渤海莱洲湾沉积物—水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量

为了解不同条件下沉积物中有机物对水体无机氮的贡献，采用野外采样和现场培养法，在１９９７－０５和１９９７－０７莱州湾２个航次进行了沉积物－水界面营养盐矿散通量的３和ＮＨ４的扩散通量分别为０．０３８－３．６５ｍｍｏｌ／（ｍ＾２·ｄ）和０．９６－２．５２ｍｍｏｌ／（ｍ＾２·ｄ），培养结果说明充氮或充空气与加氯化汞或不加氯化汞对沉积物－水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量没有明显影响，莱州湾底部营养盐的扩散通量与其     

桑沟湾和胶州湾夏季的沉积物-水界面营养盐通量研究

1999年8月通过原样培养研究了黄海的桑沟湾和胶州湾潮下带沉积物-海水界面的营养盐通量.结果表明,两个湾的沉积物均向水层释放NH4-N,通量为0.76(桑沟湾)和0.67 mmol/m2·d(胶州湾),对水层初级生产所需无机氮的贡献为14%(桑沟湾)和12%(胶州湾);桑沟湾的沉积物对PO4-P有净吸收,通量为-1.17mmol/m2·d,而胶州湾的沉积物释放PO4-P,通量为0.01 mmol/m2·d.与其他近岸浅海环境相比,桑沟湾和胶州湾的沉积物-水界面营养盐通量及对水层初级生产的贡献率均处于较低水平.回归统计分析表明,桑沟湾和胶州湾沉积物-水界面的NH4-N通量与沉积物表层的C、N含量正相关,PO4-P通量与沉积物耗氧率和上覆水PO4-P浓度相关.     

甲基汞的大气-水-土壤界面交换通量

通过模拟实验和野外实测,对甲基汞在大气－水和大气－土壤的界面交换进行了初步研究．结果表明,甲基汞释放通量与水中的甲基汞浓度有关,水－气体系中甲基汞释放通量大于水－土－气体系中甲基汞释放通量;甲基汞在大气－土壤界面的释放通量为０．２１～３．０９ｎｇ·ｍ^-2·ｈ^-1;在大气－水界面的释放通量为０．１４～０．７９ｎｇ·ｍ^-2·ｈ^-1．     

厌氧-水解反应器稳定运行的试验研究

采用造纸废水对厌氧水－水解反应器的启动、运行进行试验研究。结果表明，当ＭＬＶＳＳ在１５ｇ／Ｌ左右，ＣＯＤ容积负荷为１．４５ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ），水力负荷为２．０ｍ＾３／（ｍ＾２·ｈ），水国停留时间为４ｈ，污泥颗粒化程度较高，反应器运行效果稳定可靠。     

小麦－玉米轮作期土壤排放N_2O通量及总量估算

对小麦－玉米轮作期周年的Ｎ２Ｏ通量进行了测定和总量估算，分析了Ｎ２Ｏ通量与土壤温度、地温、气温、降水和施氮量的关系。由实验获知，华北平原栾城农业生态系统实验站的农田Ｎ２Ｏ通量（Ｎ）为１０．６—２４．２μｇ／（ｍ２·ｈ），相应的全年排放总量（Ｎ）为０．９３—２．１１ｋｇ（ｈｍ２·ａ）。施用尿素的农田排放Ｎ２Ｏ量约占化肥施用量的０．５４％，施用有机肥和化肥的农田排放Ｎ２Ｏ量占总施氮量的０．７０％．     

利用光合细菌柱式生物膜法处理淀粉废水

利用连续化处理工艺,在适宜条件下当稀释率Ｄ＝０．３３ｈ＾－１时,最大ＣＯＤ容积负荷Ｐ＝１５．８４ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ）;当回流比α＝０．２,稀释率Ｄ＝０．３５＾ｈ－１时,最大ＣＯＤ容积负荷Ｐ＝２１．８ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ）。该法所得到的菌体污泥可作为饲料添加剂,具有较大的经济效益。     

用 Moss Bag 富集研究汞矿附近元素汞的沉降

应用ＭｏｓｓＢａｇ监测元素汞的干湿沉降．结果表明：矿区大气汞浓度２００—１１３５ｎｇ·ｍ－３时汞的湿沉降为１７００μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１;干沉降９８７μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１．而当距矿区６７ｋｍ,大气汞浓度３．４—４．０ｎｇ·ｍ－３时,其干沉降２１μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１,湿沉降３３μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１,湿沉降占总沉降６１％—６３％,干沉降占３７％—３９％,元素汞的干湿沉降与距汞源的距离明显相关     

滏阳河表层沉积物氮分布特征和界面无机氮扩散通量估算

为了揭示非常规水源补给河流沉积物-水界面氮交换过程及其特点,为非常规水源补给河流富营养化机制提供基础数据.选择典型非常规水源补给河流(滏阳河)为研究对象,分析河流沉积物中氮素空间分布及上覆水-孔隙水氮营养盐垂直分布特征,并估算滏阳河不同区段沉积物-水界面无机氮扩散通量.结果表明,滏阳河整体表层沉积物总氮含量范围在770~10590 mg·kg~(-1)之间,其中有机态氮为氮素的主要存在形式,占总氮比例达84.9%~99.3%.NH3-N为无机氮的主要形态,含量范围为3.23~1135.00 mg·kg~(-1).溶氧量作为影响沉积物-水界面无机氮分布的主要因素.邯郸段硝氮浓度在孔隙水中随深度逐渐升高,孔隙水平均硝态氮浓度达3.54 mg·L~(-1),为上覆水8倍之多.邢台、衡水、沧州段硝氮浓度随深度而逐渐降低;滏阳河下游衡水段和沧州段进入沉积物-水界面后氨氮浓度呈下降趋势.滏阳河上游邯郸段与邢台段沉积物-水界面NH3-N由沉积物向上覆水扩散,扩散通量为48.9~1471.0μmol·m~(-2)·d-1.下游河段部分点位NH3-N表现为上覆水向沉积物中扩散,扩散通量在-932~-456μmol·m~(-2)·d-1之间.非常规水源补给河流在氮营养盐外源得到控制后,仍存在内源释放风险,将会加大河流治理与修复的难度.     

无机膜-生物反应器处理生活污水试验研究

用无机膜－生物反应器进行处理生活污水试验,结果表明,当ＨＲＴ为５ｈ,膜通量为７５－１５０Ｌ／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）膜面流速为４ｍ／ｓ,ＳＲＴ为５,１５,３０ｄ时,分别经过１０,１６,１４ｄ,运行,生物反应器ＭＬＳＳ达到稳定值３．１,１０．７,１７．３ｇ／Ｌ,对ＣＯＤ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ和浊度的去除率分别为超过９６％,９５％,９８％,对ＳＳ和Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ的去除率则达１００％;试验出水水质优于建设部生活杂用水水质标准     

阳离子型微乳液一亚硫酸钠光度法测定α-TNT

以阳离子型微乳液ＣＰＣ／正戊醇／正已烷／水为介质，进行了α－ＴＮＴ－Ｎａ２ＳＯ３分光光度法的研究（ε＝３．０６５×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１）与以ＣＰＣ为介质（ε＝２．６４４×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１）比较，测定灵敏度明显提高，α－ＴＮＴ在０．０５～２０μｇ／ｍＬ范围内符合比耳定律．相对标准偏差０．１９７％．该法成功地应用于污染土壤中及合成水样中α－ＴＮＴ的测定．     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.