蚯蚓粪便生物炭对水体中雌二醇的吸附

为寻求高效、廉价的E2(雌二醇激素)吸附剂及开拓蚯蚓粪便的资源化利用途径,将蚯蚓粪便在300、500和700 ℃下热解碳化制备生物炭(分别记为BC300、BC500和BC700),对所得生物炭的基本理化性质(包括物质组成、表面官能团、孔隙结构等)进行分析,并将其用于吸附水体中E2,考察生物炭投加量、溶液pH、反应时间及初始ρ(E2)对生物炭吸附性能的影响,并探讨了吸附机理.结果表明:随热解温度的升高,生物炭的H/C(原子比)由0.13降至0.03,O/C(原子比)由0.46降至0.02,芳香性增强,极性降低,逐渐由脂肪炭结构过渡到芳香炭结构;生物炭比表面积由24.33 m2/g增至76.29 m2/g,总孔体积由0.09 cm3/g增至0.19 cm3/g.不同热解温度下制备的生物炭对E2的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学方程,拟合系数大于0.991;Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型均能较好地描述蚯蚓粪便生物炭对E2的吸附过程,Langmuir理论最大吸附量表现为BC700(7.66 mg/g)>BC500(5.23 mg/g)>BC300(3.32 mg/g).随热解温度的升高,O/C和H/C降低,说明碳化程度增强,生物炭吸附E2的分配作用减弱而表面吸附作用增强.研究显示,蚯蚓粪便生物炭对E2的吸附效果随比表面积和孔体积的增加而增强.      

浒苔生物炭的特征及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特点和吸附机制

为使浒苔得到资源化利用,本研究采用慢速热解技术于不同温度下制备浒苔生物炭,并对其理化性质进行表征.结果表明,400℃时,浒苔裂解已达较高程度.浒苔生物炭产率及灰分含量与热解温度呈负相关,碳含量与热解温度呈正相关,其表面呈蜂窝状多孔结构,比表面积为44.54~317.82 m~2·g~(-1),表面含有丰富的羟基(—OH)和羧基(—COOH)等含氧官能团.吸附实验显示,浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型.表明浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附为单分子层化学吸附,主要受快速反应过程控制.浒苔生物炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的最适p H为2,吸附容量表现为BC400BC700BC600BC500BC300,其中BC400的吸附量为4.79 mg·g~(-1).浒苔生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机制主要包括生物炭与HCr O-4和Cr2O_2-7等阴离子之间的静电作用,以及生物炭表面—OH和—COOH等含氧官能团的络合作用.     

不同温度桉树叶生物炭对Cd2+的吸附特性及机制

通过元素分析、BET-N₂、Zeta电位、Boehm滴定,SEM-EDS、FTIR等分析方法对不同热解温度（300、500和700℃）下制备的桉树叶生物炭进行表征,研究了3种生物炭（BC300、BC500和BC700）对Cd²⁺的吸附特性与机制.结果表明,随温度升高,生物炭产率下降,灰分、pH值和Zeta负电荷量上升,比表面积增大.当Cd²⁺浓度为20mg/L时,平衡时间依次为80min（BC700）<360min（BC500）<540min（BC300）,均符合准二级动力学模型（R²>0.98）,以化学吸附为主.BC300和BC500吸附过程均符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,BC700更符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附量依次为BC700（94.32mg/g） > BC500（67.07mg/g） > BC300（60.38mg/g）.在Boehm滴定结果分析的基础上,结合FTIR和SEM-EDS,表明生物炭吸附机制主要为静电吸附和官能团络合作用.BC700吸附性能最佳,原因可能是具有较大的比表面积、较多的负电荷量和较为丰富的官能团.     

中药渣生物炭对磺胺甲基嘧啶的吸附及机理研究

以传统中药-黄芪废渣为原料,分别在200℃、400℃、500℃、600℃和700℃的厌氧氛围下热解制备生物炭材料（BC200、BC400、BC500、BC600和BC700）,并利用BET比表面积分析、FTIR光谱分析、扫描电子显微镜等方法对其进行表征,同时考察不同投加量、吸附时间、初始浓度和pH值下生物炭对磺胺甲基嘧啶的吸附特征.结果表明,随制备温度的升高,生物炭的表面积及吸附性能也显著增加.相比原状黄芪渣（S_BET=0.42m²/g）,BC700的BET比表面积（S_BET=155.69m²/g）增大370倍,对磺胺甲基嘧啶的吸附容量增加185倍.BC700对磺胺甲基嘧啶的等温吸附过程符合Langmuir模型（R²=0.9977）,最大吸附容量为11.96mg/g,吸附反应过程满足准二级动力学方程（R²>0.994）,且为化学吸附.同时随着溶液初始pH值和投加量的升高,生物炭的吸附容量先增大后减小,最佳吸附pH值为4.     

杨木生物炭对水溶液中3种磺胺类抗生素的混合吸附

利用杨树木屑在限氧条件下,制备出3种不同热解温度下的生物炭,以探究其对水溶液混合磺胺类药物(SAs)的吸附机制.结果表明:350℃烧制的生物炭(BC350)孔径以大孔为主,而500℃(BC500)与650℃(BC650)以介孔为主;生物炭表面芳香性随着热解温度提高而增强.伪二级模型较适合描述生物炭吸附SAs的动力学过程...     

生物炭固定化解有机磷菌对Pb2+的吸附行为研究

分别在300、500和700℃将核桃青皮粉末限氧热解制备生物炭，以生物炭为载体固定化解有机磷菌(organic phosphorus-degrading bacteria, OPDB).通过对比不同热解温度生物炭固定化OPDB吸附Pb²⁺的效果，优选出吸附效果最佳的固定化OPDB菌剂.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、扫描电子显微镜、比表面积测试法对其进行表征分析，并探讨了生物炭添加量、溶液pH和吸附温度对吸附行为的影响，结合吸附动力学与等温吸附模型探究生物炭固定化OPDB对Pb²⁺的吸附过程及机理.结果表明，500℃限氧热解核桃青皮生物炭固定化OPDB菌剂对Pb²⁺的吸附效果最佳，最适吸附条件为：温度30℃，pH为6～7，生物炭添加量为0.1 g·100 mL-1.吸附过程较符合拟一级动力学模型，且吸附30min基本达到平衡，符合Langmuir模型，属于单分子层吸附.     

茶渣生物炭制备及其对溶液中四环素的去除特性

以茶渣(tea waste)为对象,在300、 500和700℃限氧条件下热解制备成生物炭(TWBC300、 TWBC500和TWBC700),研究其对溶液中四环素(tetracycline,TC)的去除特性.采用元素分析、比表面积分析仪、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对TWBC300、 TWBC500及TWBC700进行表征;考察生物炭添加量、溶液初始pH、离子类型及强度等因素对四环素去除效果的影响;结合吸附动力学、吸附等温线和仪器表征结果探究生物炭对溶液中四环素的作用机制.结果表明,适合的生物炭投加量为4.0g·L~(-1).溶液初始pH对生物炭去除四环素的影响较小.溶液中阳离子类型对生物炭吸附四环素的抑制作用依次是Mg~(2+)Ca~(2+)K~+Na~+.NH~+_4能略微促进生物炭对四环素的吸附,而铜离子却显著抑制生物炭对四环素的去除.环境温度增加能提升生物炭对四环素的去除效果.拟二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型可以较好地拟合茶渣生物炭吸附四环素的过程.茶渣生物炭对四环素的吸附量依次是TWBC700TWBC500TWBC300.孔隙扩散、氢键和π-π作用是茶渣生物炭去除四环素的主要机制.因此,高温制备的茶渣生物炭可作为废水中四环素去除的良好吸附剂.     

改性污泥基生物炭的制备及其对Cd2+的吸附特性研究

为了提高废水中Cd~(2+)的去除效率并获得高效、低成本吸附剂,以市政污泥为原料,在300℃和500℃条件下限氧热解制备生物炭(BC300和BC500)并用NaOH进行改性(NC300和NC500)。通过元素分析、扫描电镜和傅里叶红外光谱等方法对污泥基生物炭进行表征,运用吸附动力学和吸附等温线系统研究了改性前后污泥基生物炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附特性。结果表明:与未改性的污泥基生物炭相比,改性污泥基生物炭的极性降低,疏水性增强;碱改性炭表面具有更多的-CH_2-,C=O和C-O等官能团,有利于水体中Cd~(2+)的吸附; 4种污泥基生物炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型,NC300和NC500对于Cd~(2+)的最大平衡吸附量较改性前分别提高了2倍和1.1倍。     

花生壳生物炭的制备、表征及其吸附性能

选择花生壳作为原材料,采用限氧升温炭化法在200、450、700℃温度下制备生物炭,在对其元素组成和表面性质进行分析的基础上,重点考察生物炭对邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附性能。结果表明,花生壳生物炭的元素含量由高到低为COHN,热解温度的升高使碳元素含量显著增高,芳香性增强且极性减弱;花生壳生物炭的比表面积、总孔面积、微孔面积和微孔孔容均随热解温度的升高而增加,平均孔隙宽度随之减小;花生壳生物炭含有丰富的表面官能团,热解温度升高使羟基数量大幅减少,烃基逐渐消失,芳香化程度增强;花生壳生物炭对DEP、DBP的吸附符合Freundlich方程,吸附能力随热解温度的升高而增强,高温生物炭的吸附过程呈现明显的非线性特征。     

羊粪生物炭对水体氨氮吸附特性研究

以山羊粪便为原料,在300℃和700℃缺氧热解条件下制备生物炭,分别记为D300和D700。使用扫描电镜表征生物炭结构特征,运用比表面积仪测定其比表面积和孔径大小,以此探究不同热解温度条件下羊粪生物炭的内部结构及比表面积特征。以水体氨氮(20 mol/L)为目标污染物,以D300和D700为吸附剂,研究不同氨氮浓度、温度、pH以及吸附剂投加量等因素对水体氨氮吸附的影响以及吸附特性。结果表明:热解温度从300℃上升到700℃,生物炭的比表面积、总孔容随之增大,平均孔径反之减小,吸附效率从15.72%提升到24.73%。羊粪生物炭吸附水体氨氮的最佳pH在6～8;通过对动力学数据进行分析,发现准二级动力学方程(R~2=0.999 1)比准一级动力学方程(R~2=0.663 3)能更好地拟合动力学数据。吸附等温曲线拟合发现Langmuir方程(R~2=0.842 74)能更好地描述氨氮在羊粪生物炭上的吸附行为。吉布斯自由能变化、焓变和熵变的计算结果表明:羊粪生物炭对氨氮的吸附过程是自发的吸热过程。700℃条件下制备的羊粪生物炭比D300拥有更好的吸附性能。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.