几种重金属对皱纹盘鲍血细活性氧产生的影响

体外条件下利用化学发光法定量地研究了不同种类和不同浓度的重金属:Cr、Cd、Hg、Pb、C和Zn对皱纹盘鲍血细胞吞噬时活性氧产生的影响。结果表明,不同种类和不同浓度的重金属浸泡急性处理皱纹盘鲍血细胞都不同程度地抑制了血细胞吞噬时的化学发光,表明重金属能够抑制皱纹盘鲍血细胞吞噬活动中的活性氧(ROS)的产生,而且这种抑制作用随着重金属浓度的增加而加强。不同的重金属抑制强度不同,从强到弱以次为Hg>Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn。研究表明六种重金属中,Hg对皱纹盘鲍血细胞的免疫毒性最大。     

Determination of photochemically-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in natural water

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced by interactions between sunlight and light-absorbing substances in natural water environment. ROS may participate in the indirect photolysis of trace organic pollutants, therefore resulting in the changing of their environmental fates and ecological risks in natural water system. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, exits widely in natural water. The photodegradation of BPA promoted by ROS (·OH, 1O2, HO2·/O2·-) which were produced on the excitation of ubiquitous constituents (such as nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes) in natural water under simulated solar radiation was investigated. Both molecular probe method and electron spin resonance (ESR) test were used for the determine the characterization of generated ROS. It was found that ·OH was photochemically produced with the presence of nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes and 1O2 was produced with the presence of humic substances. The steady-state concentrations of ·OH was 1.27×10-14 mol/L in nitrate ion, and the second-order rate constant of BPA with ·OH was 1.01×1010L/( mol·s).     

Toxic effects of chlortetracycline on maize growth, reactive oxygen species generation and the antioxidant response

The toxicity of chlortetracycline (CTC) on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was studied. The root and shoot lengths and fresh weights of maize seedlings were inhibited by CTC treatment (p < 0.05). Root length was more sensitive than other parameters with the EC₁₀ value of 0.064 mg/L. The spin trapping technique followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis was used to quantify the ROS production. The ROS generated in maize roots after exposure to CTC was identified as hydroxyl radical (.OH). The EPR signal intensity correlated positively with the logarithm of CTC concentrations exposed (p < 0.05). The dynamic changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the antioxidative enzyme activities in maize roots were also determined. As compared to the control group, CTC was found to significantly increase MDA content. Treatment of maize roots with the.OH scavenger sodium benzoate (SB) reduced the MDA content and enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activities. The results demonstrated the harmfulness of CTC at high dose to maize in the early developmental stage, and clarified that the inducement of.OH is one of the mechanisms of CTC toxicity.     

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of Carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by nonplanar （PCB153） and coplanar （PCB169） polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in vitro

Among all the 209 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, nonplanar and coplanar PCB congeners have di erent levels of toxicity on mammal cells such as neuronal cells, but little is known about their toxicity on fish cells although PCB congeners usually have high bioaccumulation abilities in the detected fish bodies. This study showed that 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB153, nonplanar congener) and 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB169, coplanar congener) caused apoptosis on the isolated crucian carp (Carassius auratus) lymphocytes and the induced cytotoxicity was structure-dependent. According to the laser confocal microscope observations, apoptosis was clearly distinguished by condensation of nucleus, shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. DNA fragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. These typical morphological and biochemical characteristics indicate the occurrence of apoptosis on fish lymphocytes. According to the flow cytometry analysis, after the cells were exposed to 10 mol/L PCBs for 3 h, the apoptotic percentage induced by PCB153 was 23.41%, while that induced by PCB169 was even higher (31.03%). Furthermore, incubating PCBs with fish lymphocytes enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), clearly indicating the presence of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Our data also demonstrate that the di erent cytotoxic e ects induced by coplanar and nonplanar PCBs were correlated with their structural characteristics and the coplanar congener was more cytotoxic than nonplanar congener. This study suggests that cytotoxicity mechanisms of the PCB congeners on fish lymphocytes depend on their planarity and chemical structures.     

Atmospheric HULIS and its ability to mediate the reactive oxygen species (ROS): A review

Atmospheric humic-like substances(HULIS) are not only an unresolved mixture of macroorganic compounds but also powerful chelating agents in atmospheric particulate matters(PMs); impacting on both the properties of aerosol particles and health effects by generating reactive oxygen species(ROS). Currently, the interests of HULIS are intensively shifting to the investigations of HULIS-metal synergic effects and kinetics modeling studies, as well as the development of HULIS quantification, findings of possible HULIS sources and generation of ROS from HULIS. In light of HULIS studies, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of isolation and physicochemical characterization of HULIS from atmospheric samples as well as HULIS properties(hygroscopic, surface activity, and colloidal) and possible sources of HULIS.This review mainly highlights the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) from PMs, HULIS and transition metals, especially iron. This review also summarized the mechanism of ironorganic complexation and recent findings of OH formation from HULIS-metal complexes. This review will be helpful to carry out the modeling studies that concern with HULIS-transition metals and for further studies in the generation of ROS from HULIS-metal complexes.     

常温催化抗菌研究现状及展望

病原微生物所引发的传染性疾病严重威胁人类健康和生命。传统抗菌技术通常需要外加光、热等能量,如紫外线、光催化、微波等,实际应用受限。常温催化作为一种新型抗菌技术,能够在常温条件下发生催化氧化反应,产生强氧化性的活性氧物种而起杀菌作用。因此,常温催化技术在抗菌领域具有应用优势,综述其抗菌研究现状对于系统性认知常温催化抗菌具有指导意义。本文阐述了常温催化抗菌材料及其活性氧物种产生过程,介绍了常温催化抗菌性能的评价方法,讨论了常温催化抗菌的作用机制,重点分析了常温催化抗菌性能的影响因素。此外,基于国内外常温催化的抗菌研究现状,指出了常温催化抗菌研究存在的问题及未来发展趋势。     

Variation in levels of reactive oxygen species is explained by maternal identity, sex and body-size-corrected clutch size in a lizard

Many organisms show differences between males and females in growth rate and crucial life history parameters, such as longevity. Considering this, we may expect levels of toxic metabolic by-products of the respiratory chain, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), to vary with age and sex. Here, we analyse ROS levels in female Australian painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) and their offspring using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. Basal level of four ROS species (singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, superoxide and H₂O₂) measured with a combined marker, and superoxide measured specifically, varied significantly among families but not between the sexes. When blood cells from offspring were chemically encouraged to accelerate the electron transport chain by mitochondrial uncoupling, net superoxide levels were three times higher in daughters than sons (resulting in levels outside of the normal ROS range) and varied among mothers depending on offspring sex (significant interaction between maternal identity and offspring sex). In offspring, there were depressive effects on ROS of size-controlled relative clutch size, which relies directly on circulating levels of vitellogenin, a confirmed antioxidant in some species. Thus, levels of reactive oxygen species varies among females, offspring and in relation to reproductive investment in a manner that makes its regulatory processes likely targets of selection.     

不同来源溶解性有机质在光辐射下产生活性氧基团能力的差异

溶解性有机质(DOM)在光辐射下可以吸收光能产生活性氧物质(Reactive oxygen species, ROS),如单线态氧(~1O_2),羟基自由基(HO·)及激发三线态DOM(~3DOM~*)等,这些ROS对污染物的光化学反应起着重要的作用.本实验在254 nm紫外光辐射下,利用特征ROS探针化合物,探究4种不同来源土壤DOM光致产生ROS能力的差异.通过XAD-8树脂分组将2种不同来源DOM分成5个组分,进一步探究DOM结构对ROS生成的影响.研究发现,来源于黄褐土、潮土的DOM分别产生~1O_2、HO·的能力较强,而来源于黄褐土的富里酸及潮土的胡敏酸产生~3DOM~*的能力较强,说明不同来源DOM在光辐射下产生ROS的能力不同.紫外光谱分析表明,分子量较大、腐殖化程度较高的腐殖酸产生ROS的能力较强,且富里酸与胡敏酸对ROS生成的影响存在差异.整体来看,2种腐殖酸的不同分组组分对ROS生成的影响趋势相似,水与乙醇组分所产生的影响非常小,低pH值组分对ROS生成的影响比高pH值大.结合红外光谱分析,研究发现,低pH值组分的腐殖酸羧基含量较高,脂肪族官能团含量低,含氧量高,可能具有较高的光化学活性,有利于ROS的生成.此外,2种腐殖酸不同组分对ROS生成的影响存在差异,说明DOM结构中官能团的可解离程度对ROS生成具有一定影响.     

Mechanism of Deca-BDE-induced apoptosis in Neuro-2a cells: Role of death-receptor pathway and reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a prevalent polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener known to have neurotoxicity. Effects of BDE-209 on Neuro-2a cells were performed in the present study and the possible apoptotic pathway was discussed. Results indicated that BDE-209 induced Neuro-2a cell apoptosis, increased the protein expression of Fas and Fas-associated death domain-containing protein (FADD) and activated the caspase-8 and -3 activities in a concentration-dependent manner, inferring the death-receptor pathway was involved in the apoptotic process. Meanwhile, BDE-209 exposure increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and decreased the cellular mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) which led to cytochrome C released to the cytoplasm. The intracellular caspase-9 was elevated simultaneously, which caused downstream caspase cascade and triggered cell apoptosis. Moreover, BDE-209 exposure increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in a concentration-dependent manner and the addition of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), known as ROS scavengers, obviously reduced the apoptotic rate and a positive relationship was observed between the degree of apoptosis blocking and the loss of MMP and ROS production. We thus concluded that BDE-209 induced Neuro-2a cell apoptosis via the combination of the death-receptor signaling pathway and the mitochondrial signaling pathway. The elevated ROS production was considered to magnify the intracellular apoptosis signal and played a crucial role in apoptosis of Neuro-2a cells induced by BDE-209.     

氯氰菊酯对小鼠脑细胞的氧化损伤及维生素E的抗氧化作用

以昆明小鼠为受试动物,随机分为6组,包括1个阴性对照组、3个氯氰菊酯染毒组、1个维生素E组和1个高剂量氯氰菊酯加维生素E组,染毒组按10,20,40mg/kg 3个剂量水平,维生素E的剂量为100mg/kg,灌胃染毒小鼠7d.以脑组织匀浆测定活性氧(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量;以脑组织细胞测定DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)系数.随着氯氰菊酯染毒剂量的升高,脑组织的ROS、MDA含量和DPC系数逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系.染毒剂量320mg/kg时,ROS含量(841.3±100.34)、GSH含量[(12.54±1.316)nmol/L]和DPC系数(0.054±0.004)有显著差异(P<0.05);染毒剂量340mg/kg时,GSH含量[(10.51±1.545)nmol/L]有显著差异(P<0.05),ROS含量(1014.3±81.67)、MDA含量[(2.849±0.218)μmol/L]和DPC系数(0.079±0.005)有极显著差异(P<0.01).高剂量染毒加维生素E组与高剂量染毒组相比较,脑组织的ROS、MDA含量和DPC系数均有下降,GSH含量上升.脑组织的ROS(719.5±74.56)、GSH[(16.52±1.985)nmol/L]和DPC系数(0.055±0.005)有显著差异(P<0.05),MDA含量[(1.662±0.265)μmol/L]有极显著差异(P<0.01).较高剂量(320mg/kg)的氯氰菊酯能造成小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤,维生素E有抗氧化作用.