Thermally Enhanced Edge Registration for Aligning Diffusion-Bonded Laminae

A thermally enhanced edge registration technique is presented for precision aligning large numbers of laminae in diffusion bonding processes. The technique uses the difference in thermal expansion between a graphite fixture and metallic laminae to produce a registration force at the bonding temperature. At room temperature, a clearance is designed into the graphite fixture to allow for easy loading of the laminae. At the bonding temperature, the laminae interfere with the side of the fixture producing the registration force. The technique has been extensively studied and found to consistently provide an average layer-to-layer misregistration of less than 5 μm. The technique provides a plausible means for the high-volume registration of large quantities of diffusion-bonded laminae.     

鲅鱼圈热电厂温排水的现场观测和三维数值模拟

为研究鲅鱼圈热电厂温排水的热污染问题,对其附近海域潮流和水温进行了现场观测,并利用RMA-10三维有限元模型模拟热电厂附近海域海水温升场的分布。现场观测和数值模拟结果表明:（1）温排水对电厂邻近海域温度分布影响明显,模拟得出鲅鱼圈海域表层海水受电厂温排水影响温升在1℃和4℃上的面积平均值分别为0.648 km2和0.199 km2;（2）热羽面积变化趋势与涨、落潮过程呈现高度相关性,同一潮次中低潮时刻热羽面积大于高潮时刻。（3）海水温升分布呈现出较明显的垂向差异,表层温升面积为底层温升面积的2～4倍,表明由于温差所产生的浮力效应,温排水主要集中于海水表层流动。研究结果表明通常采用的基于垂向平均的二维温排水数值模型无法精确模拟温度分层,只有建立三维模型才能对温排水引起的温升场进行精确模拟。     

The potential for improvements in energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in the EU27 cement industry and the relationship with the capital budgeting decision criteria

This paper performs a cost-effectiveness analysis of some of the best available technologies (BAT) that can contribute to decreasing the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the European Union’s (EU27) cement industry. Several capital budgeting decision criteria have been used (the payback period, the net present value and the internal rate of return) to study whether or not an investment should be considered worthwhile. The results show that, independent of the capital budgeting decision criteria used, the number of cost-effective retrofitting possibilities available is large compared to the rate of improvements that the industry undertakes annually. This shows the insensitivity of the industry to financial criteria when it comes to making their investment decisions. The possible thermal energy improvement in the clinker production, if all these BATs were implemented, has been quantified to be around 10%. This achievement would place the cement industry in the upper bound of the benchmark range for clinker manufacture. However considering the delays observed nowadays in terms of diffusion of BATs in the cement industry, it requires a conducive policy environment that combines support for both technology development and to their deployment.     

Metal microchannel lamination using surface mount adhesives for low-temperature heat exchangers

This paper reports the feasibility of using surface mount adhesives to produce low temperature microchannel arrays in a wide variety of metals. Sheet metal embossing and chemical etching processes have been used to produce sealing bosses that eliminate channel laminae, resulting in approximately 50% material savings over traditional methods. An assembly process using adhesive dispense and cure is outlined to produce leak-free devices. Optimal fill ratios were determined to be between 1.1 and 1.25. Bond strength investigation reveals robustness to surface conditions and a bond strength of 5.5–8.5 MPa using a 3X safety factor. Dimensional characterization reveals a two sigma (95%) post-bonded channel height tolerance under 10% after bonding. Patterning tolerance and surface roughness of the laminae faying surfaces were found to have a significant influence on the final post-bonded channel height. Leakage and burst pressure testing on several samples has established confidence that adhesive bonding can produce leak-free joints. Operating pressures up to 413 kPa have been satisfied, equating to tensile pressure on bond joints of 1.9 MPa. Higher operating pressures can be accommodated by increasing the bond area of devices.     

基于状态空间法的大型气候环境实验室热负荷仿真模型

目的建立可用于大型气候环境实验室初期设计热负荷计算的方法和模型,对实验室的热负荷进行计算,为制冷系统选型提供依据。方法通过分析实验室的组成结构和热负荷来源,基于状态空间法建立各部分的热负荷计算方法,在Simulink中搭建以制冷量为输入参数的实验室热负荷计算仿真模型,对实验室空载降温过程进行仿真。结果该仿真模型可以快速对实验室热负荷进行计算,并且可以方便地增减热负荷模块,实验室在降温过程中热负荷达3500 k W以上,地板结构的热负荷占到了总热负荷50%以上。结论热负荷计算结果可应用于空调系统和制冷系统的设计和选型,以及控制策略的优化。     

基于资源比较优势的森林公园旅游增长方式合理性研究

利用Cobb-Douglas函数对各省森林公园旅游增长方式进行判别,结合“资源比较优势”和“资源利用合理度”,重点分析旅游资源在森林公园旅游增长过程中的作用及其利用水平。研究发现：中国森林公园在旅游增长过程中,不仅存在资本投入过剩现象,也存在旅游资源利用不合理的现象,并且由于资本投入过剩直接导致部分省份的旅游资源处于不合理利用状态,表现为旅游资源“利用过度”和“利用不足”;全国有19个省份的旅游资源利用状态处于不合理状态,其中8个处于过度开发状态,以东部沿海和中部省份为主;11个处于利用不足状态,以西南和西北各省为主。旅游资源禀赋、旅游资源比较优势和旅游资源利用合理度会因各省资本投入的不同而出现不完全匹配的发展局面。     

基于统计能量分析的热效应对高频声振响应影响研究

目的研究热效应对统计能量分析中三个重要参数的影响规律。方法利用有限元法和波法对耦合损耗因子进行分析计算,采用上述两种计算方法分别在三种工况下(仅考虑材料参数变化的工况;仅考虑热应力影响的工况;综合考虑材料参数变化和热应力影响的工况)进行高频声振响应分析,研究热效应对L型板耦合损耗因子的影响规律。结果两者计算结果基本一致。温度变化会对耦合损耗因子造成一定影响,但是影响有限,相对而言在低频段造成的影响较大,在高频段影响较小。结论在400~5000 Hz频带范围内,利用FEM计算耦合损耗因子,其计算结果与波法计算结果基本一致,证明了它的有效性。     

Warm forming die design,part I: Experimental validation of a novel thermal finite element modeling code

Finite element analysis (FEA) has become an invaluable tool in the design of sheet metal stamping dies and processes. FEA has gained widespread acceptance as the best method of optimizing dies for conventional stamping processes. More recently, FEA has been shown to be an effective method of designing tooling for sheet forming processes. In this work, an FEA based approach is applied to the warm stamping (warm forming) process. This work introduces a new thermal finite element analysis software called PASSAGE®/Forming (PASSAGE) that enables the up-front design of the thermal management of warm forming dies. This thermal finite element analysis software is designed to specifically handle the forming and optimization scenarios related to the heating of a stamping die while minimizing user interface time. In this work, PASSAGE has been applied to a simple block of steel embedded with cartridge heaters to validate the prediction capability of this software under two different heating conditions. The results show that PASSAGE is capable of predicting the actual steady-state temperature distribution within the block with an acceptable level of accuracy while yielding notable information to the user with respect to specifying power requirements. A finite element software package like PASSAGE is a valuable tool that will aid greatly in the implementation of warm forming as a manufacturing process beyond the scope of the laboratory and into production.     

Self-registration methods for increasing membrane utilization within compression-sealed microchannel hemodialysers

More than 1.2 million people worldwide require regular hemodialysis therapy to treat end stage renal failure. Current hemodialysis systems are too expensive to support at-home hemodialysis where more frequent and longer duration treatment can lead to better patient outcomes. The key cost driver for hemodialysers is the cost of the hemodialysis membrane. Microchannel hemodialysers are smaller providing the potential to use significantly less membrane. Prior work has demonstrated the use of sealing bosses to form compression seals in microchannel hemodialysers. In this paper, estimates show that the percentage of the membrane utilized for mass transfer is highly dependent on the design and registration accuracy of adjacent blood and dialysate laminae. Efforts here focus on the development of a self-registration method to align polycarbonate laminae compatible with compression sealing schemes for membrane separation applications. Self-nesting registration methods were demonstrated with average registration accuracies of 11.4 ± 7.2 μm measured over a 50 mm scale. Analysis shows that the registration accuracy is constrained by tolerances in the embossing process. A dialysis test article was produced using the self-nesting registration method showing a measured average one-dimensional misregistration of 18.5 μm allowing a potential 41.4% of the membrane to be utilized for mass transfer when considering both microchannel and header regions. Mass transfer results provide evidence of a twofold to threefold increase in membrane utilization over other designs in the existing literature.     

数值风洞与物理风洞对烟塔合一排烟的比较研究

热电厂"烟塔合一"排烟技术因其初期投资和运行维护费用少,排烟效果好、SO2落地浓度低等优势,特别是在机场附近的净空限高和对景观环境有特殊要求的地区具有广阔的发展空间。目前国内外广泛使用的大气污染物预测模型——德国模式在烟塔合一排烟方式的预测上尚存在许多问题,如大风下洗条件下,冷却塔附近空腔区的大小和范围、空腔区污染物最大地面浓度等难以给出准确的预测结果。为准确预测烟塔合一排烟方式的大气污染物扩散情况,一种新的大气污染物扩散预测模式——数值风洞模型以及物理风洞实验被用于模拟烟塔合一的环境影响,分析数值风洞模式和物理风洞实验在大气环境预测领域应用的适用性和优缺点。2个预测方法的结果表明:在烟塔合一排烟方式下,大气污染物最大落地浓度随风速增加而增加同时在冷却塔下风向存在负压区,污染物在该区域高浓度聚集。对2种方法进行比较,物理风洞实验由于受到物质和气象等条件的限制,无法得到精确的预测结果以及无法直观地描述空腔区的产生和变化规律。而数值风洞模拟具有更大的自由度和灵活性,预测出在夏季6 m/s风速下,冷却塔下风向最大落地浓度出现峰值,属于最不利的气象条件。同时该方法可利用图形化手段实现对空腔区产生、变化、破碎至再生成的全过程描述,从而建立了一种大气污染预测的重要手段。     

Energy Partition and Cooling During Grinding

High temperatures in grinding can cause thermal damage to the workpiece. This paper presents an overview of quantitative methods to calculate grinding temperatures and the energy partition to the workpiece. It is shown that the energy partition, and consequently the grinding zone temperature, depends on the type of abrasives, fluid application conditions, and grinding process parameters. For regular grinding with conventional aluminum-oxide abrasive wheels, the energy partition typically ranges from 60% to 85%. However, for creep-feed grinding with slow work speeds and large depths of cut, cooling by the fluid at the grinding zone reduces the energy partition to less than 5%. For grinding with cubic boron nitride (CBN) superabrasive wheels, the energy partition is about 20% due to the high thermal conductivity of the CBN abrasive. However, this may be reduced from 8% to 5% for grinding with porous vitrified CBN wheels at high removal rates due to the combined effect of the high thermal conductivity of CBN abrasive and cooling by the fluid at the grinding zone.     

Perspirable skin: Thermal buckling achieved by complex functionally graded materials

A perspirable skin is a new design concept of thermal protection system that will autonomously reduce the surface temperature in many applications such as reentry and hypersonic vehicles. A unique design features an assembly of tiles, which buckles upon heating. Potentially, a large gap can be generated through this buckling action. These tiles will be assembled and shrink-fitted within an opening on the existing skin. To induce the buckling action, each tile needs to have a unique CTE variation, which causes thermal expansion radially and thermal shrinkage tangentially. This paper concentrates on the fabrication of these tiles made of complex functionally graded materials (FGMs), and presents our effort to design and fabricate these tiles.     

科技创新投入对环境全要素生产率的影响机制

使用2004~2015年的中国280个地级市的面板数据,对科技创新投入与环境全要素生产率间的非线性关系、内部影响机理和空间异质性进行分析,结果显示：科技创新投入与环境全要素生产率之间呈现倒N型关系,两个拐点的位置分别为7.722（2257.47万元）和9.610（14913.17万元）;在外部资本进入、污染治理、市场规模效应3种影响路径中,科技创新投入影响下的外部资本进入对环境全要素生产率依然存在污染避难所的负向效应,科技创新投入与外部资本间效应为0.1363,外部资本与环境全要素生产率间效应为-0.0065;科技创新投入能够增强企业的污染治理技术并提高环境全要素生产率,三者间前后效应分别为-0.0277和-0.0311;科技创新的投入与高效益增强了市场规模效应,有效促进生产结构的转型进而提高环境全要素生产率,三者间前后效应为0.0186和0.4346.空间异质性中,外部资本进入与溢出效应带来的污染避难所负效应在中部地区显著,在西部和东北部地区不显著,而污染天堂正效应在东部地区存在但不显著;污染创新治理投入的技术正溢出效应在东部和西部地区效应显著,在中部和东北部不显著;科技创新投入与市场需求规模效应在空间区域无差异且显著为正.建议依据科技创新投入的不同影响路径来实施空间差异化策略.     

大型煤化工项目基建期环境保护管理的探讨

多伦煤基烯烃项目是内蒙古大型煤化工建设项目之一,随着该地区煤化工建设项目的日益增多,针对项目建设所带来的生态影响,如何做好项目基建期环境保护管理工作显得越来越重要,这对项目投产运行所产生的环境效益和社会效益起着举足轻重的作用.因此,基建期环境保护管理工作不容忽视.     

Barriers to industrial energy efficiency investments in Greece

This paper sets out to investigate the main determinants of industrial decision-making process with respect to energy efficiency investments. Based on a survey among Greek industries, in the empirical analysis probit models are employed. The results support that an energy saving campaign should regard industries as subgroups with different needs and different managerial aspects. The importance of qualified employees is also established from this survey. An energy conservation framework would be more effective if the diffusion of information with regard to industrial energy saving investments is based on investment in human capital.     

薄板深拉延成形有限元仿真

板材成形有限元仿真采用虚拟制造技术反映模具与板材之间的相互作用以及板材实际变形的全过程,有助于推动生产的快速化和设计的智能化。汽车企业通过对板材成形过程的有限元仿真可确定钢板性能参数范围和冲压工艺参数范围,以保证生产的稳定性。采用动力显式有限元软件LS-DYNA,对上海宝钢St14-T冷轧薄板的深拉延成形过程进行了仿真计算,分析了变形过程的金属流动规律。     

Tradable CO2 permits for cars and trucks

The accelerated diffusion of cleaner vehicles to reduce CO₂ emissions in transport can be explicitly integrated in emission trading designs by making use of cross-sectoral energy efficiency investment opportunities that are found in data on CO₂ emissions during the production and the use of cars and trucks. We therefore elaborate the introduction of tradable certificates that are allocated or grandfathered to manufacturers that provide vehicles (and other durable goods) that enable their customers to reduce their own CO₂ emissions. This certificate is an allowance for each tonne CO₂ avoided. Manufacturers can then sell these certificates on the emission market and use the revenues to lower the price of their cleanest vehicles. This mechanism should partially overcome the price difference with less efficient cars. In a simulation, we found that the introduction of the certificate in tradable permit systems can lead to very significant reductions of CO₂ emissions. The simulations indicate that CO₂ emissions resulting from the car fleet can be reduced by 25–38% over a period of 15 years (starting in 1999). For the truck fleet, the reduction potential is more limited but still very interesting.     

Design and fabrication of a laminated thermoforming tool with enhanced features

Thermoforming is a popular manufacturing process for creating useful shapes out of heated thermoplastic sheets using a porous tool under differential pressure. For large, heavy-gauge parts, thermoforming tools are typically made by CNC machining a billet of material or sand casting from an inexpensive master pattern. Although these tooling methods are well established, it is difficult to incorporate enhanced tool functionality such as conformal cooling channels, embedded sensors, unimpeded vacuum channel placement, and customized thermal mass. Profiled Edge Laminas (PEL), a rapid tooling method based on profiling, assembling, and clamping an array of thick layers, is ideally suited for tools used for thermoforming large, heavy-gauge parts and requiring enhanced features. This paper describes how the PEL tooling method can be applied to the design and fabrication of a thermoforming tool and demonstrates the entire process through a case study. Tooling design guidelines and analytical models for predicting conformal channel and vacuum line performance are included. The ease with which multiple-zone conformal cooling/heating channels, vacuum lines, and temperature sensors are incorporated into the tool is also highlighted. Specifically, a 46-layer aluminum PEL tool clamped together with bolts is successfully designed, fabricated, and demonstrated for thermoforming a 0.3×0.4×0.4 m part made from a PVC/Acrylic blend based on the outlined method. The tool incorporates three independent cooling zones sealed by a polymer sealant, three embedded temperature sensors, and an elaborate matrix of vacuum channels. All tool features and the basic geometry were machined into each individual lamina in the same set-up by 2D abrasive waterjet machining, and the final tool surface was CNC-machined. The PEL tooling method is successfully applied to the manufacture of a large, heavy-gauge thermoformed part intended for production.     

Florida Power Corporation–Anclote Power Plant Entrainment Survival of Zooplankton

Florida Power Corporation (FPC) owns and operates the Anclote Power Plant at the mouth of the Anclote River on the Gulf of Mexico near Tarpon Springs, Florida. The circulating water system for the plant consists of six circulating water pumps, four cooling tower pumps serving two sidestream mechanical draft cooling towers, and four dilution pumps. The dilution pumps, which transfer water directly from the intake canal to the discharge canal, are capable of achieving FPC’s thermal discharge limitations when the ambient temperature is favorable. However, allowable dilution pump usage has been severely limited in past renewals of the NPDES Permit due to the conservative agency assumption that no zooplankton survived entrainment through these pumps. However, during a recent renewal of the NPDES Permit for Anclote, FPC proposed to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) an increase in dilution pump operation. To facilitate the review of this proposal, FPC agreed to perform a study of entrainment survival through the plant during September–November 1995. The results of this study demonstrated that overall entrainment survival for selected life stages and species of zooplankton, including ichthyoplankton, was significantly greater than had been previously hypothesized. Interestingly, the data demonstrated that zooplankton survived entrainment through the unit condensers at a mean overall rate of 68.2%, despite experiencing a temperature differential of up to 7°C. Mean overall survival through the dilution pumps was calculated to be 87.0%. This information was used by the FDEP as the basis for a permit revision allowing increased usage of the dilution pumps for control of thermal discharges. This allows FPC to greatly reduce operation of the cooling towers, which cause near total mortality of entrained zooplankton due to mechanical and chemical stressors.     

石崆山Ⅱ号段岩质高边坡稳定性的有限单元法(FEM)分析评价

岩质高边坡是常见的自然地质环境问题和重要的岩土工程问题之一,涉及工程地质学、岩体力学问题。针对漳州—龙岩高速公路石崆Ⅱ号段岩质高边坡稳定性问题,采用有限单元法(FEM)进行计算分析。计算分析结果表明石崆山Ⅱ号段岩质高边坡是稳定安全的。有限单元法在岩质高边坡稳定性的计算分析中的应用,正处在完善和发展之中。它的计算分析正确与否或精确程度,很大程度上取决于对边坡岩体工程地质条件的正确理解和归纳概化,取决于计算参数的合理客观选取。