青岛近海沉积物PCBs的水平与垂直分布及贝类污染

利用13C同位素内标法及气相色谱-质谱方法对青岛胶州湾内外8个表层沉积物,1个沉积物柱状岩心和2个贝类样品中包括14种共平面PCBs在内的50种PCBs同系物含量进行了测定,在所有样品中均检测出了PCBs化合物.讨论了PCBs的分布特征.表层样品以胶州湾东岸的含量最高,从北岸、西岸、胶州湾口及胶州湾外PCBs含量逐渐降低.表层沉积物中总PCBs含量在0.65～32.9ng/g dw. PCBs总含量落在国内外海洋近岸表层沉积物含量范围的中值区.表明污染来源有城市污水排放及大气来源2种,而不属于工业污染类型.多氯联苯主要以低氯取代PCBs为主,大部分高氯取代PCBs的含量低于检出限.柱状样中共平面PCBs的含量及毒性当量浓度总的垂直变化趋势是从1951年到现在逐渐减少.贝类样品的总PCBs含量为4.9～8.4ng/g dw,属低污染水平.     

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient （HQ） was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.     

中国沉积物中有机氯农药滴滴涕和六六六的分布特征

通过研究过去国内常用的两种有机氯农药滴滴涕（DDTs）和六六六（HCHs）在沉积物岩芯中的相关文献，总结和分析其在中国各地的历史沉积情况.结果表明：（1）∑₄DDTs（p，p'-DDT， o，p'-DDT， p，p'-DDD， p，p'-DDE）浓度在安徽巢湖北岸六岔河流域最高，在1965年达到最大值（457ng/g dw），∑₆DDTs（p，p'-DDT， o，p'-DDT， p，p'-DDD， o，p'-DDD， p，p'-DDE， o，p'-DDE）浓度在广东省海陵湾最高，在2008~2010年达到最大值（3480ng/g dw），∑₄HCHs（α-HCH，β-HCH，γ-HCH，δ-HCH）浓度在澳门河口最高，在1993年达到最大值（82.3ng/g dw）；（2）∑₄DDTs和∑₄HCHs沉降通量在珠江三角洲最高，二十世纪七八十年代达到最大值，分别为115ng/（cm²×a）和32.5ng/（cm²×a），总体来说，DDTs和HCHs在中国沉积物岩芯中的浓度和沉降通量在南部地区要高于北部地区，平原地区和低纬度地区高于高寒地区（青藏高原）和高纬度地区（东北地区），水产养殖区或种植区高于非养殖区和非种植区；（3）从全国范围看，∑₄DDTs和∑₆DDTs浓度和沉降通量主要在20世纪70年代和21世纪中期出现峰值，少数研究区域峰值年份早在20世纪60年代，∑₄HCHs浓度和沉降通量峰值主要出现在20世纪70年代和21世纪初，少数研究区域峰值年份早在20世纪60年代；（4）从全国范围看，（DDD+DDE）/DDT比值没有可循的变化规律，DDTs可能来源于历史沉积、成岩作用以及外源土壤、三氯杀螨醇的使用等新输入，而很多地区在20世纪后期到21世纪中期均出现α-HCH/γ-HCH降低到小于3，表明这段时期HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用.     

东海沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征研究

采集分析了中国东海28个表层沉积物和7个柱状沉积物.结果表明,东海表层沉积物中除BDE-209外∑PBDEs的浓度范围为0.20~2.09ng/g dw,BDE-209的浓度范围为0.57~2.87ng/g dw,在总PBDEs中所占浓度百分比为57.9%~76.7%;接下来分别是BDE-99和BDE-47,所占比例分别为11.7%~21.5%和7.1%~17.4%.表层沉积物中PBDEs分布呈现出(离海岸线)由近及远浓度越来越低的趋势,由北到南浓度上升的趋势.东海柱状沉积物中PBDEs浓度随着深度加深呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,很好的反映出了PBDEs在中国大陆的使用历史和现状.表层沉积物TOC含量在0.54%~0.88%之间,柱状沉积物TOC的含量在0.62%~0.88%之间,而且不管是表层沉积物(R²=0.723,P < 0.01)还是柱状沉积物(R²=0.595, P < 0.01),PBDEs浓度和TOC含量之间有较强的线性关系,表明沉积物中TOC含量是影响PBDEs分布的一个重要因素.     

渤海湾潮间带表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量分布和生态风险

在渤海湾天津段潮间带及邻近区域的主要入海河流和近海采集86个表层沉积物样品,通过GC/MS对16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量进行分析,结果表明:潮间带44个样品的PAHs平均含量为(140.0±84.1)ng/g,与近海样品的PAHs含量[(161.6±38.7)ng/g, n=26]相当,但远低于河流样品的PAHs含量[(452.7±206.0)ng/g, n=13];潮间带样品的PAHs含量呈现“北区高南区低”(以天津港码头为界)的空间分布特征,与该区域沉积物粒度及黑碳和总有机碳的含量呈现显著的相关性;从PAHs的组成上可以显示潮间带沉积环境具有一定的特殊性;潮间带样品PAHs的BaP毒性当量含量平均为(24.5±21.1)ng/g;根据加拿大魁北克省海洋沉积物中PAHs的质量评估标准,渤海湾表层沉积物中PAHs的污染具有一定的生态风险.     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage effluents in Beijing,China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for efluents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the effects of discharging MSTP efluent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 μg/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 μg/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage e uents in Beijing, China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for e uents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the e ects of discharging MSTP e uent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 g/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 g/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p < 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

泉州湾邻苯二甲酸酯的地球化学特征

于2013年10月和2014年3月采集泉州湾表层海水、沉积物和生物体样品,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对16种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)进行定性、定量分析,研究泉州湾海水、沉积物及生物体中16种邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)的含量分布、化学组成及环境意义。结果表明,研究的16种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物中,表层海水、悬浮颗粒物(SPM)、表层沉积物以及牡蛎样品中均检出邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DiBP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP);泉州湾表层海水中邻苯二甲酸酯溶解态总含量(PAEs)在1059.78~5893.17 ng/L之间,平均值为2996.82 ng/L,悬浮颗粒态总含量在11.09~270.39 g/g之间,平均值为110.47 g/g,表层沉积物中PAEs在206.6~464.2 g/kg之间,平均值为348.2 g/kg,生物体牡蛎中PAEs在179.29~254.24 g/kg之间,平均值为216.77 g/kg;DiBP、DBP和DEHP为PAEs的主要成分。与其他地区比较,泉州湾海洋环境中PAEs总体污染水平处于中等偏低水平。     

我国近海有毒微藻及其毒素的分布危害和风险评估

近年我国海域有害赤潮频发,赤潮优势种的变化显著,最近7a记录了51种引发赤潮的优势赤潮生物,其中由有毒微藻引发的赤潮增加。有毒微藻在我国海域广泛分布,至少3个株产麻痹性贝毒的亚历山大藻,5种能产生腹泻性贝毒软海绵酸毒素和鳍藻毒素、以及扇贝毒素的鳍藻在我国沿海都有分布;产生虾夷扇贝毒素的三种甲藻在北黄海常年存在。我国多种贝类中已发现麻痹性贝毒、软海绵酸毒素和鳍藻毒素、扇贝毒素、虾夷扇贝毒素和环亚胺毒素等多种微藻毒素。本文较系统的归纳综述了我国有害赤潮、优势种的变化趋势和分布特点,产生的藻毒素结构;我国双壳贝类等海洋生物中存在的微藻毒素的种类结构;首次利用风险商值法研究评估了我国贝类的健康风险。结果表明,只有春季来自福建的2个样品具有食用风险;但大连海区的贝类样品、评估值全都接近安全限值,可能表明具有某种区域性风险;在春末夏初,大窑湾的贻贝风险最大,其次是扇贝,牡蛎的风险最小;不同的贝器官,富集藻毒素的能力差别大,消化腺中的藻毒素含量远高于其它器官,不同的食用方式可能会导致不同的中毒风险。总体上,我国沿海常见种双壳贝类的麻痹性贝毒和虾夷扇贝毒素食用风险低。     

Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in eight mollusc species along Tamilnadu coast, Bay of Bengal, India

Eight mollusc species and sediment samples collected from three different stations along Tamilnadu coast, Bay of Bengal, India were analysed for the levels of petroleum hydrocarbons to elucidate the status of the petroleum residues in mollusc meant for human consumption. The concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments along Tamilnadu coast varied from 5.04–25.5 g/g dw (dry weight). High concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the sediment of Uppanar estuary (25.5 1.45 g/g dw) was perhaps land and marine based anthropogenic sources of this region. The petroleum hydrocarbon residues in eight mollusc species collected from Uppanar, Vellar and Coleroon estuaries varied between 2.44–6.04 g/g ww (wet weight). Although the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment of the Uppanar region was markedly higher than the background, the petroleum hydrocarbon residues in mollusc collected from Uppanar estuary did not suggest bioaccumulation. The results signified that industrial growth has affected the aquatic environments and regular monitoring will help to adopt stringent pollution control measures for better management of the aquatic region.     

黄海近岸表层沉积物中DDTs、PCBs与酞酸酯的地理分布

依据第二次全国海洋污染基线调查数据,考察黄海近岸表层沉积物中PAEs、DDTs和PCBs污染物的地理分布、组成特征,并基于相应的沉积物质量警戒水平,进行初步的生态风险评价.结果表明,黄海近岸海区PAEs的高值站点集中在大连湾(1389.8 ng/g)和旅顺(1928.0 ng/g)周边海域,已超出相应的警戒水平,各海区主要组分为二丁基和2-乙基己基酞酸酯.黄海近岸海区只有大连湾出口海域沉积物中PCBs浓度(24.2 ng/g)稍高于ERL警戒水平(22.7ng/g);而超过ERL警戒水平(1.58ng/g)的DDTs较高浓度站点则主要位于大连湾(6.3～7.6 ng/g)、烟台-威海近岸(4.5～10.3 ng/g)、胶州湾(5.5～21.2 ng/g)和海州湾(27.4～62.9 ng/g)近海区域,其中海州湾一站点沉积物浓度甚至超过ERM警戒水平(46.1 ng/g).DDTs组成分析显示,p,p′-DDT的代谢产物主要是p,p′-DDD;在大连湾、威海、胶州湾和海州湾近岸海区以及山东半岛东部外海仍存在有DDT的输入,其来源可能是工业三氯杀螨醇和/或工业DDT产品.这些海区表层沉积物存在一定的生态风险,尤其是海州湾的个别站点,潜在生态风险更高.     

Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in roots of three mangrove species in Jiulong River Estuary

IntroductionMangrovesareintertidalwetlands ,commonintropicalandsubtropicalcoastalregions,especiallyinbaysandriverestuaries.Theyareamongthemostbiologicallyimportantnatureresoursesonearth ,promotingthediversitiesofterrestrialandaquaticorganisms.Astheprimary…     

大连湾沉积物中PAHs的初步研究

对采集大连湾附近海域的沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs)进行了定性和定量分析，并探讨了其在沉积物中的分布特征。大连湾表层沉积物中PAHs含量的变化范围为32．70－3558．88ng/g，平均值1152．08ng/g。大连湾表层沉积物中PAHs以油类污染为主。其含量分布，大连港附近海域最高，东北部靠近大连湾煤码头航道测站次之，由西北和东北向南逐步递减，呈现出明显的两点污染源特征。     

Occurrence and Trend of Hepatitis A Virus in Bivalve Molluscs Production Areas Following a Contamination Event

The aim of this study was to assess the trend of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in a coastal zone impacted by a contamination event, providing data for the development of management strategies. A total of 352 samples, including four bivalve mollusc species (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Solen vagina, Venus gallina and Donax trunculus), were taken over a period of 6 months from 27 production areas of the coast and analysis were performed according to ISO/TS 15216-1:2013. HAV presence was detected in 77 samples from 11 production areas and all positive results were related to samples collected in the first 3 months of the surveillance, during which HAV prevalence was 39.9% and values as high as 5096 genome copies/g were detected. A progressive reduction of viral contamination was evident during the first trimester of the monitoring, with prevalence decreasing from 78.8% in the first month, to 37.8% in the second and 3.9% in the third and quantitative levels reduced from an average value of 672 genome copies/g to 255 genome copies/g over a period of 4 weeks (virus half-life: 21.5 days). A regression analysis showed that, during the decreasing phase of the contamination, the data fitted a reciprocal quadratic model (Ra² = 0.921) and, based on the model, a residual presence of HAV could be estimated after negativization of the production areas. The statistical analysis of the results per shellfish species and per production area showed that there were limited differences in contamination prevalence and levels among diverse bivalve species, while a statistically significant difference was present in quantitative levels of one production area. These data could be useful for the development of both risk assessment models and code of practice for the management of viral contamination in primary production.     

青岛近海PCDD/Fs的沉积通量、毒性当量及来源

用高分辨率气相色谱-质谱方法对青岛胶州湾内外表层沉积物、柱状岩心及贻贝样品中的17种毒性多氯代二苯并二 /呋喃(PCDD/Fs)进行了分析和讨论.表层沉积物的SP_4-8CDD/Fs含量范围在11.6～369pg/g dw,主要以P_4-8CDFs为主.S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs含量范围4.1～232.4pg/g dw.在环流作用下沉积物中形成了明显的东-西分布格局.除河口处外,PCDD/F同系物分布基本上相同,即低氯代PCDD/Fs占主导.SP_4-8CDD/Fs沉积通量从1951年起逐渐增大,STEQ沉积通量从1980年显著增大.青岛近海PCDD/Fs的来源相对恒定,推测为城市污水污泥和大气沉降.贝肉中S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs为2.9～5.1pg/g dw. TEQ的主要来源为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF(35%)、2,3,7,8-TCDF(30%)、2,3,7,8,-TCDD(30%).     

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenylethane in surface sediments from Fuhe River and Baiyangdian Lake, North China

Nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river (Fuhe River) in North China were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE). The concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in sediments ranged from 5.5 to 300.7 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 68.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Their levels in sediments in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake. Compared to data from other regions, the PBDE levels in surface sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River were in the medium to lower range. Among the PBDE congeners, BDE209 was predominant, with contributions to the total PBDEs ranging from 79.4% to 97.3% in sediment samples. For the lowly brominated congeners (tri- to hepta-BDE), BDE47 and BDE99 were the most abundant, which contributed 52.1% and 44.1% to the sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs in the sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River, respectively. The compositional patterns of PBDEs in Baiyangdian Lake sediments indicated that technical deca-BDE mixture was the major pollutant sources with a minor contribution of penta-BDE mixture. The present study suggested that the importance of Fuhe River as a possibly potential sources of PBDEs contamination in Baiyangdian Lake.     

Perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Huaihe watershed in China

Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances （PFASs） and nine organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） were quantified in surface sediments from the Huaihe River, China, along which there are intensive industrial and agricultural activities. Concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.06 to 0.46 ng/g dry weight （dw）, and concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.48 to 32.65 ng/g dw. Compared with other areas in China, concentrations of PFASs were lesser than the national mean value, while concentrations of OCPs were moderate. Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） and perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） ranged from n.d. （not detected） to 0.03 and n.d. to 0.10 ng/g dw, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, mean concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers （HCHs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites （DDTs） and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） were 5.62 ± 4.35, 2.43 ± 3.12 and 1.55 ± 4.17 ng/g dw, respectively. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs decreased from upstream to downstream along the mainstream of the Huaihe River. When compared to sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）, concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB would pose adverse biological effects. In general, contamination by PFASs in the upstream of the Huaihe River was more severe than that in the downstream, which was mainly caused by interception from dams, locks and industrial emissions. And OCPs from tributaries, especially the Yinghe River and Wohe River, were higher than those from Huaihe mainstream, and primarily came from historical inputs.     

千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

利用高效液相色谱法对采集于2012年12月的部分千岛湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,千岛湖表层沉积物中共检出属于美国EPA优先控制16种PAHs中的15种,各采样点位PAHs总量的浓度范围在258~906ng/g(干重)之间,平均值为558ng/g,属低污染水平.空间分布特征受周边区域内点源污染和河流输入污染物影响.沉积物中的多环芳烃以高分子量组分为主,通过特征组分比例可确认其主要来源于周边地区煤炭、木材不完全燃烧及车船尾气排放.利用沉积物质量基准法、沉积物质量标准法分别对千岛湖表层沉积物中PAHs的风险评价表明,千岛湖沉积物中不存在严重的多环芳烃生态风险,但部分点位按照质量标准法评价已经超过临界效应浓度值,需加强监测查明污染源,并采取措施控制污染物输入.     

天鹅洲长江故道沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药高分辨率沉积记录

采用GC-ECD测定了天鹅洲长江故道沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的含量,探讨了有机氯农药的垂直分布特征,结合210Pb同位素定年分析研究该地区有机氯农药的污染历史.研究表明:20种有机氯农药均有检出,总有机氯农药含量范围为1.19～333.67 ng/g(干重),平均值为62.54 ng/g;20世纪60年代末期为该区有机氯农药使用的高峰期,1972年长江截弯取直使来自长江所携颗粒物的污染沉积有所减少,自我国禁用有机氯农药后维持多年较低含量水平,其农药主要为历史残留,至2004年湖区可能仍有部分新的有机氯农药污染物如林丹的输入.