Net Carbon Exchange Across the Arctic Tundra-Boreal Forest Transition in Alaska 1981–2000

Shifts in the carbon balance of high-latitude ecosystems could result from differential responses of vegetation and soil processes to changing moisture and temperature regimes and to a lengthening of the growing season. Although shrub expansion and northward movement of treeline should increase carbon inputs, the effects of these vegetation changes on net carbon exchange have not been evaluated. We selected low shrub, tall shrub, and forest tundra sites near treeline in northwestern Alaska, representing the major structural transitions expected in response to warming. In these sites, we measured aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and vegetation and soil carbon and nitrogen pools, and used these data to parameterize the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model. We simulated the response of carbon balance components to air temperature and precipitation trends during 1981–2000. In areas experiencing warmer and dryer conditions, Net Primary Production (NPP) decreased and heterotrophic respiration (R _H ) increased, leading to a decrease in Net Ecosystem Production (NEP). In warmer and wetter conditions NPP increased, but the response was exceeded by an increase in R _H ; therefore, NEP also decreased. Lastly, in colder and wetter regions, the increase in NPP exceeded a small decline in R _H , leading to an increase in NEP. The net effect for the region was a slight gain in ecosystem carbon storage over the 20 year period. This research highlights the potential importance of spatial variability in ecosystem responses to climate change in assessing the response of carbon storage in northern Alaska over the last two decades.     

2001-2010年三江源区草地净生态系统生产力估算

三江源区位于青藏高原腹地,是我国长江、黄河、澜沧江三大河流的发源地.为了准确估算该地区草地生态系统的净生态系统生产力,收集整理了2001—2010年青藏高原10个通量观测站点的观测数据,构建了三江源区草地生态系统NEP（net ecosystem production,净生态系统生产力）估算模型,并在站点尺度进行了模型参数化和精度验证;结合区域尺度气象和遥感数据,估算了三江源区草地生态系统NEP.结果表明:① 2001—2010年三江源区草地生态系统多年平均NEP空间分布具有明显的空间异质性,大部分地区表现为碳汇,NEP（以C计）平均值为41.8 g/（m2·a）.② 三江源区草地生态系统NEP呈波动增加趋势,从2001年的20.0 g/（m2·a）增至2010年的82.5 g/（m2·a）;除2002年表现为弱碳源外,其余年份均表现为碳汇,并以2010年碳汇能力为最强.③ 2001—2010年三江源区草地生态系统NEP平均年增长率为5.4 g/m2;NEP年际变化率空间分布显示,大部分地区NEP呈增加趋势,仅有东南部和中部部分区域NEP呈下降趋势.研究显示,2001—2010年三江源区草地生态系统表现为碳汇,并且由于气候的暖湿化趋势,碳汇强度总体表现为增强.      

A Simulation of Temporal and Spatial Variations in Carbon at Landscape Level: A Case Study for Lake Abitibi Model Forest in Ontario,Canada

Using a case study of the Lake Abitibi Model Forest (LAMF), this study aims to assess the temporal and spatial variability in carbon storage during 1990–2000, and to present a comprehensive estimation of the carbon budget for LAMF's ecosystems. As well, it provided the information needed by local forest managers to develop ecological and carbon-based indicators and monitor the sustainability of forest ecosystems. Temporal and spatial carbon dynamics were simulated at the landscape level using ecosystem model TRIPLEX1.0 and Geographical Information System (GIS). The simulated net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon storage in forest biomass and soil were compared with field data and results from other studies for Canada's boreal forests. The results show that simulated NPP ranged from 3.26 to 3.34 tC ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the 1990s and was consistent with the range measured during the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Studies (BOREAS) in central Canada. Modeled NPP was also compared with the estimation from remote sensing data. The density of total above-and belowground biomass was 125.3, 111.8, and 106.5 tC ha⁻¹ for black spruce, trembling aspen, and jack pine in the LAMF ecosystem, respectively. The total carbon density of forested land was estimated at 154.4 tC ha⁻¹ with the proportion of 4:6 for total biomass and soil. The analysis of net carbon balance of ecosystem suggested that the LAMF forest ecosystem was acting as a carbon sink with an allowable harvest in the 1990s.     

Modeling harvest and biomass removal effects on the forest carbon balance of the Midwest,USA

The objective of this study was to use an ecosystem process model, Biome-BGC, to explore the effects of different harvest scenarios on major components of the carbon budget of 205,000 km² of temperate forest in the Upper Midwest region of the U.S. We simulated seven harvest scenarios varying the (i) amount of harvest residue retained, (ii) total harvest area, and (iii) harvest type (clear-cut and selective) to assess the potential impacts on net biome production (NBP), net primary production (NPP), and total vegetation carbon. NBP was positive (C sink) in year 1 (2004) and generally decreased over the 50-year simulation period. More intensive management scenarios, those with a high percentage of clear-cut or a doubling of harvest area, decreased average NBP by a maximum of 58% and vegetation C by a maximum of 29% compared to the current harvest regime (base scenario), while less intensive harvest scenarios (low clear-cut or low area harvested) increased NBP. Yearly mean NPP changed less than 3% under the different scenarios. Vegetation carbon increased in all scenarios by at least 12%, except the two most intensive harvest scenarios, where vegetation carbon decreased by more than 8%. Varying the amount of harvest residue retention had a more profound effect on NBP than on vegetation C. Removing additional residue resulted in greater NBP over the 50-year period compared to the base simulation. Results from the seven model simulations suggest that managing for carbon storage and carbon sequestration are not mutually exclusive in Midwest forests.     

矿山复垦区女贞人工林生态系统碳的源汇效应

采用LI-8100土壤碳通量测定系统,测定了淮南大通煤矿塌陷复垦区女贞人工林土壤碳排放动态,并结合生物量调查,建立相对生长模型,对复垦区女贞林生态系统碳的源汇效应及其特征进行了研究。结果表明:复垦区女贞林生态系统年生物量碳增量为7.72 t/(hm~2·a),其中乔木层占81.22%,林下植被占4.02%,枯死掉落物占14.76%;乔木层生物量碳年增量大小顺序依次为树干树枝树根树叶,在乔木层中所占的比例依次为54.7%、22.37%、16.9%、6.06%;女贞林生态系统年净生态系统生产力NEP值为1.87 t/(hm~2·a),表明复垦区女贞林生态系统整体表现为碳汇,其中乔木层对碳汇的贡献率占77.54%。     

羊草草原碳循环过程的模拟与验证

根据内蒙古典型羊草草原碳通量和生物量观测数据,验证VIP(Vegetation Interface Proces-ses)模型,并模拟分析1958—2007年该生态系统碳循环特征及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果显示:VIP模型能够较准确地模拟地上生物量(R2=0.70)和净生态系统生产力NEP(R2=0.57)的变化趋势。羊草草原生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)、净初级生产力(NPP)和生态系统呼吸(Re)在1958—1973年间下降,1973—1993年间增长,1993年后又出现下降的趋势。与环境因子的相关性分析表明,GPP、NPP和Re随CO2和降水的增多而增大,随温度升高和降水的减少而降低,其中降水量与碳通量相关性最高,呼吸与温度、降水、CO2均存在一定程度的正相关关系。NEP年际变化较大,主要受控于年降水量,以228 mm为界,年降水量大于此值时,NEP为正的概率较大。     

中国农业净碳汇时空演化特征分析

论文以全国范围县级单元为研究对象,对1991—2011年长达21 a的农业净碳汇时空格局变化规律展开了深入分析。研究表明：1）从时间变化角度可以发现,整体上我国农业在长达21 a内均以净碳汇为主,并且总体上处于波动上升趋势,农业净碳汇净增93.7%;2）我国农业碳汇结构相对比较稳定,稻谷、小麦和玉米三者共同占到了80%左右,而碳源结构则在1991—2011年间发生了较大变化,由1991年农药为主,化肥、牛为辅转变成为化肥为主,农药、地膜、牛为辅的结构;3）空间分布方面,我国县域农业净碳汇量地区间差距在不断缩小,存在4种农业碳生态类型区;4）1991—2011年间净碳汇为负值的县级单元数量增多,并且在空间上主要分布于西南地区与内蒙古。农业种植量相对较小,作物生长碳吸收不明显,单位产量农业投入要素多以及农业类型以畜牧业为主是这些地区农业净碳汇为负值的主要原因。     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subaipine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the effects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases （GHGs） emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the gross primary production （GPP） and soil organic carbon （SOC） increased, and the net primary production （NPP） and net ecosystem production （NEP） decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased. With the variation of baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly affected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor affecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong effect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

2000—2020年我国西南地区植被NEP时空变化及其驱动因素的相对贡献

西南地区作为我国重要的生态安全屏障,探究其植被净生态系统生产力(net ecosystem productivity,NEP)的时空演变规律对该地区乃至我国的可持续发展都具有重要意义.基于MODIS数据、气象数据、DEM数据和土地利用数据等,首先,利用改进的Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA)模型和土壤微生物呼吸方程,估算2000—2020年我国西南地区植被NEP;其次,结合Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、偏相关分析和复相关分析等方法,研究西南地区植被NEP时空变化及其对气候变化和土地利用变化的响应机制;最后,利用基于情境分析的相对贡献分析法,定量评估气候变化和土地利用变化对西南地区植被NEP变化的相对贡献.结果表明：时间上,2000—2020年我国西南地区及其五省份(云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市和西藏自治区)生态系统植被NEP均表现为上升趋势,其中,西南地区植被NEP上升速率为4.74 g/(m2·a).空间上,西南地区及其五省份植被NEP呈上升趋势的面积均大于呈下降趋势的面积,其中,西南地区植被NEP呈极显著上升的面积占45.41...     

The carbon budget of California

The carbon budget of a region can be defined as the sum of annual fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) greenhouse gases (GHGs) into and out of the regional surface coverage area. According to the state government's recent inventory, California's carbon budget is presently dominated by 115 MMTCE per year in fossil fuel emissions of CO₂ (>85% of total annual GHG emissions) to meet energy and transportation requirements. Other notable (non-ecosystem) sources of carbon GHG emissions in 2004 were from cement- and lime-making industries (7%), livestock-based agriculture (5%), and waste treatment activities (2%). The NASA-CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover (including those from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS) was used to estimate net ecosystem fluxes and vegetation biomass production over the period 1990–2004. California's annual NPP for all ecosystems in the early 2000s (estimated by CASA at 120 MMTCE per year) was roughly equivalent to its annual fossil fuel emission rates for carbon. However, since natural ecosystems can accumulate only a small fraction of this annual NPP total in long-term storage pools, the net ecosystem sink flux for atmospheric carbon across the state was estimated at a maximum rate of about 24 MMTCE per year under favorable precipitation conditions. Under less favorable precipitation conditions, such as those experienced during the early 1990s, ecosystems statewide were estimated to have lost nearly 15 MMTCE per year to the atmosphere. Considering the large amounts of carbon estimated by CASA to be stored in forests, shrublands, and rangelands across the state, the importance of protection of the natural NPP capacity of California ecosystems cannot be overemphasized.     

京津冀“生态系统服务转型”及其空间格局

以1980年、2000年、2015年土地利用类型、NPP和统计数据为基础,运用GIS和生态系统服务价值测算方法,分析京津冀食物生产与固碳释氧两种服务的变化及其空间格局,揭示“生态系统服务转型”的原因。结果表明:（1）35年来,京津冀土地利用变化以建设用地扩张和耕地减少为主。1980年和2000年,NPP的高值区主要位于山区,2015年NPP的高值区主要位于平原。（2）1980-2000年京津冀生态系统服务变化以食物生产服务增加与固碳释氧服务降低为主,2000-2015年京津冀以食物生产服务与固碳释氧服务同时增加为主。“生态系统服务转型”模式为“食物生产+固碳释氧–”→“食物生产+固碳释氧+”。（3）农业生产力提升、林地面积与质量和耕地质量、草地质量提升是“生态系统服务转型”的主要原因。     

Satellite Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Net Primary Production for the Pan-Arctic Basin and Alaska

We applied a terrestrial net primary production (NPP) model driven by satellite remote sensing observations of vegetation properties and daily surface meteorology from a regional weather forecast model to assess NPP spatial and temporal variability for the pan-Arctic basin and Alaska from 1982 to 2000. Our results show a general decadal trend of increasing NPP for the region of approximately 2.7%, with respective higher (3.4%) and lower (2.2%) rates for North America and Eurasia. NPP is both spatially and temporally dynamic for the region, driven largely by differences in productivity rates among major biomes and temporal changes in photosynthetic canopy structure and spring and summer air temperatures. Mean annual NPP for boreal forests was approximately 3 times greater than for Arctic tundra on a unit area basis and accounted for approximately 55% of total annual carbon sequestration for the region. The timing of growing season onset inferred from regional network measurements of atmospheric CO₂ drawdown in spring was inversely proportional to annual NPP calculations. Our findings indicate that recent regional warming trends in spring and summer and associated advances in the growing season are stimulating net photosynthesis and annual carbon sequestration by vegetation at high latitudes, partially mitigating anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO₂. These results also imply that regional sequestration and storage of atmospheric CO₂ is being altered, with potentially greater instability and acceleration of the carbon cycle at high latitudes.     

中国农业生产净碳效应分异研究

农业具有碳排与碳汇的双重效应。分析和把握不同省区的农业净碳水平,是深入研究农业生产碳排放问题的重要前提。鉴于此,研究基于农用物资投入、稻田、土壤、牲畜养殖等四方面23类主要碳源和以水稻、小麦为代表的15类主要农作物碳汇品种,测算了我国1995—2010年及31个省(市、区)2010年的农业生产碳排量、碳汇量,并在此基础上计算了各自净碳汇量。结果表明:①我国农业生产净碳汇量总体保持上升态势,由1995年的26 736.13×10⁴ t增至2010年的37 697.19×10⁴ t,年均递增2.32%。其中,碳排放量由1995年的24 952.39×10⁴ t增至2010年的29 116.91×10⁴ t,年均递增1.03%;碳汇量由1995年的51 688.51×10⁴ t增至2010年的66 814.10×10⁴ t,年均递增1.73%,碳汇增速明显快于碳排增速,可见我国在农业节能减排方面取得了一定成效。分阶段来看,呈现较为明显的"上升—下降—上升"的三阶段变化特征。②横向来看,区域净碳效应差异明显:农业生产净碳汇绝对量,排在前10位的地区占全国农业生产净碳汇总量的73.02%,而排在后10位的地区仅占全国的1.59%。农业生产碳汇水平,黑龙江、吉林、广西排在前三位,分别高达410.81%、400.94%和356.79%;西藏、青海、福建排在后三位,仅为25.57%、41.55%和103.80%。其中,黑龙江等12个地区农业碳汇水平高于全国同期平均水平(229.47%)。     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subalpine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the e ects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the gross primary production (GPP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) increased, and the net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased.With the variation of baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly a ected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor a ecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong e ect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

气溶胶直接辐射效应对全球陆地生态系统碳循环的影响

论文利用通用陆面模式CLM4.0-CN对全球陆地生态系统生物地球化学循环过程进行模拟,分析气溶胶直接辐射效应对全球陆地生态系统碳循环的影响。结果表明：气溶胶直接辐射效应使2007年全球陆地生态系统平均总初级生产力（GPP）、净初级生产力（NPP）、异养呼吸（R_H）、自养呼吸（R_A）以及净生态系统生产力（R_eco）都呈现出增加的态势。具体的变化特征则随着地区不同而表现出极大的差异,在非洲中西部、中国中东部、美国东南部和欧洲中南部地区GPP增加,在南美洲亚马逊地区及东南亚等地区GPP减少。NPP和R_A与GPP的分布基本一致。分析发现,气溶胶直接辐射效应导致陆地生态系统碳循环发生变化有如下两方面原因： 1）散射施肥效应,即植被阴生叶可以吸收的散射辐射（光合有效辐射）增加使其光合速率增加;2）辐射变化导致温度和湿度条件发生变化,从而改变植物生物物理和化学过程速率。     

喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林过去50年来的碳循环模拟

通过对Forest-DNDC模型的植被和土壤参数本地化校准,以气象插值数据为输入,模拟了贵州省普定县高原型喀斯特次生常绿与落叶阔叶混交林1965~2014年的土壤、植被和生态系统碳循环特征。结果表明,与冷模拟和实测值相比,参数本地化校准后的模型能更准确地模拟春、秋、冬3个季节的土壤呼吸动态,而模拟的夏季土壤呼吸偏小;但统计检验指出,参数修订后的Forest-DNDC模型能够较好地模拟喀斯特森林土壤呼吸,降低了模拟误差,可用于喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林碳动态的模拟。进一步分析发现,1965~2014年喀斯特森林的碳通量除模拟早期的前3~4年急剧增加之外,随后总初级生产力(GPP)保持相对稳定,植物呼吸(Rplant)和生态系统呼吸(R_(ecosystem))随着森林发育而增加,土壤呼吸(R_(soil))减少,植被净初级生产力(NPP)呈迅速减小趋势;净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)亦较迅速下降,在2013年达到最低值-0.17 t C/ha,喀斯特森林由碳汇变为弱碳源。相关分析表明,年均温度和年降水对喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林的GPP和R_(soil)没有显著影响,但却显著影响NPP、R_(plant)、R_(ecosystem)和NEE。     

中国保护性耕作净碳汇的时空格局

研究中国保护性耕作净碳汇的时空格局对其推广政策的合理制定具有重要意义。在分析保护性耕作固碳排碳机理和构建其测度方法的基础上,以中国各省（市、自治区）为单元,对2000—2019年中国保护性耕作净碳汇的时空格局进行分析,并对其潜力进行预测。结果表明：（1）每年保护性耕作的碳汇基本都是碳排的2倍,土壤固碳占保护性耕作碳汇的2/3以上,生物固碳占比小于1/3。（2）中国保护性耕作净碳汇在时间上呈现逐年递增趋势,其中,华北、西北和东南地区增幅较大;在空间上表现为扩张—集聚—扩张态势,其重心由北向南移动。（3）中国保护性耕作净碳汇具有明显的空间非均衡性特征,2019年呈现华北、西北和东南地区“三足鼎立”之格局,河南、山东、内蒙古、新疆、安徽、湖北和江西7省区属于高碳汇区,河北、吉林、陕西和山西属于低碳汇区,其他省份属于碳中和区。（4）2020—2030年中国保护性耕作的净碳汇潜力继续保持增长态势,2030年的峰值将处于5794.38万~7962.93万t C之间。     

长白山树线交错带的生物量分配和净生产力

随山地垂直带海拔上升,环境恶化会影响到植物生物量的绝对量和相对量的分配,进而影响到生态系统的碳平衡。测定了位于长白山北坡海拔1900m树线交错带的两个林分:长白落叶松混交林和岳桦林的生物量分配和净生产力,并与低海拔相似林分进行了比较,探讨树线特殊环境下树木的生长反应和生态系统的碳投资策略。树线交错带林分生物量和生产力都出现急剧降低,冠层树干生物量比例急剧降低,而枝、叶生物量比例有显著增加。而根系比例和地下/地上生物量比在两种林分表现出不同的反应,树线落叶松混交林出现急剧增加,而树线岳桦林与低海拔岳桦林相比没有显著差别。枝、叶生物量比例增加,特别是叶生物量分配增加有利于在树线恶劣环境的碳吸收和碳平衡,是对树线交错带大风、积雪等恶劣气候的可塑性适应,树木在树线出现多分枝、矮曲生长型。树线地带落叶松混交林和岳桦林的净生产量也出现急剧降低,但根系生产量比例则较低海拔同类林分高,有利于对土壤中水分和养分的吸收。     

Bioenergy and the forest industry in Finland after the adoption of the Kyoto protocol

In Finland the percentage of biomass fuels of total primary energy supply is relatively high, close to 17%. The share of biomass in the total electricity generation is as much as 10%. This high share in Finland is mainly due to the cogeneration of electricity and heat within forest industry using biomass-based by-products and wastes as fuels. Forest industry is also a large user of fossil-based energy. About 28% of total primary energy consumption in Finland takes place in forest industry, causing about 16% of the total fossil carbon dioxide emissions.The Kyoto protocol limits the fossil CO₂ and other greenhouse gas emissions and provides some incentives to the Finnish forest sector. There are trade-offs among the raw-material, energy and carbon sink uses of the forests. Fossil emissions can be reduced e.g. by using more wood and producing chemical pulp instead of mechanical one. According to the calculation rules of the Kyoto protocol Finnish forests in 2008–2012 are estimated to form a carbon source of 0.36 Tg C a⁻¹ due to land use changes. Factually the forest biomass will still be a net carbon sink between 3.5 and 8.8 Tg C a⁻¹. Because the carbon sinks of existing forests are not counted in the protocol, there is an incentive to increase wood use in those and to decrease the real net carbon sink. Also the criteria for sustainable forestry could still simultaneously be met.     

气候变化和人类活动对我国典型草原区植被恢复的影响

草原区作为影响我国陆地生态系统碳水循环和生态安全的重点区域,对气候变化和人类活动极为敏感.然而,有关气候变化和人类活动对该区域植被恢复相对贡献的认识尚存分歧.以生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)为评价指标,通过对比MODIS观测的实际NPP和基于Thornthwaite Memorial模型估算的潜在NPP的趋势差异,量化了2000～2020年气候变化和人类活动对我国典型草原区(北方温性草原区和青藏高原高寒草原区)植被恢复的相对作用.结果表明,研究区内93%的草地植被呈恢复趋势,NPP平均增加速率达(以C计)2.12 g·(m²·a)^-1(P<0.01),其中,近一半植被恢复区受气候变化和人为活动共同控制,约36%和10%植被恢复区分别受气候变化和人类活动的独立控制;此外,不同草地类型气候变化主导植被恢复的面积占比差异大,主要表现为高寒草地明显高于温性草地,气候条件越干旱,气候主导面积占比越大.人类活动不是北方温性草原区和青藏高原高寒草原区植被恢复的主要原因,但在气候条件恶化地区,人类活动可降低甚至抵消气候变化对植被的负面影响.未来需加强长...