DOC+CDPF对国III重型柴油货车实际道路排放的影响

利用便携式车载排放测试系统（PEMS）对2辆加装氧化催化转化器（DOC）和催化型柴油颗粒捕集器（CDPF）与否的国III重型柴油货车进行实际道路排放测试.结果表明,2辆改造重型柴油车的CO、THC、固态颗粒物粒数（SPN）和黑碳（BC）实际道路排放因子分别为（1.31±0.37）g/（kW×h）、（0.20±0.03） g/（kW×h）、（7.13×10¹⁰±5.27×10¹⁰）个/（kW×h）和（0.69±0.06）mg/（kW×h）,相对于原始排放（拆除DOC+CDPF）分别降低52.48%、55.69%、99.91%和99.22%.从低速、中速到高速,CO和THC减排比例呈现上升趋势,然而运行工况对SPN和BC减排比例则无显著影响.加装DOC+CDPF会导致NO₂在NO_x中的占比升高,且从低速、中速到高速涨幅依次增大,但对NO_x无明显减排效益,其排放因子为9.53~9.83g/（kW×h）,远高于实验室排放限值.     

Effect of catalyzed diesel particulate filter and its catalyst loading on emission characteristics of a non-road diesel engine

In this study, the effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) coupled with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) with different catalyst loadings on the power, fuel consumption, gaseous and particulate emissions from a non-road diesel engine were investigated. Results showed that the after-treatment had a negligible effect on the power and fuel consumption. The reduction effect of the DOC on the CO and hydrocarbon (HC) increased with the engine load. Further reductions occurred coupling with the CDPF. Increasing the catalyst loading resulted in a more significant reduction in the HC emissions than CO emissions. The DOC could increase the NO₂ proportion to 37.9%, and more NO₂ was produced when coupled with the CDPF below 250°C; above 250°C, more NO₂ was consumed. The after-treatment could reduce more than 99% of the particle number (PN) and 98% of the particle mass (PM). Further reductions in the PN and PM occurred with a higher CDPF catalyst loading. The DOC had a better reduction effect on the nucleation particles than the accumulation ones, but the trend reversed with the CDPF. The DOC shifted the particle size distribution (PSD) to larger particles with an accumulation particle proportion increasing from 13% to 20%, and the geometric mean diameter (GMD) increased from 18.2 to 26.0 nm. The trend reversed with the CDPF and the accumulation particle proportion declined to less than 10%. A lower catalyst loading on the CDPF led to a higher proportion of nucleation particles and a smaller GMD.     

DOC+CDPF对生物柴油燃烧颗粒排放特性的影响

以一台满足国五排放法规的车用柴油机为样机,研究加装氧化催化转化器DOC与催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF(DOC+CDPF后处理装置)前后,柴油机燃用B20燃料(燃料含20%体积掺混比的生物柴油)的颗粒排放特性.结果表明,在未加装该后处理装置时,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈双峰形态,B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在10nm和50nm附近,纯柴油的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在50nm和200nm附近.在颗粒粒径小于120nm的区域,该机燃用B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度大于纯柴油.加装该后处理装置后,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈多峰形态,峰值粒径在10nm、20nm和60nm附近.加装DOC+CDPF后,不论是柴油还是B20燃料,与原机相比,柴油机排气颗粒总数量下降明显,其中60~200nm粒径范围的颗粒数量浓度降幅更为显著.在相同工况下,DOC+CDPF对柴油机燃用B20燃料的颗粒总数量净化效率高于纯柴油.     

DOC+CDPF配方对柴油公交车颗粒物排放特性影响

为研究不同DOC+CDPF（催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器）配方对公交车颗粒物排放特性的影响,以一辆满足国Ⅲ排放的柴油公交车为试验样车,在重型底盘测功机上分别进行了加装3种不同DOC+CDPF的柴油机在中国典型城市公交车循环（CCBC）中的排放特性试验,分析了不同贵金属负载量对柴油机颗粒物排放特性的影响.结果表明：在相同贵金属配比情况下,当DOC+CDPF催化剂配方中贵金属负载量较高时,颗粒物浓度降幅较大.3种方案的颗粒物质量浓度综合减排率分别为99.3%、98.8%、96.4%,平均降幅达到98.2%;当使用DOC+CDPF后,柴油机颗粒物粒径分布由双峰对数分布变为三峰对数分布,但不同催化剂配方下对应的粒径最大峰值点会偏移;采用DOC+CDPF装置后,发动机排放背压略有增加.且当贵金属负载量越高时,装置压降增量越少,被动再生性能越优异.     

不同后处理器对DMCC发动机PM排放的影响

在一台整车排放达到国Ⅲ标准的YC4D140电控单体泵增压中冷柴油机上加装甲醇喷射系统,改成柴油甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)发动机.使用AVL 415S烟度计和DMS 500快速颗粒物光谱仪研究不同后处理器对DMCC发动机颗粒物(PM)排放的影响.试验结果表明,各工况下单独CDPF、DOC+CDPF基本可以消除发动机产生的干炭烟.DOC+CDPF后处理方式与单独CDPF相比,颗粒物捕集效率明显提高,且前者对颗粒物中核态部分的捕集效果更加突出.甲醇掺烧后,炭烟和颗粒物几何平均直径降低.经CDPF和DOC+CDPF处理,415S烟度计测得的炭烟进一步降低;DMS颗粒物光谱仪显示的颗粒物粒径,因其中核态部分大部被氧化捕集而仅余较大几何平均直径的部分.小负荷时经CDPF和DOC+CDPF处理,颗粒物的几何平均直径会增大,大负荷时则相反.各工况下相比于CDPF,DOC+CDPF对核态颗粒物捕集更有效.     

CDPF贵金属负载量对柴油公交车颗粒PAHS影响

基于装有氧化型催化器（DOC）和催化型颗粒捕集器（CDPF）后处理装置的柴油公交车,在中国典型公交车循环（CCBC）下研究了不同贵金属负载量分别为15g/ft³（A型）、25g/ft³（B型）、35g/ft³（C型）的新鲜及老化的CDPF对柴油发动机颗粒多环芳香烃（PAHs）排放特性的影响.结果表明：新鲜及老化的CDPF均能显著降低颗粒PAHs排放量92%以上.且相比于老化的CDPF,3种新鲜的CDPF降低颗粒PAHs排放的效果相差不大,极差仅为0.009ng/cm².3种CDPF老化状态下降低颗粒PAHs毒性的效果都优于其新鲜状态下,且老化的B型CDPF降低颗粒PAHs总量及毒性的效果优于A型及C型CDPF.     

不同CDPF贵金属负载量对柴油公交车VOCs组分排放影响

基于重型底盘测功机,利用质子转移反应质谱(PTR-MS)研究了柴油公交车在中国典型城市公交车循环(CCBC)下,不同CDPF贵金属负载量对尾气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)组分排放特性的影响.结果表明,柴油公交车VOCs主要组分为含氧有机物(OVOCs)、芳香烃和烯烃等,且OVOCs占比达50%以上;在贵金属成分、配比相同时,VOCs减排率随CDPF贵金属负载量增加而增加:贵金属负载量为15 g·ft~(-3)(A型后处理装置)、25 g·ft~(-3)(B型)和35 g·ft~(-3)(C型)时,VOCs总量的减排率依次为36.2%、40.1%和41.4%.C型后处理装置对烷烃全循环减排率高达70.2%,且对OVOCs的催化有微弱优势;对于不饱和烃类,3种不同贵金属负载量的后处理装置均有一定催化效果,但无明显差异;A型对含氮有机物减排率可达50.5%,但减排率随贵金属负载量增加而降低.采用DOC+CDPF后能较好地降低公交车VOCs排放量进而降低臭氧生成潜势(OFP).同时考虑不同方案减排效果与成本因素,当加权系数分别为0.8和0.2时,B型为最优方案.     

柴油机微粒捕集器技术发展现状

颗粒物是柴油机排气主要污染物之一,微粒捕集器能够将排气中的颗粒物过滤,实现90%以上的净化效率,是国际应对未来机动车排放法规的必然选择。文章通过分析近几年国际的研究成果,阐述了颗粒物的组成以及在微粒捕集器中的燃烧过程,并介绍了微粒捕集器的净化机理、材料技术和再生技术。国际研究表明:(1)颗粒物主要由固体碳、可溶性有机成分和硫酸盐三部分组成,在燃烧过程中,可溶性有机物、官能团、高度结晶碳随着温度升高依次燃烧;(2)壁流式微粒捕集器通过扩散、拦截、重力和惯性四种形式将颗粒物拦截过滤;传统的堇青石、碳化硅材料各有优缺点,可能被新型钛酸铝材料取代;过滤体通过增加入口通道体积的方式增加对颗粒物和灰分的容纳能力;(3)微粒捕集器再生技术种类繁多,被动再生技术由于对燃油硫含量由较高要求,因此主要在国外采用;国内主要应采用主动再生技术,同时使用燃油添加剂进行辅助再生。     

DOC和CDPF对柴油公交车颗粒物组分影响

以一辆柴油公交车为试验样车,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环(CCBC),收集尾气颗粒物以分析柴油车安装不同后处理装置的颗粒物组分排放特性.结果表明,原机颗粒物总碳组分中元素碳(EC)比有机碳(OC)多,测得有机组分中,脂肪酸占60.9%,直链烷烃占32.4%,藿烷和PAHs较少.脂肪酸主要是C16:0,C18、C14和C18:1也较多,直链烷烃主要分布于C18~C24,C21H44和C22H46最多.PAHs质量排放以中小分子量为主,Pyr最多,FL和PA也较多,毒性则以中高分子量为主,Ba P毒性最强,B(b+k)F、Ba A以及Icd P也是主要毒性组分.DOC后PAHs总毒性降低2.7%,不同CDPF后总毒性进一步降低89.6%~93.8%.DOC和CDPF对总碳组分的减排率分别为18.9%和70.5%~72.5%,但对不同组分的减排效果差别较大,不同贵金属负载量的CDPF对各组分减排效果无明显影响.     

CDPF对重型柴油车颗粒物排放特性的影响

采用实验室底盘测功机和全流定容稀释采样系统（CVS）,搭载EEPS3090,开展了国三重型柴油车加装催化型颗粒物捕集器（CDPF）前后颗粒物排放因子和粒径分布比较,进一步分析了不同工况下CDPF对各模态颗粒物排放因子的影响.结果表明,重型柴油车加装CDPF前后基于单位里程的颗粒物数量排放因子分别为（2.7±1.1）×10¹⁵ km^-1和7.9×10¹⁴ km^-1,CDPF对颗粒物数量减排率为71.10%,其中对核模态和聚集态颗粒物数量减排率分别为28.70%和84.95%.随着车速的增加,CDPF对聚集态颗粒物数量减排效果良好,核模态颗粒物数量减排率急剧下降.高速工况下颗粒物在CDPF内部出现大粒径颗粒物向小粒径颗粒物转化的现象,导致核模态颗粒物数量排放因子的增加,应引起足够的重视.     

High NO2/NOx emissions downstream of the catalytic diesel particulate filter: An influencing factor study

Diesel vehicles are responsible for most of the traffic-related nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, including nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The use of after-treatment devices increases the risk of high NO₂/NO_x emissions from diesel engines. In order to investigate the factors influencing NO₂/NO_x emissions, an emission experiment was carried out on a high pressure common-rail, turbocharged diesel engine with a catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF). NO₂ was measured by a non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzer with raw exhaust sampling. The experimental results show that the NO₂/NO_x ratios downstream of the CDPF range around 20%–83%, which are significantly higher than those upstream of the CDPF. The exhaust temperature is a decisive factor influencing the NO₂/NO_x emissions. The maximum NO₂/NO_x emission appears at the exhaust temperature of 350°C. The space velocity, engine-out PM/NO_x ratio (mass based) and CO conversion ratio are secondary factors. At a constant exhaust temperature, the NO₂/NO_x emissions decreased with increasing space velocity and engine-out PM/NO_x ratio. When the CO conversion ratios range from 80% to 90%, the NO₂/NO_x emissions remain at a high level.     

在用国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ柴油公交车的颗粒物质量及固态PM2.5数量排放特性

利用法规认证全流稀释定容采样系统以及满足精度要求的颗粒物排放分析系统,运行GB/T 19754—2005《重型混合动力电动汽车能量消耗量试验方法》推荐的中国典型城市公交循环(CCBC),分析了在用国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ柴油公交车以及在用国Ⅲ柴油公交车进行DOC(氧化催化转化器)+CDPF(催化型颗粒捕集器)改造后的颗粒物质量、固态PM_2.5数量排放特性.结果表明:国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ柴油公交车的颗粒物质量排放因子分别为63.77、63.20和14.42 mg/km,固态PM_2.5数量排放因子分别为3.87×1013、3.10×1013和2.77×1013 km-1.与国Ⅲ柴油公交车相比,国Ⅳ柴油公交车的颗粒物质量、固态PM_2.5数量排放因子分别降低了1%和20%;国Ⅴ柴油公交车分别降低了77%和28%;进行DOC+CDPF改造的国Ⅲ公交车颗粒物质量、固态PM_2.5颗粒数量排放因子分别为1.78 mg/km和3.19×1011 km-1,比未改造前分别降低了97%和99%.中国典型城市公交循环的低速(0～21.8 km/h)、中低速(0～37.5 km/h)、中高速(0～51.7 km/h)和高速(0～60.0 km/h)4类行驶工况中,低速行驶工况的固态PM_2.5数量排放因子最高,约是整个循环的2倍;在加速、匀速、减速、怠速4种行驶模式中,加速行驶模式产生的固态PM_2.5单位时间排放量最高,其分别为减速和怠速行驶模式下的10和6倍.研究显示,提高柴油公交车的平均车速,降低加速行驶比例有利于降低其颗粒物排放;DOC+CDPF可显著降低国Ⅲ柴油公交车的颗粒物排放.      

不同后处理装置对柴油车排放特性的影响——基于行驶里程的后处理装置对柴油公交车气态物排放特性的影响

三辆柴油公交车分别安装柴油机氧化催化器（DOC）,催化型颗粒捕集器（CDPF）与DOC+CDPF三种后处理装置,采用便携式排放测试系统PEMS进行测试,研究整车THC,CO与NO_x等气态物排放性能随行驶里程的变化规律.研究结果表明：对于加装了DOC的公交车,行驶里程达到8万km时DOC性能劣化,应进行保养,此前CO,THC与NO_x的平均转化效率分别为78%,43%和27%;CDPF有效工作时间短,需要定期进行高温保养,周期应为1万km左右,加装CDPF的公交车CO,THC与NO_x平均转化效率分别为74%,16%与15%;DOC+CDPF在行驶里程达12万km时才出现性能劣化现象,此前加装该后处理装置后的公交车CO,THC与NO_x平均转化效率分别为87%,76%与21%.DOC+CDPF的连续再生效果可有效延长后处理装置的工作寿命.     

柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)再生技术分析

颗粒物捕集器(DPF)是未来车用柴油机满足排放法规的重要措施,是解决其排气颗粒污染最有效的技术之一。文章介绍了DPF的净化机理,在对DPF各种再生技术原理、研究现状及其存在问题分析的基础上,指出微粒捕集器再生技术的发展趋势。     

Advances in emission control of diesel vehicles in China

Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China. Hence, the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard. To fulfill this stringent legislation, two major technical routes, including the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction (SCR) routes, have been developed for diesel engines. Moreover, complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed, including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for controlling carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, diesel particulate filter (DPF) for particle mass (PM) emission control, SCR for the control of NOx emission, and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) for the control of unreacted NH₃. Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard, the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system. In the future, aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.     

Characterization of particulate matter from diesel passenger cars tested on chassis dynamometers

Emission characterization of particle number as well as particle mass from three diesel passenger cars equipped with diesel particulate filter(DPF), diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC)and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) under the vehicle driving cycles and regulatory cycle.Total particle number emissions(PNEs) decreased gradually during speed-up of vehicle from 17.3 to 97.3 km/hr. As the average vehicle speed increases, the size-segregated peak of particle number concentration shifts to smaller size ranges of particles. The correlation analysis with various particulate components such as particle number concentration(PNC),ultrafine particle number concentration(UFPNC) and particulate matter(PM) mass was conducted to compare gaseous compounds(CO, CO_2, HC and NOx). The UFPNC and PM were not only emitted highly in Seoul during severe traffic jam conditions, but also have good correlation with hydrocarbons and NOxinfluencing high potential on secondary aerosol generation. The effect of the dilution temperature on total PNC under the New European Driving Cycle(NEDC), was slightly higher than the dilution ratio. In addition, the nuclei mode(DP: ≤ 13 nm) was confirmed to be more sensitive to the dilution temperature rather than other particle size ranges. Comparison with particle composition between vehicle speed cycles and regulatory cycle showed that sulfate was slightly increased at regulatory cycle, while other components were relatively similar. During cold start test, semivolatile nucleation particles were increased due to effect of cold environment. Research on particle formation dependent on dilution conditions of diesel passenger cars under the NEDC is important to verify impact on vehicular traffic and secondary aerosol formation in Seoul.     

甲醇柴油双燃料燃烧结合DOC/POC耦合大幅度减少发动机微粒排放的研究

对一台四缸增压中冷柴油机采用甲醇柴油双燃料模式,研究了甲醇替代率和柴油机氧化催化转化器耦合微粒催化转化器(DOC+POC)后处理装置对该发动机烟度和微粒数量、质量浓度的粒径分布特性的影响.试验结果表明,随甲醇替代率的增加,发动机烟度和微粒数浓度、质量浓度均有不同程度的降低,核态微粒浓度显著降低,聚集态微粒浓度基本保持不变.相比于DOC+POC对纯柴油发动机排气烟度25%左右的净化效率,在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下DOC+POC对排气烟度的平均净化效率在60%以上,最大达到96%,显示了该后处理技术在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下清洁排放的良好应用前景.     

Instrumental and bio-monitoring of heavy metal and nanoparticle emissions from diesel engine exhaust in controlled environment

In the present article we characterized the emissions at the exhaust of a Common Rail (CR) diesel engine, representative of lightduty class, equipped with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) in controlled environment. The downstream exhausts were directly analyzed (for PM, CO, CO2, O2, HCs, NOx) by infrared and electrochemical sensors, and SEM-EDS microscope; heavy metals were chemically analyzed using mosses and lichens in bags, and glass-fibre filters all exposed at the engine exhausts. The highest particle emission value was in the 7–54 nm size range; the peak concentration rose until one order of magnitude for the highest load and speed. Particle composition was mainly carbonaceous, associated to noticeable amounts of Fe and silica fibres. Moreover, the content of Cu, Fe, Na, Ni and Zn in both moss and lichen, and of Al and Cr in moss, was significantly increased. Glass-fibre filters were significantly enriched in Al, B, Ba, Cu, Fe, Na, and Zn. The role of diesel engines as source of carbonaceous nanoparticles has been confirmed, while further investigations in controlled environment are needed to test the catalytic muffler as a possible source of silica fibres considered very hazardous for human health.     

柴油车尾气排放污染控制技术综述

从柴油机机内净化技术和柴油车尾气后处理技术2方面综述了国际、国内柴油车尾气排放污染控制技术研究现状,重点论述了柴油车颗粒物捕集技术和氮氧化物选择性催化还原技术的研究思路和进展,并展望了相关技术今后发展的方向.     

柴油车燃料添加型催化剂研究进展

现代柴油机油耗低、动力强,但是排放的尾气中黑烟颗粒物PM(particulate matter)会对环境和人类健康造成危害。随着排放法规的日益严格,净化处理刻不容缓。当前对其排放控制的主要手段是使用颗粒物捕集器DPF(diesel particulate filter)捕集PM,并采用催化剂或提高尾气温度促其燃烧以实现DPF再生。燃料添加型催化剂FBC(fuel borne catalyst)能保证催化剂与PM紧密接触,使DPF在尾气温度范围内即可再生。文章对近年来FBC的研究开发进展进行了总结,并指出了该类催化剂的发展方向,即发展纳米级FBC。