Micro dimple milling on cylinder surfaces

The paper presents a micro dimple machining on a cylinder surface with a two-flutes ball end mill. When the cutter axis is inclined and the depth of cut is less than the tool radius, non-cutting time, during which neither of the two cutting edges contacts the workpiece, appears in a rotation of the cutter. The rotation of the workpiece and the feed of the tool are controlled so that the cutting areas do not overlap each other. In order to incline the tool with respect to the tangential direction on the cylinder surface, the tool is located at a position oriented at 45° from the top of the cylinder. An analytical model is presented to control the shapes of the dimples with the cutting parameters. The presented machining is verified in cutting tests with measuring the shape and the profile of the dimples. Pre-machining operations are conducted to have a high cylindricity of the workpiece in longitudinal turning and polishing. The cutter runout of the tool is also eliminated by adjusting the orientation and the position of the tool in the collet chuck with measuring the cutting force. The micro dimples are machined accurately as they are simulated.     

车装焊复合加工装备的服役可靠性评估

目的评估某型航天用车装焊复合加工装备在服役过程中的服役可靠性。方法首先分析装备常见的故障模式,统计装备在使用过程中的故障数据,由于装备故障数据样本量较少,所以提出基于贝叶斯理论的小样本车装焊复合加工装备可靠性评估方法,其中通过马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)法抽样解决贝叶斯理论中后验积分复杂的问题。结果确定了车装焊复合加工装备的寿命威布尔分布模型,并运用贝叶斯方法,计算出该车装焊复合加工装备的平均无故障工作时间(MTBF)。结论评估结果略低于设计要求,原因是目前该装备处于服役初期,服役初期故障数据较多。待进入稳定服役期时,故障率会有一定程度的降低后趋于稳定,MTBF会有一定幅度的增加,所以该车装焊复合加工装备MTBF基本满足设计要求。     

Experimental Evaluation of Cutter Orientation When Ball Nose End Milling Inconel 718™

High-speed machining (HSM), specifically end milling and ball end cutting, is attracting interest in the aerospace industry for the machining of complex 3D aerofoil surfaces in titanium alloys and nickel-based superalloys. Following a brief introduction on HSM and related aerospace work, the paper reviews published data on the effect of cutter/workpiece orientation, also known as engagement or tilt angle, on tool performance. Such angles are defined as ±β_fN and ±β_f.Experimental work is detailed on the effect of cutter orientation on tool life, cutting forces, chip formation, specific force, and workpiece surface roughness when high-speed ball end milling Inconel 718™. Dry cutting was performed using 8 mm diameter PVD-coated solid carbide cutters with the workpiece mounted at an angle of 45° from the cutter axis.A horizontal downward (-β_fN) cutting orientation provided the best tool life with cut lengths ∼50% longer than for all other directions (+β_fN, +β_f, and –β_f). Evaluation of cutting forces and associated spectrum analysis of results indicated that cutters employed in a horizontal downward direction produced the least vibration. This contributed to improved workpiece surface roughness, with typical mean values of ∼0.4 μm Ra as opposed to ∼1.25 μm Ra when machining in the vertical downward (–β_f) direction.     

三峡库区塌岸防护方法适宜性分析

根据组成库岸的岩土类型和组合型式,将三峡库区库岸地质结构概括为岩质、土质、岩土混合三大类及若干亚类,并对各类库岸的破坏方式进行了分析与总结,认为三峡水库蓄水后,库岸的破坏形式主要表现为崩塌与滑坡。根据库岸地质结构类型、破坏方式与规模,对三峡库区库岸防护设计的适宜性进行了详细的研究,认为三峡库区库岸宜采用如下5种方案进行防护:(1)对于易风化岩质岸坡或软硬互层岩质岸坡,宜以喷锚工程为主,结合局部支撑与挖方等进行防护;(2)对于土层比较厚(≥10m),地表有明显的变形破坏迹象的岸坡;或夹软弱层的易滑顺向岩质岸坡,宜以抗滑桩工程为主,结合护坡与地表排水等进行防护;(3)对于下伏完整基岩,且土层较薄(<6m)的土质岸坡或混合型岸坡,宜以挡土墙工程为主,结合地表排水等进行防护;(4)对于土层较厚(≥6m)且坡度较缓(< 20°)的土质岸坡或混合型岸坡,宜以干砌条石护坡工程为主,结合石笼、水下抛石压脚等进行防护;(5)对于坡度较陡(>20°)、厚度较大(≥6m)的土质岸坡、或强风化的花岗岩岸坡,宜以格构锚工程为主,结合地表排水等进行防护。针对这5种防护方案,选择典型库岸段进行库岸防护设计。结果表明,采用这5种方案防护库岸1 km直接工程费用分别为:857.2万元、2246.0万元、931.5万元、625.5万元、2288.8万元。     

Abrasive jet machining by means of velocity shear instability in plasma

The material removal within different machining process can be performed in distinct modalities. One of the modality is based on the erosion phenomena. In this paper, theoretical model of abrasive jet machining based on erosion phenomenon is discussed. The material is removed from the surface due to erosion. In abrasive jet machining process, the output parameter is achieved by controlling various input parameters. This paper discusses the effects of various input parameters in abrasive jet machining (AJM) on the material removal rate (as the output parameter). The results presented in the paper are obtained from a theoretical study carried out with the help of mathematical model and computational technique. Theoretical investigation indicates that magnetic field, electric field and inhomogeneity in DC electric field have significant effect on metal removal by abrasive jet machining process.     

气囊回收系统的着陆适应性仿真分析

目的提出一种气囊着陆缓冲等效分析方法,将有限元仿真和理论分析相结合,借助理论分析的优点实现对气囊回收系统着陆缓冲冲击性能快速评估的目的。方法首先建立气囊有限元模型,通过有限元分析获得载荷-压缩量曲线,根据曲线拟合出接触载荷与气囊压缩量的关系式。同时,利用高斯函数模拟斜坡,考虑一质量块和气囊以一定初速度竖直向下撞击到该坡面上,只考虑坡度大小和表面粗糙度对气囊冲击载荷的影响。最后,利用中心差分法计算出质量块的位移、速度以及加速度。结果在撞击点的坡度为0°,20.27°和31.24°时,得到理论的水平方向和竖直方向上的最大过载,与仿真输出的结果进行对照,在误差允许的范围内,理论与仿真结果一致。分析比较不同撞击点的坡度下水平和竖直方向最大过载以及气囊离开地面时的角速度。当撞击点坡度为0°时,水平方向最大过载为0,随着撞击点坡度增大,水平方向的最大过载逐渐增大;竖直方向最大过载的值最大,为224.5 m/s2,随着撞击点坡度增大,竖直方向的最大过载逐渐减小。当撞击点坡度为0°时,角速度为0,气囊离开地面时的角速度逐渐增大,其增幅在0°到20°之间较大。结论气囊着陆缓冲等效分析方法计算得到的结果与仿真得到的结果相一致,验证了该理论计算方法的有效性,因此可以利用该方法对缓冲气囊的冲击性能进行快速评估。     

Sectoral emission inventories of greenhouse gases for 1990 on a per country basis as well as on 1°×1°

A set of global greenhouse gas emission inventories has been compiled per source category for the 1990 annual emissions of the direct greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O, as well as of the indirect greenhouse gases (ozone precursors) CO, NO_x and NMVOC, and of SO₂. The inventories are available by sector, both on a per country/region basis and on a 1°×1° grid. Developed by TNO and RIVM for constructing the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) Version 2.0, in co-operation with the Global Emission Inventory Activity (GEIA) of IGAC/IGBP, the inventories meet the needs of both policy-makers and atmospheric modellers. The data sources for activity data, emission factors and grid maps are discussed with the focus on anthropogenic sources of primarily CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O. The estimates of a standard group of anthropogenic sources are presented for each compound per world region.     

An Approach to Theoretical Modeling and Simulation of Face Milling Forces

A new approach to theoretical modeling and simulation of face milling forces is presented. The present approach is based on a predictive machining theory in which machining characteristic factors in continuous cutting with a single-point cutting tool can be predicted from the workpiece material properties, tool geometry, and cutting conditions. The action of a milling cutter is considered as the simultaneous work of a number of single-point cutting tools, and the milling forces are predicted from input data of workpiece material properties, cutter parameters and tooth geometry, cutting condition, cutter and workpiece vibration structure parameters, and types of milling. A predictive force model for face milling is developed using this approach. In the model, the workpiece material properties are considered as functions of strain, strain rate, and temperature. The ratio of cutter tooth engagement over milling is taken into account for the determination of temperature in the cutting region. Cutter runout is included in the modeling for the chip load. The relative displacement between the cutter and workpiece due to the cutter and workpiece vibration is also included in the modeling to consider the effect on the undeformed chip thickness. A milling force simulation system has been developed using the model, and face milling experimental tests have been conducted to verify the simulation system. It is shown that the simulation results agree well with experimental results.     

Effect of Capacitor Discharge Welding on Single-Crystal Metals

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of capacitor discharge welding (CDW) as a suitable technique for joining metal single crystals by studying the effect of CDW on the microstructure of single-crystal copper. According to solidification theory, single-crystal formation requires high thermal gradients and moderate solidification rates. Therefore, an initial analysis was performed to determine if single-crystal CDW would result in a single-crystal microstructure. Joints were made using samples with joining surfaces at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° to the (111) crystal plane. Results show that single-crystal copper can be joined using CDW without the formation of voids and grain boundaries at the weld centerline. Average etch-pit densities after CDW are lower than those reported in the literature for single-crystal copper, suggesting minimal microstructural disruption. Crystal orientation does not seem to have any effect on fusion zone thickness or etch-pit density. Further work is needed to evaluate the effect of crystal orientation on void content in single-crystal copper welds made by CDW.     

Innovative micro hole machining with minimum burr formation by the use of newly developed micro compound tool

The study focuses on the efforts for minimization of burr formation and improvement of hole surface roughness in micro through-hole machining. It deals with the development of micro compound tool which is consisting of a micro flat drill as the drilling part and a micro diamond-electroplated-grinding part for hole finishing. The finishing diameters of each drilling and grinding parts of the fabricated micro compound tool are 90 μm and 100 μm, respectively. The study focuses mainly on the effect of drill point angle and ultrasonic vibration applied during micro hole machining to the hole entrance and exit burrs formation. The used workpiece is made of stainless steel (SUS304) with a thickness of 100 μm. From the experiment, it was found that the tool having drill point angle of 118° resulted in a smaller burr formation although hole machining was conducted for 600 holes. Furthermore, the application of ultrasonic vibration during hole machining could improve the performance of the developed micro compound tool and decreased the burr size, especially the exit burr.     

Cryogenic Machining of Tantalum

A new approach for the machining of tantalum is presented. The new approach is a combination of traditional turning and cryogenically enhanced machining (CEM). In the tests, CEM was used to reduce the temperature at the cutting tool/workpiece interface, and thus reduce the temperature-dependent tool wear to prolong cutting tool life. The new method resulted in a reduction of surface roughness of the tantalum workpiece by 200% and a decrease of cutting forces by approximately 60% in experiments. Moreover, cutting tool life was extended up to 300% over that in the conventional machining.     

偏转角影响磁纤维捕集Fe基细颗粒的数值模拟

为了研究磁性纤维对钢铁行业细颗粒物的控制效果,基于计算流体力学-离散相模型（CFD-DPM）对高梯度磁场中含尘气流方向与背景磁场方向夹角（偏转角）分别为0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°时磁性单纤维捕集Fe基细颗粒进行数值模拟.分别研究高梯度磁场作用下颗粒粒径、入口风速、磁场强度对颗粒运动轨迹和捕集效率的影响.结果表明：高梯度磁场中偏转角影响磁性纤维捕集区域的位置,当角度为0°时,在纤维正对含尘气流方向区域形成颗粒捕集区,背风侧形成较大空腔;当角度为90°时,在沿气流方向纤维两侧形成面积相等的捕集区域.偏转角对小颗粒捕集效率的影响较小,当角度为0°时,对于0.5μm的颗粒捕集效率为4.1%,当角度为90°时捕集效率为3.9%.随着粒径的增大,捕集效率的增长速率先减小后增大,对于不同粒径的颗粒,当角度为0°时捕集效率最高.当风速在0.02~0.04m/s范围时,随着角度从0°增加到90°,捕集效率先降低,在45°附近达到最小值,然后升高.磁场强度的增加有利于提高捕集效率,但不同角度时的增长速率有所不同.当偏转角为0°和60°时,背景磁场强度为0.1~0.3T范围时增长速率明显大于0.3~0.9T范围内,而当偏转角为30°和90°时,背景磁场强度为0.1~0.5T范围时增长速率高于0.5~0.9T时的增长速率.     

氧化沟水力特性对处理效果和能耗的影响

氧化沟水力特性对沟内溶解氧浓度和混合液流速梯度分布影响很大,可对最终的处理效果和能耗产生重要的影响.以处理能力500 m³/d的单沟型Passver氧化沟为例,对沟内的流场分布进行了计算模拟与实测,提出了改善氧化沟水力特性的措施,并分析了改善措施对运行能耗的影响,结果表明,在曝气转刷下游的弯道处分别设置张角90°,150°,180°的导流墙均可降低局部阻力,且随着张角的增大,效果越为显著,当张角为180°时,可降低局部能耗10%左右;在转刷转速72 r/min的条件下,增设张角180°的导流墙不会对溶解氧的分布产生较大影响.根据氧化沟处理低浓度生活污水的实际运行结果,采用活性污泥模拟软件对水力特性改善前后的处理效果进行了模拟计算,结果表明,设置导流墙前后出水水质变化不大.     

The vertical structure of rotational and divergent motions over the global tropics and subtropics

Vertical variations of divergent and rotational motions are presented for 2-month averages of the 1979 Global Weather Experiment for a latitude belt extending from 60°N to 60°S. The sensitivity of these vertical structures to analysis techniques is examined for divergent and rotational motions separately. Divergent motions are linked to tropical convection and the extent to which observed rotational motions may be interpreted as a response to diabatic heating is discussed.     

The predictive value of cytogenetic diagnosis after CVS: 1500 cases

The cytogenetic results of 1500 chorionic villus samples (CVS) are presented. In these 1500 samples, 23 samples (1·5 per cent) could not be provided with a diagnosis because of laboratory failure. This failure rate dropped from 3 per cent in the first 500 samples to 0·2 per cent in the last 500. In the remaining 1477 samples, 58 (3·9 per cent) chromosomal aberrations were found. Of these, 21 (36 per cent) proved not to represent the karyotype of the fetus proper. Predictive values of (different groups of) chromosomal aberrations in CVS are calculated. The impact of (differences between) the predictive value for some major chromosomal aberrations is discussed. A tissue- and chromosome-specific selection mechanism is postulated.     

中国第四次北极科考航线上黑碳和臭氧的变化特征

利用2010年7月1日至9月20日中国第四次北极科学考察的大气成分在线观测资料,对考察航线上黑碳气溶胶(BC)、臭氧(O3)和B波段紫外辐射(UVB)的分布特征进行了分析.结果显示,这些要素总体上随纬度的增加而递减,其最大值出现在我国东部海域,最低值出现在北冰洋.进入白令海后,BC浓度变化相对平稳,白令海和北冰洋的BC平均浓度分别为15.6ng·m-3和10.5ng·m-3.白令海的平均O3体积分数比北冰洋高,分别为18.9×10-9和15.7×10-9.但在75°N以北海区O3体积分数有所升高,在80°N以北达到17.0×10-9,这一现象可能与海冰密集度和冰上光化学过程有关.UVB辐照度在中低纬地区有显著的日变化,由于在北冰洋航行期间处于极昼期,其变化幅度较小.UVB受天气影响明显,尤其是遇上气旋的阴雨天气,UVB强度较弱.     

Assessing the Performance of a Magnetostrictive-Actuated Tool Holder to Achieve Axial Modulations with Application to Dry Deep Hole Drilling

For machining operations such as drilling and tapping, the challenge of achieving dry machining is difficult due to the significant role that cutting fluid plays in lubrication and chip removal. A new approach for dry deep hole drilling of aluminum is presented. This new method utilizes a magnetostrictively actuated tool holder to modulate the axial position of a drill tip and thus vary the chip size. Under appropriate modulation conditions, small chips are produced that are relatively easy to evacuate through the drill flutes. The development of the magnetostrictive tool holder system is described and its performance is evaluated. The results of drilling tests performed with the magnetostrictive tool holder system are reported, and the new tool holder is demonstrated to offer promise as an alternative to drilling with a cutting fluid.     

Parametric glass milling with simultaneous control

Parametric glass milling is presented to machine periodical circular channels on the glass plates for manufacturing micro testing devices. An end mill traverses in the linear motion during the workpiece rotation, which are synchronized by simultaneous control. The glass milling is controlled by 4 parameters in a mathematical model without NC program. Based on the principle of the parametric machining and the effect of the cutter axis inclination on the cutting process, a milling machine was developed to perform the parametric glass milling with an inclined ball end mill. The cutter axis inclination and the actual feed rate are associated with the critical feed rate, the maximum feed rate at which a crack-free surface is finished. As a machining example, a periodical circular channel was machined with a transparent surface by the simultaneous control.     

Preparation and characterization of boron-doped corn straw biochar: Fe (Ⅱ) removal equilibrium and kinetics

Nowadays, iron ions as a ubiquitous heavy metal pollutant are gradually concerned and the convenient and quick removal of excessive iron ions in groundwater has become a major challenge for the safety of drinking water. In this study, boron-doped biochar (B-BC) was successfully prepared at various preparation conditions with the addition of boric acid. The as-prepared material has a more developed pore structure and a larger specific surface area (up to 897.97 m²/g). A series of characterization results shows that boric acid effectively activates biochar, and boron atoms are successfully doped on biochar. Compared with the ratio of raw materials, the pyrolysis temperature has a greater influence on the amount of boron doping. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of 800B-BC_1:2 at 25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C are 50.02 mg/g, 95.09 mg/g, 132.78 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model can better describe the adsorption process, the adsorption process is mainly chemical adsorption. Chemical complexation, ions exchange, and co-precipitation may be the main mechanisms for Fe²⁺ removal.     

From large-scale to micromachining: A review of force prediction models

In this paper, a review of work performed in the area of force modelling in metal cutting processes is presented. Past and present trends are described and criticised to compare their relevance with current requirements. Several approaches are reviewed, such as empirical, mechanistic and analytical models. The models’ ability to predict forces, from rough machining to finish machining, is analysed.