纳秒脉冲激光/纳米金悬浮体系催化降解2,4,5-TCP

以脉冲激光为光源、纳米金为催化剂,对2,4,5-三氯苯酚(2,4,5-TCP)进行了光催化降解研究,测定了其反应动力学参数,确定了该降解体系中2,4,5-三氯苯酚的单位能量降解率和平均反应速率.EDX能谱和透射电镜表征结果表明,已成功制备了纳米金颗粒,形态主要呈球状,粒径分布均匀,大小在15~20 nm之间.以亚甲基蓝为底物对纳米金的光催化性能进行了表征,结果表明,所制备的纳米金具有较好的催化性能,添加纳米金组比对照组的亚甲基蓝脱色率增加了约15.7%.以2,4,5-TCP为底物时,脉冲激光照射40 min,最高催化降解率约为85%,单位能量降解率为0.18256%·J-1,平均反应速率为0.04667 min-1,反应符合准一级动力学方程ln(C0/Ct)=-0.1141+0.04667t.     

From large-scale to micromachining: A review of force prediction models

In this paper, a review of work performed in the area of force modelling in metal cutting processes is presented. Past and present trends are described and criticised to compare their relevance with current requirements. Several approaches are reviewed, such as empirical, mechanistic and analytical models. The models’ ability to predict forces, from rough machining to finish machining, is analysed.     

High aspect ratio micromachining of glass by electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM)

Micromachining of glass is essential for several microfluidic components, micro-pumps, micro-accelerometers, micro-reactors, micro-fuel cells and several biomedical devices. Unique properties such as high chemical resistance, thermal stability and transparency give glass scope for additional applications. However, poor machinability of glass is a major constraint, especially in high aspect ratio applications of glass in microsystem technology. Micro electrochemical discharge machining (micro ECDM) is an emerging nontraditional fabrication method capable of micromachining ceramic materials like glass. While surface features less than 100 μm have been successfully machined on glass, machining high aspect features is a challenge. Machining accuracy at high depths is severely affected due to overcut and tool wear. In this paper, high aspect ratio microtools fabricated in-house have been used for deep microhole drilling on glass using low electrolyte concentration. An aspect ratio of 11 has been achieved. The results show that lower electrolyte concentration reduced overcut by 22%, thus increasing the aspect ratio of the micro holes. Lowering the electrolyte concentration also reduced the tool wear and hole taper by 39% and 18% respectively.     

Environmental assessment of laser assisted manufacturing: case studies on laser shock peening and laser assisted turning

Laser assisted manufacturing processes, when compared with traditional manufacturing processes, have the potential to reduce cost, increase surface resistance to wear and fatigue, extend part/tool life, and expand the range of manufacturable materials. These processes have found niche applications in automotive, aerospace, and defense industries. However, very limited research has been conducted to evaluate and compare the environmental performance of laser assisted processes with traditional methods. This paper conducts case studies on two representative laser based processes, i.e. laser shock peening of 7075-T7351 Aluminum and laser assisted turning of compacted graphite iron. Life cycle assessment is used to benchmark the environmental performance of these two processes to conventional processes, i.e. shot peening and turning, respectively. The life cycle inventory of both the laser based processes and conventional processes are developed using SimaPro 7.1 and the Ecoinvent 2.0 database and life cycle impact assessment is performed using US EPA TRACI. The results of this study show that the environmental performance of the two laser based processes is significantly better than conventional processes. For laser shock peening of aluminum, contribution analysis indicates that this is mainly due to the significant extension of fatigue life of the workpiece being treated. For laser assisted turning of compacted graphite iron, the improved performance is mainly due to the extended tool life since cutting tool manufacturing is an energy intensive process. Development of high-power laser with a lower wavelength (e.g. direct diode system) could eliminate the use of paint in laser assisted turning. This, along with improved wall plug efficiency, makes laser assisted turning even more environmentally benign compared to conventional process. A brief cost analysis suggests that both laser shock peening and laser assisted turning can be economically viable with payback period less than three years for niche applications.     

脉冲电晕法治理甲苯废气实验研究

有机废气的污染日益受到重视,现有的控制技术尚不完善。采用脉冲电晕法对去除甲苯模拟废气进行了实验研究,考察了反应器结构、脉冲电压峰值、气体浓度、停留时间和水汽含量等不同因素对去除率的影响。实验结果表明本法能达到较好的去除效果,在线 筒式反应器的最高去除率为35％,在线 板式反应器的最高去除率达81％,反应后的最终产物为CO、CO₂和H₂O。     

Characteristics of gas-liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor and dye decoloration efficiency

The pulsed high-voltage discharge is a new advanced oxidation technology for water treatment. Methyl Orange (MO) dye wastewater was chosen as the target object. Some investigations were conducted on MO decoloration including the discharge characteristics of the multi-needle reactor, parameter optimization, and the degradation mechanism. The following results were obtained. The color group of the azo dye MO was effectively decomposed by water surface plasma. The decoloration rate was promoted with the increase of treatment time, peak voltage, and pulse frequency. When the initial conductivity was 1700 μS/cm, the decoloration rate was the highest. The optimum distance between the needle electrodes and the water surface was 1 mm, the distance between the grounding electrode and the water surface was 28 mm, and the number of needle electrodes and spacing between needles were 24 and 7.5 mm, respectively. The decoloration rate of MO was affected by the gas in the reactor and varied in the order oxygen > air> argon > nitrogen, and the energy yield obtained in this investigation was 0.45 g/kWh.     

脉冲磁场水处理技术在杀菌、灭藻方面的研究

研究利用直流脉冲发生器与线圈绕组相连产生的脉冲磁场杀菌灭藻的水处理技术 .实验表明 ,脉冲电磁场具有明显的杀菌作用 ;增加磁场强度、处理时间和脉冲频率可以提高杀菌效果 .此外 ,通过监测处理后水样中溶解氧的变化 ,证实脉冲磁场具有灭藻功能 ,并表现出对强度和频率的选择 .当停留时间为 30min ,磁场强度 5 0 0mT ,脉冲频率 4 0kHz实验条件下 ,循环处理后水中细菌总数的存活率为 0 0 1% ,藻类基本死亡 ,电耗大约 0 2kW·h·m-3 .     

广州地区大气污染物输送通道的特征

运用NCEP的GDAS全球气象要素资料与HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,计算广州地区2010~2012年逐日72h后向轨迹,利用聚类分析方法,分析了广州地区污染物输送通道垂直特征, 计算不同输送通道下广州市颗粒物浓度日均值,同时分析污染物在输送过程中跨越边界层的特征.结果表明:广州地区近地面污染物输送通道可以分为局地、东北路、北路、西北路、东路、南路,不同输送路径对应的PM2.5浓度存在显著差异.局地与东北路输送时,PM2.5浓度最大,北路次之,东路较小,南路输送时最小.西北路输送时,PM10中粗粒子比重明显增加.影响广州地区主要为湖南东南部、江西中部及东南沿海,超过1000m高度的轨迹数所占百分比为16.1%,而低于500m高度的轨迹数所占百分比为 73.1%,近地面污染物的输送主要发生在边界层内部.     

Sterilization of Escherichia coli cells by the application of pulsed magnetic field

The inactivation of microorganisms by pulsed magnetic field was studied. It was improved that the application of electromagnetic pulses evidently causes a lethal effect on E. coil cells suspended in phosphate buffer solution Na2HPO4/NaH2 PO4 (0.334/0.867mmol/L). Experimental results indicated that the survivability( N/N0 ; where N0 and N are the number of cells survived per milliliter before and after electromagnetic pulses application, respectively) of E. coil decreased with magnetic field intensity B and treatment time t. It was also found that the medium temperatures, the frequencies of pulse f, and the initial bacterial cell concentrations have determinate influences in destruction of E. coil cells by the application of magnetic pulses. The application of an magnetic intensity B = 160 mT at pulses frequency f= 62 kHz and treatment time t = 16 h result in a considerable destruction levels of E. coil cells ( N/N0=10^-4). Possible mechanisms involved in sterilization of the magnetic field treatment were discussed. In order to shorten the treatment time, many groups of parallel inductive coil were used. The practicability test showed that the treatment time was shortened to 4 h with the application of three groups of parallel coil when the survivability of E. coli cells was less than 0.01%; and the power consumption was about 0.2 kWh/m^3 .     

脉冲式流量波动对厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器的影响

通过试验模拟不同幅度、不同频率的脉冲式进水流量波动,研究脉冲式流量波动对已稳定运行的厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器性能的冲击影响.结果表明,在脉冲波动幅度小于60mL/min（上升流速1.33cm/min）范围内,厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器表现出良好的适应性和承受力,甚至对于高频率的波动冲击,出水也可达到一级A标准,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率都基本维持在80%以上,总氮去除率维持在70%以上.而当脉冲的波动幅度为100mL/min（上升流速2.22cm/min）时,则UASB反应器的出水水质波动性大,随着波动频率的增大,反应器的适应时间增长,一直到波动频率为1.5h时,反应器出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N浓度难以稳定在5mg/L以下.随着波动幅度由40mL/min增大到60,100mL/min,反应器内污泥中厌氧氨氧化菌的丰度值和厌氧氨氧化菌占全细菌的百分含量均呈现先增多后减少的趋势,在波动幅度为60mL/min时均为最大,可能是由于此时污泥和基质的混合与接触更为高效,氮去除效率高,更有利于厌氧氨氧化菌的生长.     

Removal of phenol by activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field

A new process for removing the pollutants in aqueous solution-activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field was investigated for the removal of phenol under different conditions. The experimental results indicated the increase in removal rate with increasing applied voltage, increasing pH value of the solution, aeration, and adding Fe^2＋. The removal rate of phenol could reach 72.1% when air aeration flow rate was 1200 ml/min, and 88.2% when 0.05 mmol/L Fe^2＋ was added into the solution under the conditions of applied voltage 25 kV, initial phenol concentration of 5 mg/L, and initial pH value 5.5. The addition of sodium carbonate reduced the phenol removal rate. In the pulsed high-voltage electric field, local discharge occurred at the surface of activated alumina, which promoted phenol degradation in the thin water film. At the same time, the space-time distribution of gas-liquid phases was more uniform and the contact areas of the activated species generated from the discharge and the pollutant molecules were much wider due to the effect of the activated alumina bed. The synthetical effects of the pulsed high-voltage electric field and the activated alumina particles accelerated phenol degradation.     

脉冲SBR处理城市污水深度脱氮的工艺特性

采用脉冲式SBR法,对城市污水进行了深度脱氮试验研究.从理论上分析了进水次数和进水量对脉冲式SBR工艺运行特性的影响,得出了脱氮效率公式,并通过试验研究了这些因素对工艺运行的实际影响.理论分析表明,在不投加外碳源的情况下,随着进水次数的增加,脱氮效率依次增加.根据进水C/N的高低,进水方式可分为不等量递增进水、等量进水和不等量递减进水.试验表明,当原水中有机碳源充足时,不等量递减的进水方式相对于等量的进水方式投加较少的外碳源就能实现深度脱氮;随着进水次数的增加,外碳源的投量依次减少,但操作变得复杂,对于普通的城市污水建议采用3次等量的进水方式.采用脉冲式SBR只需投加少量外碳源就可以使处理后的城市污水出水TN低于2mg/L,TN平均去除率达到97.3%.     

电晕-吸收法治理甲苯废气实验研究

采用脉冲电晕法结合吸收装置处理模拟甲苯废气.电晕反应器为线-筒式,吸收装置接在电晕反应器后.研究结果表明,提高载气中氧气体积分数有利于甲苯的降解,反应后的废气经吸收处理后,甲苯的去除率提高了约15%,对浓度为1334 mg·m-3的甲苯去除率达到了75%以上.通过对吸收后产物分析,发现甲苯降解的主要有机产物为苯甲酸.     

Three-dimensional laser machining of structural ceramics

Three- dimensional laser machining of structural ceramics such as alumina (Al₂O₃), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), silicon carbide (SiC) and magnesia (MgO) was carried out using a 1.06 μm wavelength pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The rate of machining predicted in terms of material removed per unit time (mg/s) increased with an increase in heating rate (K/s). A thermal model based on temperature dependent absorptivity and thermophysical properties, in addition to conduction, convection and radiation based heat transfer, was developed to predict material removal rate. Predicted values were compared with actual measurements made from machined cavities. Such a study would enable advance predictions of the laser processing conditions required to machine cavities of desired dimensions.     

合流制排水管道雨季出流污染负荷研究

针对北京城区合流制排水管道雨季溢流及雨后河道水质恶化等问题,研究了3场降雨期间合流制排水系统不同来源的污染物特性及污染贡献.通过对2012年雨季几场降雨的降雨量数据监测与统计发现,护城河沿岸合流制排水系统累积雨量约10 mm时发生溢流.特大暴雨情况下,溢流水质的污染物平均浓度高于排水系统旱流污水的污染物浓度,溢流水质差,污染物浓度范围为:TN 5.11 ～ 16.36 mg·L-1,TP 4.34 ～10.52 mg·L-1,氨氮1.88～12.73 mg·L-1,COD 134～250 mg·L-1,SS 120 ～155 mg·L-1.管道沉积物在降雨期间对出流水质的污染贡献率分别为:TN 20.9％ ～44.6％,TP 35.76％～47.3％,COD 46.2％ ～48.8％,SS 35.7％ ～79.7％.控制合流制排水管道沉积物的沉积和冲刷对排水系统的正常运行及削减雨季出流污染负荷具有重要意义.     

脉冲电晕放电降解水溶液中甲苯实验研究

采用针-板式脉冲电晕反应器对水溶液中甲苯的去除效果进行了实验研究.反应器为Φ90 mm×50 mm圆筒结构,反应器顶部均匀布有不锈钢针放电正极,反应器底部装有板接地电极.反应器上部空间为气体.放电针头与液面的距离为18 mm.实验结果表明水溶液中甲苯的去除率随脉冲峰值电压升高而增大;实验发现在气相为氩气氛围下甲苯的去除效果要好于在氮气和空气氛围下.放置一段时间达到气液平衡后再进行电晕放电,有利于提高甲苯的去除效率.对反应后的水溶液进行测定,检测到有苯甲醛等有机物生成,在水面上方的气体中检测到了CO和CO2的生成.     

危险废物非法转移行为查处方法探讨

危险废物非法转移是当前危险废物污染事件频发的主要原因,具有"发现难、取证难、认定难"的特点。本文总结了隐瞒危险废物非法转移的各种情况,针对性地提出相应环境监察技巧,供环境保护执法部门参考。     

明渠中有机质微粒沉降过程的随机游走模拟

基于明渠流动的主要特点,考虑紊动强度的垂向非均匀性,及颗粒运动的游荡效应（loitering effect）影响,对微粒运动基本方程进行改进,建立了明渠非均匀紊流中考虑游荡效应的随机游走模型,对明渠中微粒的沉降损失进行了模拟分析.模拟结果显示,不考虑游荡效应影响时,明渠中微粒的沉降损失率可用微粒沉速与水深之比计算;而在游荡效应影响下,微粒沉降损失率会发生约18%~27%的下降,下降百分比与均匀紊流中微粒沉速在游荡效应影响下的折减百分比渐近值（19~25%）基本一致.本文结论基于不考虑微粒重悬浮、游荡效应为紊流对微粒沉降的主导影响机理等前提,主要适用于对明渠中细小有机质微粒沉降至床底过程更准确的计算分析.     

明渠中有机质微粒沉降过程的随机游走模拟

基于明渠流动的主要特点,考虑紊动强度的垂向非均匀性,及颗粒运动的游荡效应（loitering effect）影响,对微粒运动基本方程进行改进,建立了明渠非均匀紊流中考虑游荡效应的随机游走模型,对明渠中微粒的沉降损失进行了模拟分析.模拟结果显示,不考虑游荡效应影响时,明渠中微粒的沉降损失率可用微粒沉速与水深之比计算;而在游荡效应影响下,微粒沉降损失率会发生约18%~27%的下降,下降百分比与均匀紊流中微粒沉速在游荡效应影响下的折减百分比渐近值（19~25%）基本一致.本文结论基于不考虑微粒重悬浮、游荡效应为紊流对微粒沉降的主导影响机理等前提,主要适用于对明渠中细小有机质微粒沉降至床底过程更准确的计算分析.