压滤处理对水葫芦不同部位厌氧发酵的影响

为提高水葫芦的厌氧产气性能,将水葫芦整株、茎和根压滤,分别将压滤前后的水葫芦根、茎和整株以及压滤液接种进行中温批式厌氧消化实验,考察了发酵过程中产气量、pH值和挥发性脂肪酸的变化情况.结果表明,压滤处理明显提高了水葫芦各部位的厌氧产气能力,压滤后的水葫芦整株、根和茎的TS产气量分别为271.93、87.29和330.83 ml·g-1TS,较压滤前分别提高了75.33%、92.04%和72.95%;压滤处理对水葫芦各部位发酵过程中pH和挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响不大;水葫芦各部位压滤液的厌氧产气能力均较差,不适合进行厌氧发酵产气.因此,将水葫芦压滤后厌氧发酵是一种提高水葫芦厌氧生物转化率的可行的方法.     

添加剂对污泥厌氧消化性能的影响

在间歇培养条件下,研究了还原型辅酶Ⅱ（NADPH）、乙酰辅酶A（Acetyl Co A）和对氨基苯甲酸（PABA）3种添加剂对污泥厌氧消化性能的影响.结果表明,3种微生物活性促进剂均能促进污泥厌氧消化产气.其中,NADPH的促进效果最为显著,消化第35 d,产甲烷量比对照组高15.90%.在污泥含固率为3%、未调初始pH（pH=6.7）和温度35℃的厌氧消化条件下,NADPH的最佳添加量为50 mg.L-1,消化第36 d,污泥累积产甲烷量127.13 mL.g-1VSS.在含固率3%、初始pH=8.5、温度55℃和NADPH添加量为50 mg.L-1的工艺条件下,污泥厌氧产气效果最佳,消化第30 d时累积产甲烷量达158.02 mL.g-1VSS.     

餐厨垃圾与污泥联合两步厌氧发酵产酸阶段条件优化试验

以污水处理厂活性污泥为接种物,以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物进行两步厌氧发酵产气试验,考察了产酸阶段初始pH值、温度及发酵物的预处理方法对两步发酵产气的影响.结果表明,产酸阶段的初始pH值以5.0最佳,气体的累计产气量最大,为13.69 mL·g-1TVS,产酸阶段的温度以65℃最佳,产气的累计产气量最大,为74.35 mL·g...     

喜旱莲子草入侵群落主要物种生态位和种间联结研究

喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)是中国危害最严重的入侵物种之一,为有效评估和预测入侵植物喜旱莲子草的危害程度,以喜旱莲子草入侵群落为研究对象,在野外调查的基础上,基于2×2列联表,测定生态位宽度、生态位相似性指数、生态位重叠指数,应用方差比率法(R_v)、χ~2检验、匹配系数Ochiai(I_O)和贡献定律法,对群落中17个主要物种进行生态位、种间联结和群落稳定性分析,以期为喜旱莲子草植物群落的管理提供参考依据。结果表明,(1)群落中共发现草本植物18科38属41种,其中喜旱莲子草的重要值(I_V=18.06)和生态位宽度(B_L=0.80,BS=3.78)最大,占显著优势地位并且与多数物种产生较高的生态位重叠,禾本科(Amaranthaceae)植物狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaloides)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)的优势地位次之。(2)群落整体呈现不显著负联结(R_v=0.92,W=45.82),关联性不显著的种对占95.24%,大部分物种间的联系并不紧密;喜旱莲子草与13个主要物种呈不同程度的负关联,这与其入侵性有关;与双穗雀稗、狗牙根、马唐存在高生态位重叠且紧密正关联,上述种对可能有相似的资源偏好而共存一定时期,另一方面说明其对喜旱莲子草的侵入有一定抵抗性。(3)模型方程与直线方程的交点坐标为(37.62,62.38),目前群落处于非稳定状态,大多数物种趋于独立,但主要物种存在一定的资源争夺。因此,建议考虑双穗雀稗、狗牙根和马唐用于喜旱莲子草群落入侵初期以及清除后的植被恢复。     

接种量对泔脚发酵产氢的影响

接种量对泔脚的发酵产氢会产生很大的影响。以经热预处理(80℃,15min)的城市生活垃圾厌氧消化污泥为接种物,以850W、4min的微波+pH9.0预处理的泔脚为发酵底物,考察了40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%的接种量对泔脚中温(36℃)批式发酵产氢的影响。结果表明:过低的接种量(40%、50%、60%)下,泔脚的发酵产氢能力较差;而较高的接种量(70%、80%、90%)尤其是80%、90%的高接种量对泔脚的发酵产氢更为有利。然而,接种量越大,反应器的利用效率越低。因此,80%的接种量为泔脚发酵产氢的最佳接种量,其产氢延迟时间λ、最大比产氢率、产氢率、生物气中氢气的最高体积含量分别为4.22h、22.77mL/(gVS·h)、194.04mL/gVS、44.2%。     

不同特性底质对沉水植物恢复生长的影响

通过室内模拟实验,研究了3种土壤基质（沙土、粘土和腐殖土）分别与河岸边土壤按5个质量分数（5%、10%、30%、50%和80%）掺混形成的不同成分底质分别对菹草（Potamogeton crispus）、轮叶黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）和微齿眼子菜（Potamogeton maackianus）顶枝断枝恢复生长的影响。结果表明：（1）在3种基质与岸边土壤掺混的底质上,实验结束时菹草的平均最高植株分别出现在5%SA（沙土与岸边土掺混）底质、50%NA（粘土与岸边土掺混）底质和10%FA（腐殖土与岸边土掺混）底质,株高分别达到30、48和45 cm;轮叶黑藻的平均最高植株分别出现在10%SA底质、50%NA底质和30%FA底质,株高分别达到47、82和59 cm;微齿眼子菜在3种基质掺混的底质上植株株高几乎没有增高;（2）生长于同种底质的植株,单位高度上菹草的生物量大于轮叶黑藻,微齿眼子菜的生物量几乎没有增加。因此,适宜菹草和轮叶黑藻恢复生长的基质顺序为粘土〉腐殖土〉沙土,微齿眼子菜在3种基质掺混的底质上几乎没有生长;植株对于特性底质适应性强弱的顺序依次为轮叶黑藻〉菹草〉微齿眼子菜。     

微生物淋滤法去除城市污泥中重金属的效果

以广州市城市污泥作为培养介质,利用以硫代硫酸钠作为生长基质进行生命活动的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(T.f]和氧化硫硫杆菌(T.t)来淋滤去除污泥中的重金属,研究了不同底物含量及不同驯化污泥接菌量对重金属去除效果的影响.结果表明,在无驯化污泥接种的条件下,最佳基质投配率为10 g·L-1;驯化污泥接种培养可以缩短污泥的酸化周期,并且在相同投配比条件下,接种培养较不接种培养的去除效果明显提高.驯化污泥接种量为10%、投配比为7 g·L-1时,污泥中主要超标元素Cu、Zn、Cd和Ni的去除率分别达到67.2%,88.9%,82.4%,和68.4%.同时,处理后污泥中的重金属含量可满足污泥农用的国家标准.     

掷孢酵母发酵红薯淀粉酶解液产油脂的发酵条件

利用红薯粗淀粉酶解液为碳源进行发酵试验,采用单因素和均匀设计试验法对掷孢酵母(Sporobolomycesreseus)As.2.618产油脂发酵培养基进行优化,考察了二价金属离子及氧载体正十二烷对油脂积累的影响,以期降低微生物油脂的成本.通过DPS软件对均匀设计结果进行二次逐步回归分析,给出最优培养基组成(pig L-1)为:还原糖103、酵母粉11.5、磷酸二氢钾0.3、硫酸镁0.15.在此基础上添加30 mg L-1硫酸锌.在发酵条件为初始pH 6.0,发酵温度27℃转速200 r/min,装液量30 mL/500 mL三角瓶,接种量5%,发酵24 h后添加2 g L-1 CaCO3和2%(V/V正十二烷,振荡培养至168 h,菌体生物量高达35.05 g L-1,油脂产量也达到11.98 g L-1.     

铜离子对2种沉水植物种植水抑藻效应的影响

为了阐明铜离子对沉水植物化感抑藻作用的影响,利用2种常见且具有明显化感抑藻效应的沉水植物：马来眼子菜和苦草种植水进行了研究,分析了协同加入铜离子的情况下,种植水对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）脆杆藻（Fragilariasp．）和沙角衣藻（Chlamydomonas sajao）等单细胞蓝绿藻生长的抑制效应。铜离子投入量参考污水综合排放标准,综合考虑水生动物和藻类的耐铜毒性范围,在较低的范围内设置4个水平：100、150、200、250μg铜离子每升藻类培养液。研究结果表明,与不同水平铜离子混合后,种植水的抑藻效应出现4种情况,（1）被消除,100μg·L-1铜离子加入后,马来眼子菜种植水对脆杆藻、苦草种植水对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用被消除。（2）被削弱,马来眼子菜种植水在加入100μg·L-1和150嵋·一铜离子2种情况下,对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用被削弱,加入200μg·L-1铜离子后,对脆杆藻抑制作用被削弱;苦草种植水在加入150μg·L-1铜离子后,对铜绿微囊藻的抑制被削弱。（3）无变化,马来眼子菜种植水,分别加入200μg·L-1和250μg·L-1铜离子后,对铜绿微囊藻抑制效应不受影响,分别加入150μg·L-1和250μg·L-1铜离子,对脆杆藻抑制效应不受影响;苦草种植水,加入150μg·L-1铜离子后,对铜绿微囊藻抑制效应不受影响,加入100μg·L-1和150μg·L-1铜离子后,对沙角抑藻的抑制效应不受影响。（4）被强化,苦草种植水,分别加入200μg·L-1和250μg·L-1铜离子后,对铜绿微囊藻、沙角抑藻的抑制效应均被强化。沉水植物化感抑藻物质主要是小分子的有机物,包括各种有机酸,而铜离子极易和水中的有机物发生络合反应．可能是铜离子与种植水中某些抑藻化感物质发生络合反应导致其抑藻效应受到影响．具体机制有待进一步研究。     

添加蚓粪对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气特性的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,总固体(TS)含量为50g.kg-1,采用中温35℃批式发酵,考察了添加蚓粪对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆单独发酵时,单位TS产气量为333.3mL.g-1,甲烷产量为202.0mL.g-1,并在反应初期出现酸化现象;蚓粪与玉米秸秆TS质量比为1:1进行发酵时,单位TS产气量为400.0mL.g-1,甲烷产量为269.6mL.g-1,相对于玉米秸秆单独厌氧发酵分别提高了20.0%和35.5%,且反应过程中未出现酸化现象。说明蚓粪适合作为玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气的添加剂。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.