Rural women and agrotourism in the context of sustainable rural development: A case study from Turkey

As in many developing countries also in Turkey, agriculture is on the center of rural development and rural women are on the center of agriculture. Although they are main part as a major labor force at every stage of agricultural activity and undertake responsibilities such as domestic task and childcare, women do not profit from social and economic benefits proportionate to the responsibilities they have undertaken.Agrotourism is an alternative activity in the rural development process, which combines agriculture and tourism, improves natural resources, contributes the rural area socially and economically.The aim of this study is to examine the participation conditions of rural women to the agrotourism activities, which is considered as an option in the context of sustainable rural development, and to identify the possible social and economic implications of agrotourism on the rural womens life, after determining the situation and importance of rural women in the agricultural activity. This research was carried out in three villages of Kalecik district of Ankara and data gathered from group meetings and surveys.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

经济发展与农业面源污染关系的协整检验——基于三峡库区重庆段1992-2009年数据的分析

运用协整检验和Granger因果检验方法,考察了三峡库区重庆段1992-2009年经济发展与农业面源污染之间的相互关系。研究结果表明:①经济增长是影响三峡库区重庆段农业面源污染的主要原因,且种植业、养殖业和农村生活三大类污染源排放量与农村经济发展之间都具有协整关系;②短期内农业生产总值的变化引起三类农业污染源排放量的同方向变动,长期来看,农村经济发展对农业面源污染有减缓作用,这与传统的环境—经济增长库兹涅茨倒U型曲线所揭示的一般规律相同;③农业经济的发展和种植业、养殖业的污染排放量具有双向的因果关系,但是经济发展是农村生活污染排放量增长的原因,农村生活污染排放量不是经济增长的原因,它们之间是单向因果关系。因此,我们要密切关注库区经济增长对环境质量带来的负面效应,必须依赖科学技术进步,提高种植业中化肥、农药、农膜和秸秆等的利用率,根据当地农业发展的特点以及与河流的远近,规划好农业、林业、畜牧业的结构,大力发展环保型、生态型农业,以减轻农业面源污染,实现农业经济增长与保持环境质量之间的相互协调。     

A multiple criteria evaluation of sustainable agricultural development models using AHP

Selection of the appropriate agricultural development model has become an important issue in Iran. Using data from Fars province of Iran, the purpose of this paper is to use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for selecting between the two competing sustainable agricultural development models, which have been developed based on the general tenets of Ecological Modernization (EM) and De-Modernization (DM) theories. Farmers, environmentalists, board members of rural cooperative, rural women and experts from Fars Agricultural (Jehad-e-Keshavarzi) Organization participated in application of AHP to this study. They applied AHP to determine the priority of DM and EM based sustainable agricultural development models. Each group determined the priority of the two models for sustainable agricultural development. The findings indicated that ecological criteria i.e. wise use of resources, environmental protection and product quality are the most important criteria for sustainable agriculture of Iran, followed by economic criterion employment and social criterion participation. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the critical factors that affected the priority of alternatives. The results indicated that EM-based sustainable agricultural development model has a higher priority as the theoretical base of agricultural development of Iran. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue     

Structural Adjustment of Oasis Agriculture in Xinjiang

As a special basic economic region in China, Xinjiang is situated in the arid area in the Northwest China. Oasis agriculture is the basis of the national economy. The development of oasis agriculture helps to accelerate the development of economy, social and environment. After 50 years of practice, from 1949 to 2002, oasis agriculture in Xinjiang enhanced rapidly the scale of agricultural industry and had great changes in its structure. The amount of cultivated area rose from 120.97*102 ha t…     

都市农业发展的功能定位体系研究

中国城市化进程加速迫切需要人们重新认识农业发展的特点与作用。20世纪80年兴起的都市农业变传统农业单一生产模式向多功能化发展。它有助于在城市社会来临之际,重新对农业进行定位,为城乡协调发展提供途径。鉴于我国都市农业发展急需理论指导,本文从都市农业相关的学科背景出发,详细评述和总结了各学科对都市农业价值功能的认识,提出了要从社会、经济、环境和空间的综合系统对都市农业发展进行定位。并建议应遵循整体功能的阶段性和适宜的发展形式,推动我国都市农业的发展。要注意发挥和协调各功能间的相互作用与演进,将都市农业纳入到城乡统筹规划之中。     

Structural Adjustment of Oasis Agriculture in Xinjiang

Abstract

Xinjiang's oasis agriculture has made enormous strides over past decades. Structural adjustment of oasis agriculture sector has promoted production diversification. Xinjiang's oasis agriculture sector is entering a new era. The era means more adjustments in oasis agricultural and rural economic structure so as to realize the sustainable development of agriculture. By summing and analyzing the main problems in Xinjinag's oasis agricultural structure, such as raising farmer's income, industry structure within agriculture, rural urbanization, pressure coming from market, agricultural environment degradation, puts forward the thinking, director and countermeasures to adjust oasis agricultural structure.     

试论重庆市农业与生态环境协调发展

重庆市是我国农村面积最广、农业比重最大和农业贫困人口最多的直辖市。维护好该市的农村生态环境，解决好农业发展问题，不仅对重庆市社会经济的持续发展有着十分重要的意义，而且对确保三峡工程的安全运行、促进长江中下游地区的可持续发展同样具有十分重要的作用。在分析重庆市农业生产特点和农村生态环境现状的基础上，指出该市农村生态环境建设与农业协调发展面I临的主要问题有：尖锐的人地矛盾；巨大的移民和脱贫压力；频繁的自然灾害。提出该市农业和生态环境协调发展的对策：通过发展特色经济，优化产业结构；发展生态农业，实现农业资源的可持续利用；把退耕还林与扶贫开发、自然保护区建设相结合，确保生态环境的建设与保护；将移民搬迁与地质灾害整治、库区周边湿地的保护与利用结合起来，加强抵御自然灾害的能力建设。     

江苏沿江地区农业产业化地域类型与发展研究

农业产业化经营是新形势下我国农业生产发展的必然趋势。20世纪90年代江苏沿江地区开始了农业产业化经营,现已产生了良好的效果,形成了加工企业带动型、流通企业牵引型、专业市场辐射型、新型合作经济组织依托型、主导产品推进型和外向型农业导入型等多种农业产业化地域类型,对促进江苏沿江地区农业增效、农民增收和农村经济发展产生了重要作用。实现江苏沿江地区农业产业化进一步发展的途径是：构筑农业创新体系,包括完善农村市场组织体制和农业运行机制、建立新型的农业投资机制、创新农业土地流转机制和转变行政、农业科研部门的服务职能;进一步调整与优化农村经济、农业和农产品结构,加快建设区域专门化农业生产基地;加强农业技术革新和农业科技示范园的建设,提高农业科技进步贡献率;建设适应现代市场竞争条件下的农业经营理念,实现传统农业向现代农业的跨越。     

乡村产业结构评价--以云南省永胜县为例

乡村产业结构的合理化对农村经济、农民收入、农业生产决策及国民经济发展都有着重要意义,对这种合理化的评价一直是乡村地理学与农业经济学的重要研究内容。在探讨乡村产业结构内涵的基础上,利用产值结构指标、劳动力构成指标和结构变动度指标建立乡村产业结构的评价指标体系,并以此对云南省永胜县近20年来产业结构演化进行个案评价。结果表明,永胜县乡村产业结构正向合理化方向发展,但还存在自然资源尚未得到合理利用、三次产业不协调与农业内部结构不合理、不协调等主要问题,有待进一步完善、合理化。研究同时指出了永胜县乡村产业结构调整的基本对策,即调整农业发展方向,持续稳定的发展农业;以食品加工业为乡镇企业发展突破口,积极发展第三产业。     

都市边缘区田园综合体建设能力测算——以南京市高淳区为例

从田园综合体概念出发,量化评价乡镇田园综合体建设能力,为农地综合利用提供理论支撑。该研究以南京市高淳区为例,构建了涵盖现代农业、休闲旅游、田园社区的评价指标体系定量测算,以镇级尺度,综合运用GIS空间分析、TOPSIS、障碍度模型等探析田园综合体建设能力及其阻碍因素,在此基础上提炼差异化的发展路径。结果表明：（1)现代农业、休闲旅游、田园社区建设能力空间差异显著;（2)休闲旅游、田园社区、现代农业等3个维度对田园综合体建设作用程度和方向不一;（3)影响各乡镇田园综合体建设能力主要障碍因子互有差异,各因子间具复合制约功效;(4）研究针对东部慢城生态区、中南部环湖湿地区、西部水乡圩网区、中北部中心老城区的土地利用提出相应的建设路径。     

Chinese Agricultural Policies in Thirty Years and Analysis on the Effects

In this article, the reforms of rural institutions and agricultural products' circulation system in China and the changes in national regulation on agricultural economy in the past thirty years were reviewed. The importance of rural land tenure reform and the pursuits of a rural market economy system to the sustained growth of agriculture for 30 years in China were recognized. Entering into the new millennium, under the New Countryside Initiative, a series of favorable policies, in the areas of rural finance, education, social security, and ecological restoration, were put into force to boost rural economy toward modernization. These policies resulted in the effect of abundant supply of agricultural products, improved rural livelihood, reduced farmer fiscal burden, rising farmer income, and increased capacity for multidimensional development in rural area. This article analyzed the issues of “San Nong” and stipulated that future policy will focus on supporting agriculture production, increasing investment in rural infrastructure, as well as enhancing coordination between urban and rural development goals.     

长江三角洲的农村经济特点与发展对策

长江三角洲的经济发展与农业密不可分,农业生产的可宗粮食和多种农产品为区域经济发展提供了重要的物质基础,随着工业、商业的兴起,一系列城镇密布于长江三角洲,又带动了农村经济的发展。近20年来,长江三角洲经济快速发展,农村与农业和整个区域一样,出现了许多新的特点。着重阐述了长江三角洲的农村经济基础,分析了农村工业的国民经济中的重要地位与农村城市化,指明了农业生产结构的变化。根据长江三角洲的区位条件、经济与社会发展水平、科技与文化、教育实力,认为长江三角洲应在我国率先实现现代化,农村的城市化水平将进一步提高,长江三角洲亦将成为我国农业现代化的示范基地。针对当前农村与农业的发展,从三方面提出了问题和对策：1.土地资源的保护与再开发,分析耕地减小的三种类型,强调杜绝盲目、无序开发造成的浪费;2.产业结构调整和加强技术进步等方面提高农村经济增长的动力;3.长江三角洲的农村正处于工业化和城市化的加速发展阶段,而生态与环境问题很突出,必须加强生态 、环境建设,提高农村可持续发展能力。     

基于力学平衡模型的乡村转型均衡发展判别方法研究

社会经济 生物自然 土地管理三维驱动因素通过“农村人口 耕地 农村居民点”3要素之间的相互联系与相互作用驱动着乡村转型发展。以该3要素为研究对象,提出基于力学平衡模型乡村转型发展偏离度的评价方法,并综合应用 2000 年和 2010 年两期 Landsat TM影像解译数据及2006~2020年规划修编数据,分析了江苏省乡村地区转型变化的特征规律。研究表明：江苏省各县（市区）乡村地区转型发展过程中,存在不同程度偏离发展情况;偏离度空间上呈现极角苏南<苏中<苏北,极径苏南>苏中>苏北的规律;农村居民点扩张成为乡村转型均衡发展的最重要阻碍因素,这根源于我国特殊的城乡“三元”结构社会体制,目前“生产空间较好的实现了转型,生活空间和身份空间依然滞留在乡村地区”,现阶段的乡村转型发展是一种不均衡的发展模式,必须实现向“以人为本”发展方式转变     

An integrated analysis of production costs and net energy balance of biofuels

Up to now, the “low” price of oil has prevented the development of alternative fuels but with the current high price and increasing scarcity, biofuels could become an economically attractive alternative. However, the economic assessment of biofuels has to take into account total production costs, including impact on agriculture, and the energy balance of first generation alternative fuels (biodiesel and bioethanol). Moreover, plans to produce biofuels from agriculture should not be achieved without considering the latest developments and reforms of the common agricultural policy, which promotes a change towards sustainable rural development based on multifunctional agriculture. From the analysis carried out, it emerges that first generation biofuels do not seem to be the best solution because of high production cost, limited land availability and low net energy balance. Furthermore, only a small quantity of biofuels can be produced as alternative to fossil oil because an incremental production will lead to the rising of agri-food prices. Only second generation biofuels could be a possible solution, although they still require much supplementary research and analysis.     

中国农业可持续发展的现实路径

作为中国可持续发展总体战略的重要组成和优先领域,农业可持续发展是我国现代农业发展的理性抉择和根本出路。农业可持续发展的实质是谋求农业生态系统中各要素及其相关各系统之间、系统与外部环境之间的有序化与整体性持续运作,其核心是保持农业系统的良性循环和生产力的可持续性。当前我国现代农业可持续发展的困境和挑战主要表现为:农业经营制度的先天不足和设施装备的落后使得农业发展根基不牢;人力、资本及科技等要素的缺失导致农业发展支撑力量严重不足;耕地和水资源短缺成为制约农业持续发展的瓶颈;农业生产与市场需求的结构性失衡及农产品质量安全问题使得最终产品难以满足社会需求。从可持续发展理念出发,本文认为中国特色现代农业发展的现实路径应立足于中国现实的资源及社会约束条件,着重从以下几个方面入手,即重视人力资本培育;大力推进农业合作化;加快农村金融创新;提升农业科技水平;发展劳动密集型农业;践行生态农业理念。     

长江三角洲的农村经济特点与发展对策

长江三角洲的经济发展与农业密不可分 ,农业生产的大宗粮食和多种农产品为区域经济发展提供了重要的物质基础 ,随着工业、商业的兴起 ,一系列城镇密布于长江三角洲 ,又带动了农村经济的发展。近 2 0年来 ,长江三角洲经济快速发展 ,农村与农业和整个区域一样 ,出现了许多新的特点。本文着重阐述了长江三角洲的农村经济基础 ,分析了农村工业在国民经济中的重要地位与农村城市化 ,指明了农业生产结构的变化。根据长江三角洲的区位条件、经济与社会发展水平、科技与文化、教育实力 ,认为长江三角洲应在我国率先实现现代化 ,农村的城市化水平将进一步提高 ,长江三角洲亦将成为我国农业现代化的示范基地。针对当前农村与农业的发展 ,文章从三方面提出了问题和对策 :1.土地资源的保护与再开发 ,分析耕地减少的三种类型 ,强调杜绝盲目、无序开发造成的浪费 ;2 .产业结构调整和加强技术进步等方面提高农村经济增长的动力 ;3 .长江三角洲的农村正处于工业化和城市化的加速发展阶段 ,而生态与环境问题很突出 ,必须加强生态、环境建设 ,提高农村可持续发展能力     

农业化学品投入状况及其对环境的影响

农业生产中,农业化学品的大量使用产生了明显的负外部性影响,尤其是农业的面源污染问题随化肥、农药投入的增加而不断加剧。通过统计分析方法,对农业化学品投入数量及区域分布特征、农业化学品投入存在的问题及其所造成的面源污染问题进行分析。结果表明:化肥和农药总投入不断增加,其中河南、山东、江苏、安徽、湖北和湖南6省投入总额接近全国的一半;农业化学品使用存在过量投入、投入结构失衡和施肥施药技术落后等问题;农业化学投入品的过量使用造成的环境污染问题正不断加剧,农业面源污染排放对污染总量的贡献率不断上升。最后提出了相关政策建议,包括加强农业面源污染控制的政策框架和配套制度建设、推广成熟的化肥农药施用技术和加强农业环保教育。     

Theoretical and Empirical Analysis on Influence Factors of Modern Agricultural Equipment Level in the Processof Agricultural Sustainable Development

To promote modern agricultural equipment level is one characteristic of constructing and developing modern agriculture in China.This paper makes up stepwise linear regression analysis model of influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level,and chooses rural labor,per capita income of rural residents,rural investment,proportion of people at secondary education level and at higher level in per hundred rural labor force and arable land area as independent variables,and total power of machine as induced variable.The major results show that the relativity of modern agricultural equipment level,rural investment and education level of peasants is remarkable,and they are the major influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level.Raising investment level of rural infrastructure construction as well as and research and development and promotion of advanced and applicable modern agricultural equipment,improving quality and education level of peasants can accelerate the development of China’s modern agricultural equipment effectively in the process of agricultural sustainable development.     

农村水环境保护与经济可持续发展

我国的生态环境问题 ,如水土流失、草场退化、沙漠化、盐渍化等问题 ,归根到底还是农村水环境问题。本文分析了农村水环境保护、高效利用水资源的紧迫性 ,以及影响农村生态系统可持续性的因素和保护、改善农村水环境的主要措施 ;认为加强农村水环境保护及其持续发展能力的建设是我国整个社会特别是农村经济可持续发展的基本保障     

农业面源污染形成机制:理论与实证

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