论规划环境影响评价的现状问题及建议对策

相比建设项目环境影响评价(以下简称环评),规划环评从决策、计划的源头来控制经济活动对周围环境的影响,更具整体性和前瞻性。从规划环评的内涵分析入手,比较了其与建设项目环评的优势性,概述了目前规划环评的工作流程和技术方法,以及国内外在这一领域的发展现状。重点对规划环评在中国推行过程中存在的问题进行了剖析,并针对性地提出了一些建议。     

试论规划环评的基本属性——学习《规划环境影响评价条例》的体会

《规划环境影响评价条例》的颁布与实施,标志着环境保护参与综合决策进入了一个新阶段。规划环评是人类对环境问题、尤其是对末端治理反思的结果,是政治民主化和科技社会化发展的必然。《条例》注重实践检验,突出跟踪评价;坚持专家审查、决策管理、公众参与三结合,优势互补,相得益彰;追究法律责任,柔中有刚。重在追究个人责任,专家亦不例外。规划环评源于项目环评,高于项目环评。当前,项目环评和区域限批仍是规划环评的重要抓手。科学性是规划环评的生命线。实践决定一切,实践是实现规划环评科学性的惟一途径。规划环评任重道远。规划环评要坚持为经济服务,为规划服务,为公众服务,实现多方共赢,方能凝心聚力,一往无前。     

城市轨道交通规划环境影响评价的技术要点探讨与分析

在宁波市城市轨道交通规划环境影响评价(简称环评)实践经验分析总结并借鉴国内外先进成果的基础上,对城市轨道交通规划环评的主要技术要点进行探讨、分析和归纳.城市轨道交通规划环评着眼于环境问题的全局性和根本性,强调主动性和前瞻性,解决了线网规模、线位优化、敷设方式、敏感目标避让及保护等规划层次上应处理和能处理的环境问题.开展城市轨道交通规划环评,必须正确把握城市轨道交通规划环评与城市轨道交通单条线路建设项目环评的区别与联系,抓准评价指导思想与评价目的,结合各城市的自然、社会和人文特点合理选取评价指标和重点评价内容,着重从规划层面提出规划调整建议、环境影响减缓措施及用地控制建议等,以弥补后续建设项目环评所不能解决的问题,尤其是在线网规模、线位优化、敷设方式、敏感目标避让及保护等方面体现规划环评的价值,实现规划编制的及早参与和科学决策的目的.     

区域规划环境影响跟踪评价的理论研究

随着环境影响评价制度的深入实施,其实施领域已由项目环评向区域环评和规划环评转变,评价内容也由广泛实施的预测评价向后评价和跟踪评价转变。然而,对于区域规划环评的评价层次、评价程序和评价内容,目前还没有明晰的认识;同时,对于促进规划环评有效实施的跟踪评价,其相关的理论和实践研究几乎没有。文中就此问题作了深入探讨。     

关于中国将气候变化因素融人环境影响评价的探讨

环境影响评价(简称环评)为评估和管理包括气候变化在内的环境风险问题提供了一个灵活的制度框架.通过案例分析方法,总结了中国将气候变化因素融入环评的经验和存在的问题.结果表明,目前中国在气候变化因素融人环评的尝试主要集中在战略环评层面.由于没有相关的技术导则指引,也缺乏实践经验,相关案例中考虑气候变化因素影响的角度和选择的...     

基于利益相关方分析法的规划环评公众参与研究

采用利益相关方分析法,并依据<中华人民共和国环境影响评价法>、<环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法>等相关法律法规要求,遵循随机性原则和利益相关性原则,确定参与规划环境影响评价(简称规划环评)的公众范围,着重分析规划环评中相关方利益诉求.以某电石化工产业基地规划环评为例,通过规划环评的公众参与,分析利益相关方的共同点、关心点和矛盾点,并围绕各利益中心结合法律、法规设置了不同类型的问卷调查表,根据调查数据分析结果提出规划调整建议,解决了规划环评中利益相关方面临的问题.研究表明,利益相关方分析能够反映规划的环境不合理性,有助于规划的调整与优化.     

论中国环境影响评价中公众参与的一般模式

公众参与在环境影响评价中的作用是不可替代的,并成为各国环评的基本内容.环评中公众参与的一般模式包括公众享有环境知情权和参与决策权、合适的公众参与的主体范围、明确的公众参与环评的程序和方法以及公众参与环评的保障机制.为更好地发挥环评的作用,应当从实体和程序两方面对法规加以完善.还应在信息公开、立法的完善和配套制度的建立等方面完善环评中的公众参与制度.     

规划环评和区域环评审查要点之比较研究

从《环评法》对规划环评对象的界定来看,区域环评隶属于规划环评范畴,但在实际工作过程中,区域环评较之其他类型的规划环评有着较为明显的差异。如在编制环境影响评价报告书时,区域开发环评遵守《开发区区域开发环境影响评价技术导则》,其他类型的规划环评则依照《规划环境影响评价技术（试行）》,同时两类环境影响评价报告书在审查目的及要点上也各有侧重。笔者从环评审查角度,分析规划环评和区域环评的差异,并在此基础上,提出两类环境影响评价报告书在编制过程中需关注的要点。     

从委托代理理论谈中国的环境影响评价制度

根据委托代理理论,分析了中国环境影响评价制度中存在的问题,立足于绿色招商的理念,理顺建设项目环评委托代理关系,明确了建设单位、环评单位、招商部门、环保部门等相互之间的关系和职责,以使中国的环境影响评价制度更适应新型工业化道路发展的要求。     

规划环境影响评价与城乡规划的整合

规划环境影响评价(以下简称规划环评)改进与完善的方向必然是与决策体系的融合。以城乡规划为例,研究规划环评与城乡规划过程如何在制度层面和操作层面实现融合。提出了城乡规划与规划环评整合的实施框架,并识别出城乡规划的10个重要的决策阶段。进一步,针对其中的5个重要的决策阶段,阐明了规划环评如何参与规划过程,从而实现规划环评与决策过程全过程的融合。此外,要使规划环评真正发挥作用,需要使决策者将规划环评作为一种内部程序,而非外部强加的对其行政权力的干预。只有决策者认同规划环评可以成为部门协商与公众参与的平台,可以帮助其实现本部门的可持续发展目标,才可能在决策过程中考虑和采纳规划环评的成果。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Characterization of products of ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in liquid phase

In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in the liquid phase, characterization of reaction products has been attempted. One of the products, which was volatile, has been found to be formaldehyde by derivatizing with dimedone. The infrared and mass spectra of the derivative corresponded with that of alkylidene dimedone. Three other reaction products were isolated by TLC using silica gel, CHCl₃:MeOH (80:20). These have been tentatively identified as glyoxal, epoxide of acrylonitrile and acetamide from their mass spectra. Based on these findings a reaction pathway for the formation of formaldehyde is proposed to be that described by Criegee.