海洋中上层鱼类微量元素赋存研究进展

微量元素在生物体内发挥着至关重要的作用。海洋中上层鱼类是海洋食物网的重要组成部分,可以富集海洋环境中的微量元素,并通过食物链的传递,最终到达顶端营养级海洋生物。当部分微量元素在海洋生物体中过少或过多累积将会造成生命威胁,甚至危害人群健康。随着海洋中上层鱼产品需求量日益增加,引发了人们对海洋中上层鱼类食品安全问题的高度关注。目前,微量元素在海洋中上层鱼类体内赋存特征已被广泛研究,但缺少对其元素分布、影响因素以及相互关系等系统梳理。本文综述了海洋中上层鱼类微量元素的赋存特征和微量元素之间的相互作用,总结了微量元素在海洋中上层鱼类研究中含量测定的应用和评价方法,以期为实现海洋渔业的可持续开发和水产养殖等相关研究提供参考。     

孕期微量元素家庭灰尘暴露和内暴露特征及健康风险评估

孕妇妊娠期是胎儿生长发育的关键窗口期，期间母婴容易受到微量元素的影响.室内环境是孕期暴露微量元素的主要场所之一，同时个人生活习惯对微量元素暴露亦有重要影响.本研究采集孕妇尿液和对应的家庭灰尘，并收集孕妇生活习惯等调查问卷，分析了孕妇尿液和家庭灰尘中V、Mn、Co、Se、Mo、Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Sb和Pb等11种微量元素的浓度水平，评估孕妇尿液和室内灰尘之间微量元素的相关性，探讨孕妇微量元素暴露水平的潜在影响因素，并评估室内灰尘中微量元素对孕妇的健康风险.研究发现，11种微量元素在家庭灰尘中的平均浓度介于1.95—159μg·g^-1，在孕妇尿液的平均浓度介于0.244—37.2μg·L^-1.与国内外研究报道的平均浓度相比，家庭灰尘中的有毒微量元素Cr、Ni和As含量较高，孕妇尿液中有毒微量元素主要为As和Ni，必需微量元素Se的含量偏低.相关性分析和主成分分析结果发现，家庭灰尘中Mn、Co和Mo,Se和Cd分别具有可能的相同来源；而孕妇尿液中Pb和Sb,Mo、Se、As和Co分别具有潜在相同的暴露源和途径.人口学特征的多元回归分析中，孕妇...     

乌鲁木齐市地表灰尘微量元素分布特征及潜在健康风险

从乌鲁木齐市交通区、公园、文教区和居民区采集83个地表灰尘样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等9种微量元素的含量.利用地质累积指数和US EPA健康风险评价模型,对比分析了城市不同功能区地表灰尘中微量元素污染及其潜在健康风险.结果表明,研究区地表灰尘中Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr和Ni等元素平均含量分别为新疆土壤背景值的8.24、3.26、2.09、2.0、1.38、1.35、1.28倍,As和Mn含量平均值未超出新疆土壤背景值;各功能区地表灰尘中微量元素的I_(geo)均值从高到低排序为:HgZnPbCdCrCuAsNiMn,其中Hg达到中度,Zn、Pb和Cd轻度污染水平.交通区地表灰尘中As、Mn和Ni,公园地表灰尘中Cd,以及文教区地表灰尘中Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的污染水平略高于其它功能区;各功能区地表灰尘中微量元素通过3种暴露途径的非致癌风险指数(HI)和致癌风险指数(TCR)从大到小依次为:文教区、居民区、交通区、公园,HI和TCR均小于安全阈值范围,均属于可接受风险水平.研究区地表灰尘中As和Cr是主要的非致癌因子,Cr是主要的致癌因子,因此应加强地表灰尘中Cr元素的防范.     

《生命科学中的微量元素》

由王夔主编、23位学者参与撰写的《生命科学中的微量元素》(上、下集)于1992年3月出版,全书共论述了23个元素。众所周知,微量元素与人类健康密切相关,有关研究正在国内外蓬勃开展,不仅有化学,生物学工作者从事本领域的工作,环境科学。地学,医学,营养与卫生学等方面的工作者也成为本领域重要的研究力量。本书的应世,无疑为我国在本领域的研究起了推动作用。     

中国东部花岗岩、玄武岩及石灰岩上土壤微量元素含量的纬向分异

在中国东部花岗岩、玄武岩和石灰岩地区布设91个采样点,采集土壤剖面和母岩样品,测试13种微量元素的含量,研究其纬向分异规律及影响因素。结果表时：（1）土壤微量元素含量顺序为：玄武岩土壤＞石灰岩土壤＞花岗岩土壤;（2）花岗岩和玄武岩上土壤微量元素含量与母岩接近,石灰岩上土壤微量元素含量远高于母岩;（3）花岗岩上土壤微量元素的含量由北向南呈降低趋势,而玄武岩和石灰岩上土壤微量元素含量由北向南均呈增高趋势,且与游离氧化铁含量的增高同步;（4）微量元素含量与氧化铁含量在玄武岩土壤中的相关性大于这两者在花岗岩土壤中的相关性。     

河南省林州——安阳地区地下水微量元素分布特征

河南省林州—安阳地区是全国著名的食管癌高发区,其发病率和死亡率长期分别保持在100/10万以上,严重威胁着人民的生命与健康;食管癌的发生是多种因素相互作用的结果.已知某些重金属元素进入人体过量时可致畸,致突变和致癌,例如：Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb等.测试结果表明,几个能够致癌的微量元素在研究区都较高,而保护元素Mo和Se     

煤矸石对鲫鱼体内微量元素含量及组织结构的影响

来自煤矸石中的微量元素进入水体后,会对水生生物产生影响。通过水池养殖试验,采用单因子水质标识(Pi)、ICP-MS和组织学石蜡切片技术,探讨不同水/煤矸石质量比率(300?1和300?7)条件下,煤矸石对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)肌肉、鳃中微量元素含量及组织结构的影响。结果表明,试验持续一年后,(1)煤矸石未对上覆水产生营养盐污染,水质整体可达到地表水Ⅲ类标准,符合水产养殖渔业水域的标准。(2)随着水/煤矸石质量比率由300?1增至300?7时,鲫鱼肌肉和鳃中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的质量分数显著增加(P0.05);鳃对微量元素的富集能力大于肌肉;不同微量元素在肌肉和鳃中的质量分数分别表现为ZnCuAsPbCd和ZnCuPbAsCd。(3)水/煤矸石质量比率为300?1和300?7的试验组中,肌肉与鳃均出现组织学病变。肌肉组织中,肌纤维细胞核数目不断减少、分布离散程度加深,肌纤维出现坏死、结缔组织出现增生情况。鳃组织中,鳃丝间距增大,鳃丝软骨逐渐变薄,末端鳃小片出现脱落,鳃小片弯曲程度加深,呈无规则排列。肌肉和鳃的组织学病变程度随组织中微量元素的含量、煤矸石污染程度的加深而加重。研究结论可为采煤沉陷区湿地生物保护及周边居民的健康提供科学依据。     

攀枝花市土壤微量元素分布

以攀技花市为例，初步研究了该市土壤中微量元素分布的地球化学特征及城市环境污染特征。因子分析结果表明，各层土壤中的元素可分为两类：一类是引起城市土壤污染的重金属元素，另一类则是以稀土元素为代表的微量元素。城市土壤微量元素污染的分布特征表明，该市土壤微量元素的污染与该市的采矿冶炼等工业活动有直接联系。     

渭河流域微量元素地球化学特征及污染评价

渭河流域微量元素地球化学特征及污染评价工业革命以来,随着人类活动的不断加强,大气、土壤和水环境等都受到了不同程度的污染.其中河流沉积物既接受来自大气污染物的直接沉降,又受当地工业活动、生活污水和农田灌溉等直接污染,它们可以通过食物链影响人体健康.最近10年,随着西部     

天然沸石的微量元素生物有效性研究

通过连续两造的玉米盆栽试验,结果表明施用佛石的处理和施用微量元素处理都不同程度地促进玉米的生长,增加玉米的生物量,但以沸石处理的效果最显著。植株养分含量的分析结果表明,佛石处理促进了玉米对微量元素的吸收,增加了植株中微量元素的含量。     

Inorganic chemicals in domestic water of the United Arab Emirates

The concentration of selected inorganic chemicals was determined for 396 samples of bottled water, desalinated water, and groundwater used for drinking and domestic purposes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The objective of this study was to compare the concentrations of inorganic chemicals in different domestic water types used in the UAE with the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking water. Results of the present study revealed a wide variation in the concentrations of major, minor, and trace inorganic chemicals in domestic water of the UAE. For example, the bottled water sold for drinking is depleted in major ions and the total dissolved solids (TDS) in some brands do not exceed 100 mg/l. On the other hand, some of the domestic water used may contain as much as 3,000 mg/l TDS, which is above the WHO recommended limit for drinking water (500–1,500 mg/l TDS). Similarly, while bottled water is almost free of trace ions and minor constituents, some natural groundwater may have concentrations higher than the WHO recommended limits for drinking water. The cause of this variation is related to the different water sources and the large number of companies producing and distributing drinking and domestic water. Moreover, it is clear that the current controls on domestic water quality in some areas, namely conformance of pH and electrical conductivity measurements with prescribed ranges of values, are currently inadequate. These two parameters are not enough to judge if water is suitable for drinking or not and some consumers may receive domestic water of uncertain quality.     

非常规多水源双膜工艺处理后浓缩水的水质特性

利用常规和非常规多水源经RO处理后作为新水源,与非常规单一城市污水厂水源比较,多水源双膜处理工艺产生的浓水水质有所不同。浓水水质检测主要指标包括无机盐(Cl-、SO42-、TDS、全盐量)、有机物(BOD、COD)、氮营养物(NH4+-N、TN)、碱度、硬度等。通过实际工程运行水质动态监测,初步探讨了RO浓水的水质规律及其影响因素,为RO浓水处理处置技术深入研究奠定了基础。     

Metal pollution status of Tajan River – Northern Iran

The monitoring of surface water quality of rivers is crucial to protect aquatic life and receiving water bodies of economic importance. The aim of the current study was to examine selected physicochemical parameters of River Tajan due to its ecological importance in Iran. Water samples from nine points covering the entire Tajan River and Caspian Sea estuary were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), carbonates, chlorides and selected heavy metals including zinc, cadmium, lead and chromium. The pH and levels of EC, TDS, chlorides, carbonates and all metals were within the USEPA reference guidelines for surface water quality standards. Although these water quality parameters are considered safe, continuous monitoring and assessment is recommended in order to protect the coastal receiving waters of Caspian Sea which serves as a tourist attraction in northern Iran.     

Geochemistry and acidity of sulphide-bearing postglacial sediments of western Finland

The geochemistry, mineralogy, acidity and electric conductivity of sulphide-bearing postglacial sediments located on the coastal plains of western Finland were studied. Grain size and mineralogical analysis (eight samples studied) indicated that the sediments are silts dominated by primary minerals (quartz, feldspars), and that the clay fraction (<2µm), which made up less than one-third of the bulk samples, is enriched in phyllosilicates but depleted in quartz and feldspars, relative to bulk samples. As compared to the metal contents of the fine-fraction of glacial till (data of the Geological Survey of Finland), the fine sediments appear to be enriched in sulphur (median = 0.54%) and trace metals such as Ni (31 µg g^–1), Zn (90 µg g^–1), Co (13 µg g^–1), Cr (48 µg g^–1) and V (50 µg g^–1). Statistical analysis indicated that aluminosilicates are the principal carrier phases of trace metals, and that sulphides and organic matter only partially control the distribution of elements other than S and C. A 3-g portion of 232 samples was oxidised in the laboratory by atmospheric oxygen for a period of 1 year. After this period of oxidation, 15 ml of water was added, after which pH and electric conductivity of the suspensions (sediment:water, 1:5) were measured. The quantities of elements mobilised by the oxidation was calculated from the dissolved concentrations found in 3 g of oxidised sediment suspended in 30 ml of deionised water (eight samples studied). The results of the experiment showed that the impact of sulphide oxidation on the pH and conductivity of the sediments is large, and that a high proportion (>13%) of the aqua-regia extractable contents of several elements (Co, Mn, Ca, Ni, Zn, Sr, Na and B) are mobilised at oxidation. Because of the high quantities of acidity and metals liberated at oxidation, it is argued that stream-water quality, which is poor in the study area, will not improve unless artificial draining is restricted in areas of sulphide sediments.     

万家寨引黄工程引水中化学毒物安全性评价

采用多介质环境目标值和中国地表水环境质量标准，就万家寨引黄工程水源地水中检出的和终端水预测的主要有机污染物及重金属对健康的潜在危害进行了定量评价。结果表明，在不考虑引水工程输水模式对水质影响的情况下，有机污染物和重金属对人体的健康影响度（TAS）均大于1，同时，有机污染物中的苯，特别是邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的浓度明显超过国家标准。在考虑输水模式对水质影响的情况下，引水中有机污染物的TAS低于1，但邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的浓度仍然超过国家标准。在考虑输水模式的情况下，引水终端水中重金属的含量可达《地表水环境质量标准》（GHZB1－1999）中Ⅲ类水标准。     

天津地区地表水咸化的水化学证据

为了解天津滨海地区咸/海水入侵的水化学特征,对该区地表水的化学组成进行了全面研究.结果显示,由山前平原到滨海平原,水化学的组成呈明显的地带性分布.研究水体TDS的含量较高,咸化程度明显,由淡水逐渐向卤水演化;同时,水化学类型由HCO3-Ca型,以及其它混合类型逐渐向Cl-Na型演化.Gibbs图解分析表明,蒸发-浓缩作用是控制该区地表水化学组成的主要原因;而咸/海水入侵以及由其导致的阳离子交换反应、碳酸钙的沉淀/溶解等对其也有重要的影响.     

基于umu遗传毒性效应的饮用水致癌风险评价的尝试

化学物质暴露是导致癌症发生的重要诱因,通过饮用水暴露导致的人类致癌风险在饮用水处理技术中日益引起重视.由于水中化学物质种类繁多、组成复杂,准确地检测每个致癌物质的浓度和毒性非常困难.为了控制饮用水的安全,根据DNA损伤诱导SOS反应而表达umuC基因这一基本原理建立的SOS/umu测试法,已经广泛应用于饮用水遗传毒性的检测.论文建立了基于umu遗传毒性效应的饮用水致癌风险评价方法,并对北方某水厂饮用水的遗传毒性进行了umu测试,计算了该地区饮用水的致癌风险,提出了可能的饮用水遗传毒性基准值.结果表明,该水厂常规工艺出水的致癌风险均值为1.55×10-6,存在一定的安全隐患;而深度处理工艺能有效地削减出水致癌风险均值至5.3×10-7,达到目前先进国家水质管理的要求,保障了饮用水的安全.样品中4-硝基喹啉-1-氧化物(4-NQO)的等当量浓度(TEQ4-NQO)0.0948μg·L-1可作为饮用水遗传毒性基准值。     

盐渍土系统土壤水-地下水转化规律研究

通过野外定位观测和室内分析,探讨了苏打盐渍土微域特征(32m长的横截面)及其水分和地下水之间的转化规律。结果表明:土壤特征以及微地貌格局是制约土壤表层水分迁移的主要因素,并由此形成了大汽降水-土壤水-地下水转化的特殊模式。盐化草甸土分布在相对低洼的部位,苏打碱土分布在微坡地和高平地。苏打碱土质地为粉砂质亚粘土-粘土-粉砂-砂砾垂直结构,盐化草甸土以粉砂和砂砾结构为主。地表径流为水分迁移的关键环节,盐化草甸土成为地表水和地下水转化的通道。承接微坡地和高平地的径流,盐化草甸土在雨季含水率较多(甚至大到饱和)且迅速补给地下水,使地下水位逐渐上升。坡地土壤(苏打盐渍土)整个土层的含水率变化不显著。运用Vensim对盐渍土系统的土壤水-地下水的转化过程进行了模拟,结果与观测数据基本一致。在现代盐渍化过程研究中,以坡面系统为研究单元并考虑坡面径流,才能认识到盐渍化地区土壤水-地下水之间转化的实质。     

Trace elements in coconut water—a preliminary study

Trace element analysis for five elements namely, Ba, Sr, Mn, Cr and Cd was carried out on both ash weight and dry weight basis for mine water and coconut water from Mangampeta barite area. The concentration of trace elements is strikingly different in the coconut water when compared with that of mine water. The coconut plant has the ability to control the presence of certain inorganic elements in its water, whatever be the amount of those elements present in irrigation water. Further, biogeochemical studies of coconut water may be of considerable importance in balneology.     

Biogeochemical zonation of sulfur during the discharge of groundwater to lake in desert plateau (Dakebo Lake,NW China)

As one of the important elements of controlling the redox system within the hyporheic and hypolentic zone, sulfur is involved in a series of complex biogeochemical processes such as carbon cycle, water acidification, formation of iron and manganese minerals, redox processes of trace metal elements and a series of important ecological processes. Previous studies on biogeochemistry of the hyporheic and hypolentic zones mostly concentrated on nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus, heavy metals and other pollutants. Systematic study of biogeochemical behavior of sulfur and its main controlling factors within the lake hypolentic zone is very urgent and important. In this paper, a typical desert plateau lake, Dakebo Lake in northwestern China, was taken for example within which redox zonation and biogeochemical characteristics of sulfur affected by hydrodynamic conditions were studied based on not only traditional hydrochemical analysis, but also environmental isotope evidence. In the lake hypolentic zone of the study area, due to the different hydrodynamic conditions, vertical profile of sulfur species and environmental parameters differ at the two sites of the lake (western side and center). Reduction of sulfate, deposition and oxidation of sulfide, dissolution and precipitation of sulfur-bearing minerals occurred are responded well to Eh, dissolved oxygen, pH, organic carbon and microorganism according to which the lake hypolentic zone can be divided into reduced zone containing H₂S, reduced zone containing no H₂S, transition zone and oxidized zone. The results of this study provide valuable insights for understanding sulfur conversion processes and sulfur biogeochemical zonation within a lake hypolentic zone in an extreme plateau arid environment and for protecting the lake–wetland ecosystem in arid and semiarid regions.