Highly efficient polishing technology for glass substrates using tribo-chemical polishing with electrically controlled slurry

The outstanding advantage of the novel polishing technology developed by the authors is a considerable reduction in cerium oxide consumption for polishing of glass substrates. This has been realized by introducing tribo-chemical polishing method along with a technique to control the movement of abrasives using an AC electric field. In this paper, we have analyzed the characteristics of the new polishing technique from the viewpoint of slurry distribution in the polishing area under various electric field conditions using a digital image processing and its influence on polishing performance using the experimental setup consisting of high speed polishing method under AC electric field. The results confirmed the increase of slurry distribution in the polishing area under appropriate AC electric field conditions and consequently led to enhanced removal rate, which was 2.5 times higher than that of the conventional CMP (chemical mechanical polishing) method. Furthermore, in spite of enhanced removal rate the surface roughness was comparable to CMP method.     

Immobilization of nitrite oxidizing bacteria using biopolymeric chitosan media

The effects of chitosan characteristics including the degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, particle size, pH pretreatment and immobilization time on the immobilization of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) on biopolymeric chitosan were investigated. Nitrite removal efficiency of immobilized NOB depended on the degree of deacetylation, particle size, pH pretreatment on the surface of chitosan and immobilization time. Scanning electron microscope characterization illustrated that the number of NOB cells attached to the surface of chitosan increased with an increment of immobilization time. The optimal condition for NOB immobilization on chitosan was achieved during a 24-hr immobilization period using chitosan with the degree of deacetylation larger than 80% and various particle size ranges between 1-5 mm at pH 6.5. In general, the NOB immobilized on chitosan flakes has a high potential to remove excess nitrite from wastewater and aquaculture systems.     

The contribution of mediated oxidation mechanisms in the electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid using diamond anodes

In this work, the contribution of mediated oxidation mechanisms in the electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid using boron-doped diamond(BDD) anodes was investigated in different electrolytes. A complete mineralization of cyanuric acid was obtained in Na Cl;however lower degrees of mineralization of 70% and 40% were obtained in Na2SO4 and Na Cl O4, respectively. This can be explained by the nature of the oxidants electrogenerated in each electrolyte. It is clear that the contribution of active chlorine(Cl2, HCl O, Cl O-)electrogenerated from oxidation of chlorides on BDD is much more important in the electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid than the persulfate and hydroxyl radicals produced by electro-oxidation of sulfate and water on BDD anodes. This could be explained by the high affinity of active chlorine towards nitrogen compounds. No organic intermediates were detected during the electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid in any the electrolytes, which can be explained by their immediate depletion by hydroxyl radicals produced on the BDD surface. Nitrates and ammonium were the final products of electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid on BDD anodes in all electrolytes. In addition, small amounts of chloramines were formed in the chloride medium. Low current density(≤ 10 m A/cm2) and neutral medium(p H in the range 6–9) should be used for high efficiency electrolytic degradation and negligible formation of hazardous chlorate and perchlorate.     

流动电位法测定滤料表面的Zeta电位

滤料表面的ζ电位是评价滤料颗粒表面性质的重要指标之一,研究滤料表面的ζ电位对于提高过滤效率以及开发改性滤料是十分重要的.根据流动电位与ζ电位的关系自制了一套测定ζ电位的装置,经测定计算出了4种常用水处理滤料表面的ζ电位,结果表明:当滤料的粒径范围在0.45～0.9mm之间时,使用该装置测得的磁铁矿、无烟煤、核桃壳和陶粒表面ζ电位分别为-27.64mV、-6.54mV、-5.87mV、-2.30mV.电子能谱和红外光谱分析结果证明磁铁矿、无烟煤、核桃壳和陶粒滤料表面ζ电位的差异主要归因于其表面化学结构的不同.     

对钻石检测分级标准的几点思考

国家标准GB/T 16 5 5 4- 1996《钻石分级》颁布已近 5年 ,大量的实践表明 :该标准有许多问题 ,有待解决完善。     

Removal of Methyl Violet from aqueous solutions using poly （acrylic acid.co-acrylamide）/attapulgite composite

The adsorption of Methyl Violet (MV) cationic dye from aqueous solution was carried out by using crosslinked poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/attapulgite (Poly(AA-co-AM)/ATP) composite as adsorbent. The factors influencing adsorption capacity of the composite such as pH, concentration of the dye, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage, ionic strength and surfactant were systematically investigated. The equilibrium data fitted very well to the Langmuir isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity reached 1194 mg/g at 30°C. The thermodynamic parameters including G0, △H0 and △S 0 for the adsorption processes of MV on the composite were also calculated, and the negative △H0 and △G0 confirmed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process was consistent with the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the desorption studies revealed that the regeneration of the composite adsorbent can be easily achieved.     

基于TOUGH2/EOS9nT模拟饱和双区介质砂柱中纳米颗粒的运移

随着纳米材料的大量生产和广泛应用,纳米颗粒不可避免地进入环境中,对地下水系统和人体健康产生潜在影响,研究纳米颗粒在地下水中的迁移规律具有重要意义.采用TOUGH2/EOS9nT模块,基于多重相互作用连续体(MINC)概念和胶体过滤理论,数值分析示踪剂KNO_3和纳米氧化石墨烯在一维非均质砂柱中的运移.研究结果表明:1MINC方法能够有效模拟双重非均质介质,非均质介质渗透系数的差异是造成出流穿透曲线双峰和拖尾特征的主要原因之一;随溶液离子强度增大,纳米氧化石墨烯在饱和非均质介质中的迁移能力下降;基于EOS9nT模块中的线性平衡过滤模型可有效模拟低离子强度下双重非均质介质中纳米颗粒运移,但即使采用动态过滤模型仍无法精确模拟高离子强度下纳米颗粒的运移;2通过双渗模型中渗透率的敏感性分析发现:随渗透率比值增大,裂隙区穿透曲线峰值提前,基质区曲线峰值推后,穿透曲线双峰现象更明显;3比较三重介质和双重介质,发现总穿透曲线受三重区域各自曲线叠加时刻影响,也表现出峰值/拖尾的增强或削弱,在合适的渗透率比值下,可能出现三个峰值和拖尾.     

Electrochemical inactivation of cyanobacteria and microcystin degradation using a boron-doped diamond anode——A potential tool for cyanobacterial bloom control

Cyanobacterial blooms are global phenomena that can occur in calm and nutrient-rich(eutrophic) fresh and marine waters. Human exposure to cyanobacteria and their biologically active products is possible during water sports and various water activities, or by ingestion of contaminated water. Although the vast majority of harmful cyanobacterial products are confined to the interior of the cells, these are eventually released into the surrounding water following natural or artificially induced cell death. Electrochemical oxidation has been used here to damage cyanobacteria to halt their proliferation, and for microcystin degradation under in-vitro conditions. Partially spent Jaworski growth medium with no addition of supporting electrolytes was used. Electrochemical treatment resulted in the cyanobacterial loss of cell-buoyancy regulation, cell proliferation arrest, and eventual cell death. Microcystin degradation was studied separately in two basic modes of treatment: batch-wise flow, and constant flow, for electrolytic-cell exposure. Batch-wise exposure simulates treatment under environmental conditions, while constant flow is more appropriate for the study of boron-doped diamond electrode efficacy under laboratory conditions. The effectiveness of microcystin degradation was established using high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector analysis, while the biological activities of the products were estimated using a colorimetric protein phosphatase-1 inhibition assay. The results indicate potential for the application of electro-oxidation methods for the control of bloom events by taking advantage of specific intrinsic ecological characteristics of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. The applicability of the use of boron-doped diamond electrodes in remediation of water exposed to cyanobacteria bloom events is discussed.     

掺硼金刚石电极处理榨菜废水试验研究

掺硼金刚石(BDD)电极在电化学氧化难生物降解性废水时具有电化学性能良好、处理效果好等特点,因而受到广泛关注.本试验采用BDD电极电化学氧化榨菜废水,并考察了稀释比、初始pH值、电流密度、极板间距等参数对COD、氨氮(NH3-N)去除率的影响.试验结果表明:在稀释比为1∶2、电流密度50 mA·cm-2、未调节pH值、极板间距为15 mm的最优工况下,COD、NH3-N去除率分别为96.9%、100%.COD去除率满足线性方程y=0.435t(R2=0.9899),NH3-N去除率满足多项式拟合方程y=0.53+0.936t+0.031t2-3.46×10-4t3(R2=0.9956).研究表明,BDD电极电化学氧化榨菜废水是一种有效的高级氧化工艺.     

Decomposition of poly(amide-imide) film enameled on solid copper wire using atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasma

The decomposition of a poly(amide-imide) thin film coated on a solid copper wire was attempted using atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasma. The plasma was produced by applying microwave power to an electrically conductive material in a gas mixture of argon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The poly(amide-imide) thin film was easily decomposed by argon-oxygen mixed gas plasma and an oxidized copper surface was obtained. The reduction of the oxidized surface with argon-hydrogen mixed gas plasma rapidly yielded a metallic copper surface. A continuous plasma heat-treatment process using a combination of both the argon-oxygen plasma and argon-hydrogen plasma was found to be suitable for the decomposition of the poly(amide-imide) thin film coated on the solid copper wire.     

Electrochemical decolorization of dye wastewater by surface-activated boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond electrode

Complex organics contained in dye wastewater are difficult to degrade and often require electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) to treat it. Surface activation of the electrode used in such treatment is an important factor determining the success of the process. The performance of boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BD-NCD) film electrode for decolorization of Acid Yellow (AY-36) azo dye with respect to the surface activation by electrochemical polarization was studied. Anodic polarization found to be more suitable as electrode pretreatment compared to cathodic one. After anodic polarization, the originally H-terminated surface of BD-NCD was changed into O-terminated, making it more hydrophilic. Due to the oxidation of surface functional groups and some portion of sp² carbon in the BD-NCD film during anodic polarization, the electrode was successfully being activated showing lower background current, wider potential window and considerably less surface activity compared to the non-polarized one. Consequently, electrooxidation (EO) capability of the anodically-polarized BD-NCD to degrade AY-36 dye was significantly enhanced, capable of nearly total decolorization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal even after several times of re-using. The BD-NCD film electrode favored acidic condition for the dye degradation; and the presence of chloride ion in the solution was found to be more advantageous than sulfate active species.     

苯酚在金刚石膜电极上的电化学氧化降解过程

采用循环伏安法、交流阻抗法、恒电位计时电流法,并结合高效液相色谱方法,研究了苯酚在金刚石膜电极上的电化学氧化降解过程.结果表明,苯酚在电化学氧化降解中经历了苯二酚、苯醌的形成和进一步被氧化的过程,苯二酚在反应过程中的积累很少,迅速氧化为苯醌,而醌类中间产物则较难进一步氧化,在反应过程中积累的浓度较高.苯酚在金刚石膜电极上有不同的电化学氧化反应途径,在低于金刚石膜电极析氧电位下,发生单纯直接电化学氧化过程;在高于金刚石膜电极析氧电位下,间接电化学氧化和直接电化学氧化将同时发生作用.     

Adsorption of Disperse Blue SBL dye by synthesized poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite

The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the adsorption in batch mode of a disperse dye (Disperse Blue SBL) by poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite synthesized by coprecipitation between Ca(NO_3)_2 and (NH_4)_2HPO4 reagents in aqueous solution at room temperature. The adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the factors that influence the dye uptake by the adsorbent, such as the contact time under agitation, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, solution temperature, and pH. The e...     

Electrochemical incineration of dimethyl phthalate by anodic oxidation with boron-doped diamond electrode

The anodic oxidation of aqueous solutions containing dimethyl phthalate (DMP) up to 125 mg/L with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as supporting electrolyte within the pH range 2.0–10.0 was studied using a one-compartment batch reactor employing a boron-doped diamond (BDD) as anode. Electrolyses were carried out at constant current density (1.5–4.5 mA/cm2). Complete mineralization was always achieved owing to the great concentration of hydroxyl radical (.OH) generated at the BDD surface. The e ects of pH, apparent current density and initial DMP concentration on the degradation rate of DMP, the specific charge required for its total mineralization and mineralization current e ciency were investigated systematically. The mineralization rate of DMP was found to be pH-independent and to increase with increasing applied current density. Results indicated that this electrochemical process was subjected, at least partially, to the mass transfer of organics onto the BDD surface. Kinetic analysis of the temporal change of DMP concentration during electrolysis determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) revealed that DMP decay under all tested conditions followed a pseudo first-order reaction. Aromatic intermediates and generated carboxylic acids were identified by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and a general pathway for the electrochemical incineration of DMP on BDD was proposed.     

Efficient capture of aqueous humic acid using a functionalized stereoscopic porous activated carbon based on poly(acrylic acid)/food-waste hydrogel

Stereoscopic porous carbons have shown good potential in humic acid (HA) removal. In this work, a novel stereoscopic porous activated carbon (SPAC) was designed and synthesized via the self-assembly of a hydrogel based on food waste during in-situ polymerization, vacuum drying, carbonization, and activation. Then, the SPAC was functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and the adsorption behavior of the modified SPAC (SPAC-NH₂) was studied systematically. The effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration of HA, and adsorbent dose were investigated, showing that optimal HA removal efficiency (> 98.0%) could be achieved at an initial HA concentration of 100?mg/L. The experimental adsorption isotherm data was fitted to the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 156.0?mg?HA/g SPAC-NH₂. Analysis of the mechanism indicated that the removal of HA was mainly realized through the amidization reaction between the COOH groups of HA and the NH₂ groups of APTES. All of the above results showed that SPAC-NH₂ powder is an efficient, eco-friendly, and reusable adsorbent which is suitable for the removal of HA from wastewater.     

Comparison between numerical simulations and experiments for single-point diamond turning of single-crystal silicon carbide

Single-point diamond turning (SPDT) experiments conducted on single-crystal 6-H silicon carbide (SiC) have shown chip formation similar to that seen in the machining of metals. The ductile nature of SiC is believed to be the result of a high-pressure phase transformation (HPPT), which generates a plastic zone of material that behaves in a metallic manner. This metallic behavior is the basis for using AdvantEdge, a metal machining simulation software, for comparison to experimental results.Simulations (2D) were carried out by matching the SPDT experimental conditions, which were conducted at nanometer (nm) depths of cut and varying tool rake angles. The experiments were performed by machining the circumference of the single-crystal wafer, thereby conforming to a 2D orthogonal cut (plunge cuts, or an infeed, achieved the depth of cut, and no cross feed was incorporated).The cutting and thrust forces generated from the experiments under ductile cutting conditions compared favorably with the simulation. As the depth of cut is decreased (250 nm, 100 nm, and 50 nm), the experimental conditions transition from a brittle to ductile behavior, with the 50 nm cuts being dominated by the ductile regime. Thus, the forces from the experiment and the simulations are in much better agreement for the smaller depths of cut, that is, below the critical depth of cut that establishes the ductile-to-brittle transition, as ductile conditions exist in both the simulation and experiments. The differences in the results that do arise are assumed to be primarily due to a springback of the material leading to increased rubbing on the flank face.     

Environmental safety via a clean technology of diamond extraction—a laboratory experiment

Before diamonds can be made beautiful, they have to be removed from their natural state within the kimberlite ore. Breaking of the ore in crushers is not very effective since the diamonds are subjected in the process to a high dynamic load that damages them and reduces their market value. A new method was developed for extracting diamonds from the ore with minimized damage. The chunks of ore are processed in specialized solutions under a special regime. As a result, the ore loses its hardness and disintegrates under weak mechanical action, and the quantity and quality of diamonds extracted from the same volume of ore is increased. The method may be realized in a closed cycle without waste, and guarantees a high level of environmental safety.     

湖南早前寒武纪变质结晶基底的Sm-Nd同位素年龄

出露在湘东北益阳一浏阳，呈近东西向断续分布，经角闪岩相一绿片岩相变质结晶片岩、层状、似层状超镁铁质岩的sm—Nd全岩等时线年龄为2．6—3．028Ga、2．2—1．9Ga，应属湖南早前寒纪结晶基底岩片。