Chemical monitoring of sewage wastes for their use in crop production

Solid waste from the Tripoli Sewage Treatment Plant is being used for manuring various crops in Al-Hadba production project. To monitor concentrations of several heavy elements, essential and nonessential to plants that are potentially hazardous to animal and human healthy by entering food chain via soil-plant system, samples of solid waste were collected monthly (every four weeks) during the years 1980–1981. These samples were appropriately handled and analized for total -N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, and Pb.The sludge samples were found to contain an average of 2.00–2.22–0.31% when expressed as a mixed fertilizer (N–P₂O₅–K₂O) respectively. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd were greater than their critical levels of 1500, 550, 150, and 15 ppm in 54, 58, 8, and 29% of the samples respectively. The concentrations of Cu and Cr were less than their critical levels of 750 and 500 ppm in all samples respectively.Contribution of Al-Fateh University, Soil Science Dept. and The National Academy for Scientific Research, Environmental Protection Program, Tripoli, Libya.     

Measuring strategies and monitoring of the indoor environment

This paper presents key elements on which to base the design of a strategy for a particular indoor environment measurement task. Starting from a general strategy for responding to occupant complaints and conducting epidemiological and intervention studies the paper concentrates on selected key elements, with focus on air contaminants. Strategies for grouping of occupants with the purpose of exposure assessment should aim at optimising exposure contrast between groups, and grouping according to buildings may not be the proper choice. Occupant exposure can be measured by personal sampling or constructed from measured concentrations in microenvironments and activity patterns. The cause of temporal and spatial variability is discussed and guidance is given on the number of samples needed to detect a given change in true concentration level. The sick building syndrome (SBS) is defined as those situations where a high proportion of building occupants are complaining about mucous membrane or skin irritation, general symptoms. When investigating SBS, questionnaires should be used to collect structured information from occupants on perception of environmental conditions, psychosocial factors and symptoms. There is as yet no consensus on choice of length of reference period for reporting symptoms and for estimating exposure. Finally, methods for identifying and quantification of sources of air contaminants are discussed, including lab-scale or full-scale simulation, on-site measurement of source emission, air monitoring, surface sampling, and modelling.     

关于As和Hg在环境中的形态及其监测分析

叙述了水中重金属形态分析的含义及形态分析工作进展情况,并以Hg、As在环境中的存在形态、动态变化及其监测分析为例,说明随着新仪器的开发研制及前处理技术的发展,现代化的分离技术和检测手段相结合已成为重金属形态分析的主要方法.     

"3S"技术在生态环境动态监测中的应用研究

针对传统生态环境动态监测方法的不足,论述了"3S"技术的特点与优势,并结合"四川省岷江中上游生态环境遥感综合调查与评价"项目,介绍了应用"3S"技术进行生态环境动态监测的方法和流程.     

The role of 'Big Society' in monitoring the state of the natural environment

Environmental monitoring is essential for assessing the current state of the environment, measuring impacts of environmental pressures and providing evidence to government. Recent UK government announcements have indicated an increased role for 'Big Society' in monitoring. In this paper, we review available literature concerning the use of citizen science for monitoring, present examples of successful volunteer monitoring work and highlight important issues surrounding the use of volunteers. We argue that in order to ensure that environmental monitoring continues to be effective it is important to learn from examples where volunteers are currently used, acknowledging constraints and identifying potential approaches which will help to maximise both their engagement and data quality. Effective partnerships between environmental monitoring organisations and volunteers may thus aid the UK in developing robust coordinated monitoring systems that will be less vulnerable to funding variances.     

B-P网络应用于地下水水质监测点优选

以地下水水质评价分级标准作为训练样本,构造B-P网络模型对其进行训练,用训练好的B-P网络对某地的地下水水质监测点进行评判、优选。并与其它方法的结果进行比较,结果表明,B-P网络用于环境测点优选不仅原理直观,而且具有较好的客观性和实用性。     

“入世”对我国环境监测工作的影响及对策初探

加入 WTO后 ,我国环境监测工作将面临重大的挑战和机遇 ,文章初步分析了入世对我国环境监测工作的正负面影响以及现存的若干问题 ,积极探索了环境监测工作的新战略和新思路 ,提出了创建新体制和适应新形势的对策。     

High frequency monitoring of the coastal marine environment using the MAREL buoy

The MAREL Iroise data buoy provides physico-chemical measurements acquired in surface marine water in continuous and autonomous mode. The water is pumped 1.5 m from below the surface through a sampling pipe and flows through the measuring cell located in the floating structure. Technological innovations implemented inside the measuring cell atop the buoy allow a continuous cleaning of the sensor, while injection of chloride ions into the circuit prevents biological fouling. Specific sensors for temperature, salinity, oxygen and fluorescence investigated in this paper have been evaluated to guarantee measurement precision over a 3 month period. A bi-directional link under Internet TCP-IP protocols is used for data, alarms and remote-control transmissions with the land-based data centre. Herein, we present a 29 month record for 4 parameters measured using a MAREL buoy moored in a coastal environment (Iroise Sea, Brest, France). The accuracy of the data provided by the buoy is assessed by comparison with measurements of sea water weekly sampled at the same site as part of SOMLIT (Service d'Observation du Milieu LIToral), the French network for monitoring of the coastal environment. Some particular events (impact of intensive fresh water discharges, dynamics of a fast phytoplankton bloom) are also presented, demonstrating the worth of monitoring a highly variable environment with a high frequency continuous reliable system.     

苏州市区大气监测点位调整中的相关性和聚类分析

根据苏州市8个国控大气监测站点2013—2015年的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3、SO_2监测数据,计算了各站点之间监测数据的相关系数;通过分析相关系数矩阵,发现苏州市大气国控点位的监测数据相关性均较高,点位设置存在一定的冗余,国控监测点位的优化调整十分必要。利用最长距离法对各站点的监测数据进行聚类分析,从而得出中心城区的点位调整方案。点位调整前后4种污染物监测数据四季平均值的相对误差均小于5%;正负偏差的二项检验结果表明,调整后未对监测结果产生显著的正/负影响。因此,经过优化的大气监测网络具有较好的客观性和代表性。     

Assessment of biological and biochemical indicators in soil under transgenic Bt and non-Bt cotton crop in a sub-tropical environment

There is concern that transgenic Bt-crops carry genes that could have undesirable effects on natural and agro-ecosystem functions. We investigated the effect of Bt-cotton (expressing the Cry 1Ac protein) on several microbial and biochemical indicators in a sandy loam soil. Bt-cotton (MRC-6301Bt) and its non-transgenic near-isoline (MRC-6301) were grown in a net-house on a sandy clay loam soil. Soil and root samples were collected 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing. Soil from a control (no-crop) treatment was also included. Samples were analysed for microbial biomass C, N and P (MBC, MBN, MBP), total organic carbon (TOC), and several soil enzyme activities. The microbial quotient (MQ) was calculated as the ratio of MBC-to-TOC. The average of the three sampling events revealed a significant increase in MBC, MBN, MBP and MQ in the soil under Bt-cotton over the non-Bt isoline. The TOC was similar in Bt and non-Bt systems. Potential N mineralization, nitrification, nitrate reductase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were all higher in the soil under Bt-cotton. Root dry weights were not different (P > 0.05), but root volume of Bt-cotton was higher on 90 and 120 days than that of non-Bt cotton. The time of sampling strongly affected the above parameters, with most being highest on 90 days after sowing. We concluded from the data that there were some positive or no negative effects of Bt-cotton on the studied indicators, and therefore cultivation of Bt-cotton appears to be no risk to soil ecosystem functions.     

杭州西湖水体粪大肠菌的监测及环境意义

粪大肠菌群指数是综合评价城市污水,尤其是生活污水污染的一个重要指标.作者于1999.1～1999.7时杭州西湖水体的FC进行了监测,结果表明西湖受到了生活污水的污染,特别是三条入湖溪流污染程度十分严重.三条溪流的FC指数超出我国地表水Ⅲ类标准的10倍.水体中FC指数同TN、TP浓度呈高度正相关.     

Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the aquatic environment: a review of their occurrence and fate

The occurrence and fate of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry. PFCs comprise a diverse group of chemicals that are widely used as processing additives during fluoropolymer production and as surfactants in consumer applications for over 50 years. PFCs are known to be persistent, bioaccumulative and have possible adverse effects on humans and wildlife. As a result, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been added to the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) list of the Stockholm Convention in May 2009. However, their homologues, neutral precursor compounds and new PFCs classes continue to be produced. In general, several PFCs from different classes have been detected ubiquitously in the aqueous environment while the concentrations usually range between pg and ng per litre for individual compounds. Sources of PFCs into the aqueous environment are both point sources (e.g., wastewater treatment plant effluents) and nonpoint sources (e.g., surface runoff). The detected congener composition in environmental samples depends on their physicochemical characteristics and may provide information to their sources and transport pathways. However, the dominant transport pathways of individual PFCs to remote regions have not been conclusively characterised to date. The objective of this article is to give an overview on existing knowledge of the occurrence, fate and processes of PFCs in the aquatic environment. Finally, this article identifies knowledge gaps, presents conclusions and recommendations for future work.     

基于卫星遥感数据的江西德兴铜矿开采环境影响动态监测分析

位于中国南方的江西省德兴矿山开采铜矿已有几十年历史.采矿行为会产生大量废石和尾、,这些废石和尾矿富含铁化合物,不断与氧气、雨水接触,将形成金属离子和酸根离子等污染物,随着降雨过程迅速在地表大面积扩散,最终流入矿山附近的河流、湖泊等水体,因此会造成植被污染、水环境恶化.基于卫星遥感数据源,针对江西德兴铜矿典型的矿山开采环境,对矿山开采环境内植被及水体的影响进行了动态监测分析,可为矿山合理开发、环境监测与可持续发展提供决策分析方法.     

序贯数论优化法和侧影图进行河流优化布点

运用序贯数论优化法(SNTO)对监测点进行分类,同时根据分类结果,基于样本之间的相似性和差异性,构造一Rousseuw定义的函数并做侧影图,以确定各属类的最佳代表点,从而遴选出优化了的点位.     

环境监测中部分常用环境标准存在问题的探讨

结合环境监测实际 ,探讨了部分常用环境标准存在的行文问题、选配分析方法问题、标准与选配分析方法之间的关系问题、部分技术术语问题、同一标准内的逻辑统一问题、不同标准之间的关系问题等 ,并提出了相应的建议。     

A corporate approach to social monitoring and assessment for development in a fragile environment

The prevailing corporate trend regardingdevelopment of energy resources in the tropics emphasizesfinancial gain over long-term societal benefits. Somecorporations are beginning to find a competitive advantage linkedto proactive relations with host communities and adequateprotection of fragile ecosystems. Herein, we describe a casestudy where an international energy production company workedwith stakeholders to achieve social capital and sustainabledevelopment. The strategies aimed to strengthen local capacity toimprove social welfare and to ensure conservation and wise use ofbiodiversity. We provide examples, discuss lessons learned andmake recommendations for future development projects.     

综合集成的数字流域水资源环境监测评价指标体系研究

基于3S技术的综合集成的数字流域水资源环境监测评价可以获取传统监测手段所无法取得的更多信息,已成为目前国内外水资源环境监测评价的重要技术手段。本文提出了基于3S技术与传统监测手段综合集成的数字流域水资源环境监测评价信息处理基本模式,对数字流域水资源环境监测评价指标体系建立的理论基础、基本原则进行了探讨,以西北干旱区内陆河流域石羊河为例,建立了石羊河流域水资源环境监测评价指标体系。在水资源环境监测评价信息系统的开发中,提出指标库管理的思想,基于COM技术,用VC++6.0为开发工具,初步实现了石羊河流域水资源环境监测评价信息系统。     

论北方森林、农业、矿业开发生态环境监测指标

黑龙江省地处“东北亚”环境敏感区 ,具有独特的北方生态环境。它的针叶林生态系统 ,针阔叶混交林生态系统 ,温带草原生态系统 ,以及湿地生态系统等 ,都是我国代表性的植被生态系统。这些生态系统的生物多样性 ,以及生物种群和数量也是我国最丰富的地区之一。探索北方生态环境监测指标 ,开展生态环境监测 ,为主管部门和各级政府及时提供决策依据 ,对加快生态环境状况的改善 ,减少自然资源的退化 ,促进地方经济持续稳定的发展具有十分重要的意义。论述了生态环境监测指标的确定原则 ,探讨了农业和矿业开发生态环境监测指标