氯对饮用水中可同化有机碳的影响

通过分析太湖水的分子量分布变化以及亲疏组分,考察氯反应生成AOC的效果和机理.结果表明,弱疏组分的AOC生成量最大,其次为强疏,中亲和带负电亲水的生成量最少.氯主要与小分子的疏水性有机物反应,AOC的生成量最多.通过考察深度处理工艺的有机物分子量以及组分的变化,发现疏水性有机物呈逐渐下降而亲水性组分呈上升的趋势,表明氯化产生的AOC呈减少趋势.小分子的疏水性有机物是主要的氯化AOC的前体物.     

混凝处理工艺对再生水水质生物稳定性的影响

再生水在储存、输配过程中微生物的再生长现象给再生水的利用造成不利影响,因此,研究再生水的生物稳定性十分必要.本研究以可同化有机碳(AOC)表征再生水生物稳定性,考察了混凝处理对北京市再生水厂二级出水生物稳定性的影响.研究发现,二级出水中投加聚合氯化铝(PACl)剂量为20~120 mg·L~(-1)混凝处理后,水中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和不饱和有机物、含氮有机物(用UV254表征)的去除率分别为3%~30%和10%~36%,水样中荧光物质的去除效果不明显.分子量为3000~20000 Da的有机物容易被混凝过程去除,但分子量小于3000 Da的有机物在混凝过程中几乎不能被去除.二级出水经混凝处理后,AOC水平有升高的趋势.在PACl投加量为60 mg·L~(-1)时,混凝前后二级出水的AOC水平分别为48~485μg·L~(-1)和121~910μg·L~(-1),变化率为-4%~124%,说明混凝处理导致了水样水质生物稳定性降低.     

臭氧氧化饮用水过程中可同化有机碳生成的影响因素

研究臭氧化过程中,臭氧投加量、p H值和离子强度对可同化有机碳(assimilable organic carbon,AOC)生成量的影响.结果表明,臭氧投加量在1~5 mg·L~(-1)范围,AOC的生成量随着投加量的增加而增加,但过高的臭氧投加量(9 mg·L~(-1))反而导致AOC生成量下降.p H越高(6~9),AOC的生成量也越高.AOC的生成量随着离子强度的升高而下降.臭氧氧化强疏组分AOC的生成量最高,其次为弱疏,而极亲和中亲最低.研究发现,AOC的生成量与小分子有机物的SUVA有密切的关系,较低的SUVA产生较多的AOC.     

纳滤膜组合工艺去除饮用水中可同化有机碳和致突变物

分别以太湖水和淮河水为水源的两地水厂出厂水为研究对象，研究纳滤膜组合工艺对饮用水中可同化有机碳和致突变物的去除效果。研究表明，纳滤膜对可同化有机碳的去除率为80%，能确保饮用水的生物稳定性。对致突变物的去除率大于90%。使Ames实验结果由阳性转为阴性。对两地不同原水均能生产出安全优质的饮用水。     

氯对模拟管壁生物膜的氧化特性研究

以载片上培养的大肠杆菌生物膜为对象,研究了氯对模拟管壁生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果,同时考察氯氧化生物膜后水中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、生物可利用磷(MAP)和细菌生长潜能(BRP)的变化情况.结果表明,氯可以有效灭活悬浮态的大肠杆菌,而对生物膜中的大肠杆菌的灭活效率远低于悬浮菌;在相同CT值下,较高浓度的氯对悬浮态和生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果要高于低浓度的氯.氯对生物膜的氧化作用会使生物膜中物质溶出,增加了水中AOC和MAP浓度,如当氯的浓度为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100 mg·min/L)时,水中AOC由20.78 μg/L增加到120.17 μg/L,MAP含量由0.11 μg/L增加到0.17 μg/L;氯的氧化作用会增加水的细菌生长潜能（BRP）,BRP随着CT值的增加而增加,如当氯投量为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100　mg·min/L)时,BRP可达到1.10×10⁷ CFU/mL.     

管网水限制性营养元素对微生物再生长的影响

考察C、N、P等饮用水中的限制性营养元素对微生物再生长的影响。结果表明,磷是管网中细菌生长的主要限制因子,饮用水最适合细菌生长的最佳C∶P为100∶5。另外,对于管网微生物而言,乙酸碳等易降解有机物是一种更容易被利用的有机物。因此,在饮用水处理过程中应尽可能地去除原水中磷,使出厂水TP控制在5μg/L以下,同时要防止饮用水被一些有机物特别是小分子易降解有机物污染,以确保饮用水安全。     

可同化有机碳(AOC)产率系数测定优化及接种方法对比研究

在对测定可同化有机碳(AOC)所需接种液中荧光假单胞杆菌P17及螺旋菌NOX的浓度随培养时间变化规律进行研究的基础上,进一步研究了两种细菌培养后其浓度与标准乙酸碳(Ac-C)浓度之间的相关性.结果表明,当Ac-C浓度75μg·L~(-1)时,标准乙酸碳溶液的浓度与细菌浓度具有较好的线性关系;当Ac-C浓度75μg·L~(-1)时,两者的线性关系减弱;传统AOC检测方法选取[Ac-C]=100μg·L~(-1)作为产率对照在低浓度条件下是不准确的.本文在此基础上提出了产率系数的优化计算方法并确定其适用范围(AOC-P17:0～75μg·L~(-1);AOC-NOX:0～75μg·L~(-1)),该方法进一步提高了该范围内AOC测定结果的准确性.通过对AOC测定过程中3种接种方式的对比研究,发现分别接种法误差较大;同时接种法在平板计数阶段两种细菌菌落之间存在掩盖现象,结果不稳定;先后接种法测定结果较为准确,可较好地反映水中AOC的浓度.将优化后的产率系数测定方法应用于先后接种法并与传统测定方法进行对比,结果证明,优化后的测定方法准确度更高.     

再生水紫外线-氯联合消毒工艺特性研究

以二级出水作为消毒对象,比较了紫外线-氯联合消毒与单一紫外线消毒对水中肠道指示菌的灭活效果,考察了联合消毒工艺副产物(三卤甲烷)生成情况.结果表明,单一紫外线消毒对肠道指示菌的灭活曲线在剂量大于10mJ/cm2时存在拖尾现象,剂量为80mJ/cm2时对总大肠菌群最高对数灭活率约为2.5;而在紫外线剂量20mJ/cm2、氯投加量8mg/L(接触时间30min)条件下,紫外线-氯联合消毒对总大肠菌群的对数灭活率达到7.0.20mJ/cm2紫外线与8mg/L氯消毒组合及80mJ/cm2紫外线与3mg/L氯消毒组合均可有效灭活总大肠菌群浓度至3CFU/L以下.经紫外线照射后再氯消毒,二级出水中三卤甲烷生成量仅为10~55mg/L.80mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒后三卤甲烷生成量略高于20mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒的情形.紫外线消毒后投加氯消毒,可有效提高再生水消毒效果,控制消毒副产物生成量.     

配水管网中生物稳定性和消毒副产物的变化及相关性

研究了上海市2条不同水源水厂配水管网中可同化有机碳（AOC）、三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）的变化情况,并对饮用水生物稳定性和消毒副产物间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明,管网中AOC和HAAs含量受余氯和微生物活动双重作用的影响,在距水厂较近、余氯较高的管网中,可能因氯与有机物继续反应出现上升,在余氯较低的管网末梢则因为微生物降解作用使含量下降;THMs含量则只受余氯的影响,随管网延伸持续增长.HAAs与AOC含量间存在较好的线形关系,前体物间具有相似性,THMs与AOC含量间呈正相关性;作为饮用水安全性的2个重要方面,生物稳定性和消毒副产物间具有内在的关联性.     

不同管材对氯胺消毒副产物生成与水质生物稳定性的影响

模拟考察了上海某水厂出厂水在不同输配管网体系中水质的变化规律,研究了管材和氯胺投加量对输配过程水质变化的影响.结果表明,不同输配管网体系氯胺的衰减速率总体上符合如下规律:镀锌管>铜管>不锈钢管>聚乙烯管(PE管)>三型聚丙烯管(PPR管),季节因素对氯胺衰减速率影响较大,秋冬季节氯胺衰减的速率显著降低;消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)的生成规律为:PE管?PPR管>玻璃管>不锈钢管>铜管>镀锌管;五种管材中异氧菌总数(HPC)的生长数量为:镀锌管>>PE管>不锈钢管>PPR管>铜管;铜管和PE管中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)显著高于其余管材及出厂水.     

磷含量与饮用水生物稳定性的关系

通过对可同化有机碳(AOC)的分析,研究了水中磷对其生物稳定性的限制因子作用.试验水样为原水和经过净水工艺处理后的出水.结果表明,原水磷含量较低,经过生物预处理和常规处理后,磷的含量又大大降低.在原水和出水水样中添加50g/L的PO₄^3--P(NaH²PO⁴)后,原水水样的AOC变化不大,而出水水样的AOC增加了44%～60%.这表明在出水水样中磷是细菌生长的限制因子,由此推断,磷成为给水管网中细菌再生长限制因子的情况在国内存在.试验结果说明,有效地去除水中的磷可以作为提高饮用水生物稳定性的一个重要途径.     

再生水灌溉对土壤团聚体中有机碳、氮和磷的形态及分布的影响

为了解再生水灌溉对砂质紫色土土壤有机碳、氮和磷的形态及其在不同粒级团聚体中分布的影响,比较了四川省彭州市灌溉年限分别为3a和8a的2个再生水灌溉区土壤中不同粒径团聚体中有机碳、氮和磷的分布及化学形态.结果表明,再生水灌溉区土壤有机碳、氮和磷主要分布在>2mm和2mm的大粒径团聚体所占比例下降,向较小粒径转化;>0.25mm团聚体中有机碳和氮含量显著上升,在所有5个粒级的团聚体中磷素含量都有显著提高.再生水灌溉还有利于紫色土重颗粒态有机碳和颗粒态氮的形成,且灌溉时间越长,效果越明显.在除<0.053mm的其它4个粒级团聚体中,再生水灌溉区土壤中交换态磷及钙结合态磷比例上升,而铁铝结合态磷比例下降.综上,再生水灌溉有效的改善了砂质紫色土土壤的有机碳库、氮库和磷库,长期灌溉可以减少人工施肥量.     

两种工艺对污水再生水中微量有机物的去除效果

以20种微量有机污染物为目标物,针对北京市2个再生水厂的不同工艺,系统地考察了污水再生水中目标化合物的去除效果,并采用重组酵母雌激素活性筛检法(YES法)对再生水中雌激素活性进行评价.结果表明,超滤(UF)+臭氧(O3)氧化处理工艺可有效地去除微量有机污染物,出水中雌二醇当量浓度(EEQ)低于YES法检出范围.A2/O+膜生物反应器(MBR)+反渗透(RO)处理工艺对微量有机污染物有很高的去除能力,出水中可检测出的目标化合物较少.2种工艺均可降低再生水的环境风险,保障其使用安全.     

再生水中有机物的臭氧氧化研究

以某城市污水处理厂深度处理的反硝化生物滤池出水为原水,研究了臭氧氧化对再生水中有机物的去除效果及臭氧氧化后醛类的生成规律.结果表明,臭氧能有效降解水中有机物,臭氧投加量为8 mg·L~(-1)时,DOC、UV254、色度的去除率分别为9.5%、45.6%和80.2%.三维荧光光谱荧光峰各区的荧光强度均随臭氧投加量的增加而降低,臭氧投加量为4 mg·L~(-1)时,再生水中的微生物代谢产物和腐殖质类物质的去除率分别为65.8%和63.2%.臭氧氧化产生的醛类副产物中甲醛和乙醛是主要的组成部分,当O3/DOC(质量浓度比)=1.1时,除丙烯醛外,其他几种醛类的浓度均达到最大值;臭氧氧化能够降低后续氯消毒过程中三卤甲烷类消毒副产物的生成浓度,对三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)的去除率为17%.     

Inactivation, reactivation and regrowth of indigenous bacteria in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection of a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Disinfection of reclaimed water prior to reuse is important to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Chlorine is a widely utilized disinfectant and as such is a leading contender for disinfection of reclaimed water. To understand the risks of chlorination resulting from the potential selection of pathogenic bacteria, the inactivation, reactivation and regrowth rates of indigenous bacteria were investigated in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection. Inactivation of total coliforms, Enterococcus and Salmonella showed linear correlations, with constants of 0.1384, 0.1624 and 0.057 L/(mg·min) and R² of 0.7617, 0.8316 and 0.845, respectively. However, inactivation of total viable cells by measurement of metabolic activity typically showed a linear correlation at lower chlorine dose (0-22 (mg·min)/L), and a trailing region with chlorine dose increasing from 22 to 69 (mg·min)/L. Reactivation and regrowth of bacteria were most likely to occur after exposure to lower chlorine doses, and extents of reactivation decreased gradually with increasing chlorine dose. In contrast to total coliforms and Enterococcus, Salmonella had a high level of regrowth and reactivation, and still had 2% regrowth even after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. The bacterial compositions were also significantly altered by chlorination and storage of reclaimed water, and the ratio of Salmonella was significantly increased from 0.001% to 0.045% after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. These trends indicated that chlorination contributes to the selection of chlorine-resistant pathogenic bacteria, and regrowth of pathogenic bacteria after chlorination in reclaimed water with a long retention time could threaten public health security during wastewater reuse.     

A biological safety evaluation on reclaimed water reused as scenic water using a bioassay battery

An assessment method based on three toxicity tests (algae growth inhibition, daphnia immobilization and larval fish toxicity) was used to screen the biological safety of reclaimed water which was reused as sole replenishment for scenic water system in a park (SOF Park) in northern China. A total of 24 water samples were collected from six sites of water system in the SOF Park in four different seasons. The results indicated that: (1) the reclaimed water directly discharged from a reclamation treatment plant near the SOF Park as influent of park had relatively low biological safety (all samples were ranked as C or D); (2) the biological safety of reclaimed water was improved greatly with the ecological reclamation treatment processes composing of artificial wetland system and followed oxidation pond system; (3) the biological safety of reclaimed water in the main lake of SOF Park kept at a health status during different seasons (all samples were ranked as A); (4) there was some certain correlation (R² = 0.5737) between the sum of toxicity scores and dissolved organic carbon for the studied water samples. It was concluded that the assessment method was reliable to screen the safety of reclaimed water reused as scenic water, and the reclaimed water with further ecological purification processes such as artificial wetland and oxidation pond system can be safely reused as scenic water in park.     

Assessment and management of the performance risk of a pilot reclaimed water disinfection process

Chlorination disinfection has been widely used in reclaimed water treatment plants to ensure water quality. In order to assess the downstream quality risk of a running reclaimed water disinfection process, a set of dynamic equations was developed to simulate reactions in the disinfection process concerning variables of bacteria, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, ammonia and monochloramine. The model was calibrated by the observations obtained from a pilot disinfection process which was designed to simulate the actual process in a reclaimed water treatment plant. A Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to calculate the predictive effluent quality distributions that were used in the established hierarchical assessment system for the downstream quality risk, and the key factors affecting the downstream quality risk were defined using the Regional Sensitivity Analysis method. The results showed that the seasonal upstream quality variation caused considerable downstream quality risk; the effluent ammonia was significantly influenced by its upstream concentration; the upstream COD was a key factor determining the process effluent risk of bacterial, COD and residual disinfectant indexes; and lower COD and ammonia concentrations in the infiuent would mean better downstream quality.