含硅熔渣对水稻养分吸收及产量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法，研究了不同含硅熔渣对水稻养分的吸收和产量的影响，结果表明，在施用氮、磷、钾肥的基础上，增施不同类型的含硅熔渣，可提高水稻中硅和磷的含量，降低根系、茎叶和籽粒中的氮、钾含量，增加水稻对氮、磷、钾、硅的总吸收量。不同含硅熔渣的增产效果差异较大，增产最显著的是铁渣和黄磷炉渣，分别比对照增产43．4％和31．6％，施用含硅熔渣的各处理比对照平均增产19．1％，各处理间的产量经方差分析和多重比较达显著或极显著差异水平。扩散方程、Elovich方程和多项式方程均能很好地描述水稻生长期内水稻对N、P、K、Si的吸收过程，尤以多项式方程拟合最佳。     

几种工矿废渣改善土壤供硅能力的效果

施用硅肥可以改善土壤硅素肥力状况,提高水稻产量,改善稻米品质,增强水稻抗性,利用工矿废渣生产硅肥还能产生良好的生态环境效益。本研究采用室内模拟与盆栽试验的方法,研究了高炉渣、粉煤灰和金刚石矿渣作硅肥施用对水稻土供硅能力的影响。结果表明,在北方酸性水稻土上施用废渣使土壤硅素释累积放量显著增加,明显改善土壤的供硅能力,促进水稻对硅素养分的吸收,上述效果随废渣用量增加而更为明显,且高炉渣的效果要明显好于粉煤灰和金刚石矿渣。另外,五种废渣的不同施用量与植株含硅量增加率之间均满足对数正相关关系,对数项系数a与127d的硅素累积释放量之间存在极显著的线性正相关关系,说明土壤硅素累积释放量可以评价施用过废渣的土壤的供硅能力,能够反映废渣作硅肥的适宜性。     

硅肥和氮肥配施对优质稻植株养分含量、产量和品质的影响

硅和氮是水稻生长发育过程中起重要作用的营养元素,合理施用硅肥和氮肥对于改善稻田养分管理及提高产量、品质具有重要意义.通过田间试验,研究不同氮肥(120、180和240 kg·hm-2,分别记作N1、N2和N3)和硅肥(0、225和450 kg·hm-2,分别记作Si1、Si2和Si3)配施对桂农占和黄华占2个水稻品种植...     

水稻缓释控释肥的增产效应与环保效应

在广东省范围内对水稻缓释控释肥进行大面积试验示范,结果表明,(1)移栽前每公顷一次基施“农科”水稻缓释控释肥525～750kg,其肥效完全可满足水稻本田期对养分的需求。与常规分次施肥比较,施用该缓释控释肥平均增加稻谷497．7kg／hm^2,增产率7．78％;其中,获显著增产的概率达69．4％,平产概率占28．6％,说明施用该水稻缓释控释肥增产效果稳定。(2)施用水稻缓释控释肥显著降低氮磷肥料的养分施用量。与常规分次施肥比较,早晚造平均减少氮素用量26．5％、磷素19．3％,表明水稻缓释控释肥不但显著减少肥料资源的浪费,而且减少了肥料养分流失造成的污染,对生态环境的保护具有重要的现实意义。     

施用钢渣对水稻土硅素肥力的影响

施用钢渣种植水稻的盆栽试验结果表明,与对照相比,施用钢渣使土壤pH升高,土壤水溶态硅和无定形硅的含量下降,活性硅及有效硅含量上升,水稻植株含硅量增加.除水溶态硅外,上述影响均随钢渣用量增加或粒度变细而增强.     

硅肥施用对重金属污染土壤甘蔗镉吸收的影响研究初探

长期采用受铁矿尾矿水污染的河水进行灌溉的农田,其土壤存在一定重金属镉污染,且土壤酸化严重,有效硅活性低。甘蔗是需硅量较大的植物,因此在甘蔗种植过程中施用碱性硅肥既可补充硅营养又可通过硅肥控制镉的吸收。本试验通过硅肥不同施用量及基肥、基肥＋追肥的施用方式的比较,结果表明：在甘蔗种植中一次性施用硅肥1500 kg·hm-2,可以使土壤中活性较高的弱酸提取态镉占镉总量的比例从38.45%下降到32.51%,而甘蔗不能利用的残渣态镉的占比从11.19%提高到14.78%;硅肥分为基肥与追肥两次施用的方式,其对土壤镉的形态的影响也存在相似的规律,且变化趋势更加显著,弱酸提取态镉占比从40.93%下降到35.47%,降幅更加显著;同样残渣态镉则随着硅肥施用量的增加而增加,其占比从16.26%增加到22.66%;施用硅肥能有效降低甘蔗汁中镉的含量,从一次性作为基肥施用的结果来看,每公顷施用375~1500 kg硅肥,其蔗汁中镉含量随施肥量增加而下降,从168.54μg·L-1降至57.87μg·L-1,降幅为28.26%~60.30%;蔗渣中镉含量也有相似的变化趋势,从468.36μg·kg-1降至377.77μg·kg-1,降幅为7.86%~19.34%;采用基肥＋追肥施用硅肥,无论是蔗汁还是蔗渣,其镉的含量同样随硅肥施用量的增加而下降,蔗汁镉含量的降幅更大,最高可降81.18%,从而达到降低甘蔗汁及蔗渣中镉含量水平的目的。     

石灰、硅钙镁改良剂对不同土壤-水稻系统Cd吸收累积的影响

为研究改良剂(石灰、硅钙镁肥)对典型稻田土壤-水稻系统Cd吸收累积的影响,选取河沙泥(潮土母质发育)和紫泥田(紫色砂页岩母质发育)模拟制备成中度Cd污染土壤,施加不同用量的石灰和硅钙镁肥,进行水稻盆栽试验,分析土壤pH、土壤Cd形态以及水稻各部位Cd含量变化,探讨不同改良剂对不同土壤-水稻系统Cd吸收累积的影响.结果表明,施用石灰和硅钙镁肥能显著提高河沙泥土壤pH值,分别提高0.62—0.79个单位、0.35—0.46个单位,但对紫泥田pH值无显著影响.向河沙泥中施用石灰能降低其土壤酸提取态Cd含量,且在S3.0处理时降幅最大;而紫泥田施用硅钙镁肥能显著降低其酸提取态Cd.施用石灰和硅钙镁均能降低河沙泥水稻糙米Cd含量,分别降低23.5%—35.9%、9.5%—21.9%,且随着施用量的提高,糙米Cd含量降低幅度逐渐增大;施用硅钙镁肥能显著降低紫泥田糙米Cd含量,下降幅度为23.5%—34.1%.同种改良剂对水稻Cd吸收累积的影响因土壤类型不同而存在差异,向河沙泥中施用石灰和紫泥田中施用硅钙镁能最大程度抑制水稻对Cd的吸收累积,降低糙米Cd含量,提高稻米品质.     

硅对水稻镉转运的抑制效应研究

为探究外源施加硅肥对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)镉积累和转运过程的抑制效应,采用盆栽试验的方法,以广西普遍种植水稻品种"中广香1号"为研究对象,在0、400、600和800 mg·kg~(-1) 4个硅肥(Na2Si O3)处理水平下,研究了不同硅肥施加量对水稻镉吸收转运及产量结构的影响。研究结果显示,糙米镉含量随硅肥用量的增加而显著下降(P0.05)。当硅肥用量为800 mg·kg~(-1)时,糙米镉含量最低,为0.39 mg·kg~(-1),相比对照(未施硅肥)减少了32.76%。与对照相比,施用硅肥可以提高土壤p H,且土壤有效态镉的含量随着施硅量的增加而显著降低,当施硅量为800 mg·kg~(-1)时,土壤中有效态镉含量显著低于未施硅处理,降幅达10.57%。研究发现硅肥抑制糙米积累镉与硅阻碍镉在水稻各部位的转运有关,土壤施硅促进水稻根表铁膜的形成,加强铁膜对镉的吸附作用,显著地降低镉从根系铁膜向根部和镉从根部向茎秆的转运(P0.05);随着硅肥施加量的增加,茎秆对镉的截留效果更显著,当硅肥用量为800 mg·kg~(-1)时,镉从根系铁膜向根部和镉从根部向茎秆的转运因子分别较对照下降了10.34%和15.79%。此外,硅肥处理下水稻产量明显高于对照,且结实率显著增加。因此,硅肥可作为降低水稻镉积累的有效农艺措施。     

垃圾肥在潮土上对花生的增产效果

在潮土上施用垃圾肥对花生产量和品质影响的研究结果表明，在较贫瘠的土壤上，垃圾肥单独或与Ｎ、Ｐ化肥配合施用，都有明显的增产效果：单独施用比对照增产率为９．３％～２９．１％，与化肥配合施用增产率为１０．８％～２０．５％。垃圾肥施用量在１５～３０ｔ／ｈｍ２时可获较高的增产效益。施用垃圾肥对花生仁中的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和全磷含量有一定的提高。尽管所施用垃圾肥中含有一定量的有害元素，如Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ等，但花生仁中这些元素含量并不高，说明施垃圾肥是安全的。试验结果还表明；施用垃圾肥能提高土壤有机质、全氮以及有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的含量。特别是有效微量元素含量提高幅度较大，Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｂ各处理平均是对照的２～１０倍，Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｏ比对照提高１７％～３８％。     

叶面施硅对水稻籽实重金属积累的抑制效应

采用盆栽方法,以硅酸钠和正硅酸乙酯为硅源分别配制纳米硅制剂,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种"优优128"为供试植物,在Cd(5mg·kg-1、10mg·kg-1、50mg·kg-1三个水平)、Pb(200mg·kg-1)、Cu(250mg·kg-1)、Zn(300mg·kg-1)复合污染土壤进行种植,在水稻生长期内(苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期)进行叶面喷施纳米硅,研究纳米硅对水稻籽实生长状况及吸收重金属元素的影响,并对两种不同硅源的纳米硅的使用效果进行了比较。结果表明,随Cd污染质量分数增加,水稻百粒质量及单株穗质量均显著降低(P<0.01);Cd、Pb、Zn在籽实中质量分数均增高,而Cu在籽实中质量分数降低。金属元素在籽实中的吸收系数顺序为Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb,表明Cd极易向籽实中迁移。随土壤Cd质量分数增加,水稻籽实中各金属元素的积累量都有所降低。重金属复合污染条件下,叶面施用两种硅制剂均可以缓解水稻的毒害效应,且和施无机硅相比,施有机硅对水稻重金属毒害的缓解效果更显著。表现为叶面施用硅后,水稻百粒质量及单株穗质量均显著提高(P<0.05);且籽实中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的吸收量在喷施硅制剂后均显著降低(P<0.05);籽实中重金属元素的吸收系数和积累量均表现出降低的趋势。尤其是随着Cd处理质量分数的增高,施硅对重金属在籽实中积累的抑制效应越显著。这表明叶面施硅在重金属污染的水稻田污染防治中具有应用价值。文章所用的纳米硅制剂,制备简单,对于大面积推广硅肥极为有利。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.