number of industrial centres. The theory of solar radiation spreading and aerosol contents determination in urban atmosphere has also been developed. It is a generalization of an earlier developed theory, used to estimate global atmosphere pollution basing on actinometric data. The organization of precipitation collection and analysis on a network of stations around Leningrad and in Donbass area enables us to compare the admixture content in precipitations falling in industrial and agricultural areas.
5. A considerable increase of possibilities to measure microconcentrations of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and of a number of other pollutants is connected with the use of solid solvents for sampling. Their use will allow to avoid establishment of special laboratories at background stations and only send samples by post for their analysis in centralized laboratories.

They will also allow to considerably increase precision and accuracy of measurements. The international comparisons of methods of air pollution measurements on the background level allow to judge about the effiency of these methods.     

Environmental impact of electricity relocation: A quasi-natural experiment from interregional electricity transmission

Pollutants such as sulfur would concentrate in the source regions and thus the localized impacts are more obvious. Local balance of electricity by transporting coal has resulted in dense concentration of coal-fired power plants in load centers and caused severe environmental problems. Electricity relocation through interregional transmission is another choice for energy transportation to achieve electricity balance across regions and pollution mitigation. Using interregional electricity transmission (IRET) lines in China as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper assesses the environmental impact of electricity relocation. In the assessment, the grid organization of “province as executor” in China is considered because it affects the sphere of IRET's influence on pollution mitigation. Here we show the environmental benefits of electricity relocation. We find that, electricity relocation through interregional transmission leads to the growth rate of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emission decreasing 7% in landing areas and Sichuan province benefits most from electricity relocation. It is interesting that there is no significant increase of SO₂ emission growth rate in sending areas compared to counterfactuals if there had no IRET due to more integration of clean energy and improved emission efficiency in sending areas. Placebo study and robustness check show that the results are quite convincing. Therefore, IRET provides an appealing choice for China's environmental control in eastern region, and it is not necessarily at the cost of pollution in western region. The methodology can be applied to assess the environmental impacts of other program or policy elsewhere.