Expressing forgiveness after interpersonal mistreatment: Power and status of forgivers influence transgressors' relationship restoration efforts

One adverse consequence of interpersonal mistreatment is that it damages the relationship between the victim and the transgressor. Scholars have promoted forgiveness of such mistreatment as a victim response that can motivate transgressors to work towards relationship restoration. Building on social exchange theory and the social perception literature, we provide an account of when transgressors are less (vs. more) willing to restore their relationship with the victim in response to forgiveness. Specifically, we argue that transgressors perceive forgiveness from a victim who has high (vs. low) power, relative to the transgressor, as insincere, making transgressors less willing to restore the relationship. We further argue that this effect of high (vs. low) victim power is pronounced especially when the victim also has low (vs. high) status. Two experiments and two field studies support these predictions. These findings highlight the relevance of studying how contextual conditions color transgressors' perceptions of victims' behavior to understand relationship restoration after interpersonal mistreatment.     

Examining the interpersonal process and consequence of leader–member exchange comparison: The role of procedural justice climate

Individuals are always sensitive to their relative standing in interpersonal comparison processes of leader–member exchanges (LMXs) in teams. Little research, however, has investigated whether coworkers with a higher LMX influence the emotional and behavioral reactions of individuals with a lower LMX in different dyads. Drawing on social comparison theory and the symbolic model of procedural justice (PJ) climate, we conducted 2 independent studies—an experimental study focusing on the self‐perceived upward LMX comparison (i.e., an individual perceives that a coworker's LMX is higher than the LMX that he or she has with the supervisor; N = 203; Study 1: American working adults) and a field survey study focusing on the other‐perceived downward LMX comparison (i.e., a coworker perceives that his or her own LMX is higher than the LMX that the individual has with the supervisor; N = 177; Study 2: Chinese software engineers). Results from these studies consistently revealed that a coworker's higher LMX elicits an individual's hostile emotions when the PJ climate is low but that this relationship is buffered when the PJ climate is high. Results of both studies also showed that the coworker's higher LMX arouses the individual to direct harmful behavior toward that coworker (via the individual's feelings of hostility) when the PJ climate is low but not when it is high.     

Polish adaptation of three self-report measures of job stressors: the Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale,the Quantitative Workload Inventory and the Organizational Constraints Scale

Aim. The objective of the present study was to test the psychometric properties, reliability and validity of three job stressor measures, namely, the Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, the Organizational Constraints Scale and the Quantitative Workload Inventory. Method. The study was conducted on two samples (N?=?382 and 3368) representing a wide range of occupations. The estimation of internal consistency with Cronbach's α and the test–retest method as well as both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were the main statistical methods. Results. The internal consistency of the scales proved satisfactory, ranging from 0.80 to 0.90 for Cronbach's α test and from 0.72 to 0.86 for the test–retest method. The one-dimensional structure of the three measurements was confirmed. The three scales have acceptable fit to the data. The one-factor structures and other psychometric properties of the Polish version of the scales seem to be similar to those found in the US version of the scales. It was also proved that the three job stressors are positively related to all the job strain measures. Conclusions. The Polish versions of the three analysed scales can be used to measure the job stressors in Polish conditions.     

煤矿安全从业人员工作满意感与应激水平、自我效能感的关系

运用问卷法,以43名国有煤矿安全从业人员为研究对象,探讨了在煤矿这一特定环境下的工作人员其工作满意感、应激水平和自我效能感的关系。结果发现应激水平能负向预测工作满意感,自我效能感不仅能正向预测工作满意感,还能调节应激水平对工作满意感的影响,较高的自我效能感能使应激水平对工作满意感的负效应转为正效应。根据笔者研究结果,提出了减少工作应激刺激、提供培训提高员工自我效能感、制定合理的人员安置和促进员工发展的人事制度,以增强员工的工作满意感的建议。     

Progress towards zero,an international comparison: Improvements in traffic fatality from 1990 to 2010 for different age groups in the USA and 15 of its peers

IntroductionIn January 2015, the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) announced that the official target of the federal government transportation safety policy was zero deaths. Having a better understanding of traffic fatality trends of various age cohorts—and to what extent the US is lagging other countries—is a crucial first step to identifying policies that may help the USDOT achieve its goal.MethodIn this paper we analyze fatality rates for different age cohorts in developed countries to better understand how road traffic fatality patterns vary across countries by age cohort. Using benchmarking analysis and comparative index analysis based on panel data modelling and data for selected years between 1990 and 2010, we compare changes in the rate of road traffic fatality over time, as well as the absolute level of road traffic fatality for six age groups in the US, with 15 other developed countries.Results-ConclusionsOur findings illustrate tremendous variations in road fatality rates (both in terms of the absolute values and the rates of improvement over time) among different age cohorts in all of the 16 countries. Looking specifically at the US, our analysis shows that safety improvements for Youngsters (15-17 years old) was much better than for other age groups, and closely tracked peer countries. In sharp contrast, Children (0-14 years old) and Seniors (+65 years old) in the US, fare very poorly when compared to peer countries. For example, in 2010, Children in the US were a stunning five times more likely to experience a road traffic fatality than Children in the UK.Practical ApplicationsThis startling statistic suggests an immediate need to explore further the causes and potential solutions to these disparities. This is especially important if countries, including the US, are to achieve the ambitious goals set out in Zero Vision initiatives.     

磷基及铁基钝化剂对Pb、Cd、As复合污染土壤的修复效果及其工艺条件优化

通过DTPA和NaHC03浸提方法评价磷基、铁基钝化剂对Pb、Cd、As复合污染土壤的钝化修复效果.结果表明,磷基钝化剂中磷酸二氢钙对有效态Pb、Cd固定效果较好,35 d后其去除率分别为61％、38％;铁基钝化剂中以硫酸高铁对有效态As固定效果最好,28 d后其去除率达74.6％.工艺条件优化结果表明,随磷酸二氢钙用量增加,土壤中有效态Pb、Cd含量明显下降;随硫酸高铁用量增加,对有效态As的固定效果明显增加,当硫酸高铁添加量为土壤中As总物质的量的3.06倍时,28 d后土壤中有效态As的去除率高达74.5％.土壤水分含量在最大田间持水量的60％～80％时,对有效态Pb固定影响不大,但均略高于最大田间持水量30％ ～ 50％时的Pb去除率;土壤水分含量在最大田间持水量的60％～80％时,有效态Cd固定效果较好.当磷酸二氢钙用量为土壤中Pb、Cd总物质的量的10倍,土壤水分含量为最大田间持水量的60％时,21 d后有效态Pb、Cd去除率分别达到93％和39％.铁基与磷基钝化剂复配可以同时固定土壤中的Pb、Cd、As.当Fe3+与PO43-物质的量的比为7.2∶1时,7d后土壤有效态Pb、Cd、As去除率分别为99％、41％、69％.     

城市粪渣无害化处理产生的恶臭污染物治理研究和实践

深圳市城市废物处理中心内的粪渣处理厂成功建立出来的除臭系统工程,处理风量已经达到了5×104 m^3/h,除臭系统一直运转到现在,效果非常的明显,为其他地区的城市粪渣无害化处理产生的恶臭污染物治理提供了相关的经验。     

The effects of ergonomics training on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of teleworkers

PROBLEM: The rapid growth of teleworking has raised several social and legal issues regarding an employer's responsibility for the safety of an employee's home office. In this paper, researchers discuss the need for safety training for teleworkers and the effectiveness of a home office ergonomics training program. METHOD: Study participants (N = 50) were randomly assigned into a treatment or control group. The treatment group completed the ergonomics training and a pre- and posttest. The control group completed the pre- and posttests without training. RESULTS: The study demonstrated the need for teleworker ergonomics training. More than 85% of participants had not received teleworker training before, and 44% had experienced pain or discomfort while teleworking. Participants who completed the training significantly improved their scores on knowledge, attitude, and practices subtests. In a follow-up survey, participants indicated that they had made ergonomic changes to their offices based on the training. Several participants indicated that the pain or discomfort that they had been experiencing was eliminated or reduced as a result of the training.     

Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self‐efficacy,reward importance,and locus of control

The effects of extrinsic rewards on creative performance have been controversial, and scholars have called for the examination of the boundary conditions of such effects. Drawing upon expectancy theory, we attend to both reinforcement and self‐determination pathways that reveal the informational and controlling functions of creativity‐related extrinsic rewards. We further identify the individual dispositions that moderate these two pathways. Specifically, we propose that extrinsic rewards for creativity positively predict creative performance only when employees have high creative self‐efficacy and regard such rewards as important. We likewise propose that extrinsic rewards positively affect the intrinsic motivation of employees with an internal locus of control, thus enhancing their creative performance. Results based on a sample of 181 employee–supervisor dyads largely supported these expectations. The current analysis enriches the creativity literature by combining different perspectives in a coherent framework, by demonstrating the positive effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation, and by demonstrating that the rewards–creativity relationship varies across employees depending on their individual differences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国石化开展安全隐患排查治理的方法与成效

石油石化行业具有"高温高压、易燃易爆、有毒有害、连续作业、链长面广、能量集中"的特点,任何隐患都可能引发重大安全事故。"十一五"以来,中国石化牢固树立科学发展、安全发展的理念,坚持"安全第一、预防为主、综合治理"的方针,将隐患排查治理作为安全工作的重点,建立健全"排查常态化、治理规范化、投入制度化、防治系统化"为重点的隐患排查治理长效机制,分别对电气、仪表、储罐、海(水)上等专项隐患进行集中排查和治理,为公司安全发展提供强有力支撑,使得公司最大限度提升了安全保障水平,最大限度杜绝了重特大事故发生。     

溶胞菌的筛选、特性及其污泥减量效果

采用抑菌圈法从活性污泥中筛选溶胞菌,研究溶胞菌用于污泥减量的效果。在5种溶胞菌中RJM-2对金黄色葡萄球菌的溶胞能力最好。根据形态、生理生化及16SrRNA测序,鉴定RJM-2为短小芽孢杆菌属。为了分析RJM-2的活性物质成分,分别对发酵上清液进行121℃高压蒸汽处理及蛋白酶K处理。结果表明,10 min内RJM-2发酵上清液与对照组相比能使金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)的OD580(580 nm条件下检测溶液的吸光度)下降0.12,而经过处理的发酵上清液OD580在2 h内无下降,这表明溶胞能力主要来自蛋白酶的作用。RJM-2对受试的5株革兰氏阴性菌及多株革兰氏阳性菌具有溶胞能力。RJM-2接种到污泥中24 h后能够使污泥SCOD(溶解性化学需氧量)达到111.96 mg/L,与不接种RJM-2的对照组相比SCOD增加了90.50 mg/L;在36 h内TSS(悬浮物固体)去除率达到56.68%,使污泥比阻下降了47.73%,污泥滤饼的含水率从83.6%下降到78.0%。研究表明,RJM-2能有效减少污泥TSS含量,降低污泥的比阻,改善污泥脱水性能。     

环氧乙烷热稳定性及杂质对其影响研究

为研究环氧乙烷热稳定性及杂质对其影响,利用C600微量量热仪对环氧乙烷进行热分解试验研究,获得了环氧乙烷分解活化能和绝热条件下到达最大反应速率所需时间(TMRad)等动力学参数.研究了氢氧化钾固体、45％氢氧化钾溶液、三氧化二铁和六水三氯化铁对环氧乙烷热分解特性的影响.结果表明:随温升速率的增加,环氧乙烷热分解起始放热温度逐渐增大;分解活化能E在55～ 90 kJ/mol;环氧乙烷在常温下不易发生热失控;但氢氧化钾固体、45％氢氧化钾溶液、三氧化二铁和六水三氯化铁均对环氧乙烷的热分解有一定程度的影响,使其起始放热温度和最大放热温度都有不同程度的降低,且氢氧化钾溶液和氢氧化钾固体的影响最为明显.     

营养条件对氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长及其铁沉淀的影响研究

为减少氧化亚铁硫杆菌培养过程中沉淀的产生,对其营养条件进行优化,研究不同氮源、磷源、初始Fe2+质量浓度及pH值对菌体生长和沉淀量的影响。结果表明:最佳氮源(NH4)2HPO4质量浓度为1.5 g/L时,取代了(NH4)2SO4和K2HPO4,同时作为氮源和磷源;优化后的培养基初始Fe2+质量浓度为13.5 g/L,pH值为1.8。优化后培养条件下菌体生长有较高氧化活性且沉淀量少。     

Application of the TNO multi-energy and Baker-Strehlow-Tang methods to predict hydrogen explosion effects from small-scale experiments

Analytical models or abacus are of importance to predict explosion effects in open and congested areas for industrial safety reasons. The goal of this work is to compare overpressure and flame speed values of small-scale deflagration experiments to predicted values from the TNO multi-energy (TNO ME) method and the Baker-Strehlow-Tang (BST) method. Experiments were performed in cylindrical congested volumes of hydrogen – air mixtures varying from 1.77 L to 7.07 L. The reactivity was controlled by the equivalence ratio of hydrogen-air mixtures, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5. The congestion was realized with varying numbers of grid layers and configurations. The influence of the obstacle density and the importance of the mixture reactivity to choose the strength index in order to predict the effects of an explosion has been highlighted for the TNO ME method. Predictive flame speed values from the BST method are in accordance with almost half of the experimental results and the method is conservative in most tested configurations. The use of the TNO ME method has been validated on a small-scale experiment to predict maximal overpressures generated by the deflagration of medium and large-scale H₂/air clouds.     

Solubility and calorimetric study of the effects of gas environment on the decomposition of o-nitrobenzoyl chloride

When ortho-nitrated benzoic acids are chlorinated in xylene and acetonitrile, the product gases, HCl and SO₂, dissolve in the solvent mixture. Previously measured solubilities [Lever, S. D., Papadaki, M. (2004a). o-Chlorination of 2-nitrobenzoic acid with thionly chloride in xylene and acetonitrile. Solubility study of hydrogen chloride and sulphur dioxide in xylene and acetonitrile, IChemE transactions part B. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 48–60.] were compared to other published data and found to be in very good agreement. The heat of solution of SO₂ in xylene was evaluated calorimetrically and compared to the value obtained from our previous experimental work. In our previous work [Lever, S. D., Papadaki, M. (2004b). Study of condition-dependent decomposition reactions—the thermal behaviour and decomposItion of 2-nitrobenzoyl chloride part_I. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 115; pp. 91–100], it was reported that the products of the decomposition are condition dependent. The current study showed that the decomposition is extensively promoted by the presence of HCl. This has important safety implications should the process operating temperature be reduced and HCl solution in the solvent mixture be increased. If a thermal runaway began in the increased availability of HCl, an undesirable escalation of the runaway could occur.     

The spillover effects of coworker,supervisor, and outsider workplace incivility on work‐to‐family conflict: A weekly diary design

This study used an experience sampling design to examine the spillover effects of experienced workplace incivility from organizational insiders (coworkers and supervisors, respectively) and organizational outsiders (patients and their visitors) on targets' work‐to‐family conflict and to test the mediating effect of burnout and the moderating effect of display rules. Data collected over five consecutive weeks from 84 full‐time nurses showed that within individuals, weekly experiences of coworker incivility and outsider incivility were positively related to weekly experience of work‐to‐family conflict, and burnout mediated these relationships while controlling for initial level of burnout before participants started a week's work. In addition, display rules, defined as the extent to which individuals perceive they are expected to display desired positive emotions and suppress negative emotions at work, moderated the relationship between outsider incivility and burnout; specifically, the positive relationship between weekly outsider incivility and burnout was stronger for individuals who perceived a higher level of display rules. Our findings contribute to the literature by demonstrating the mediating effect of burnout and the moderating effect of perceived display rules in the relationship between workplace incivility from multiple sources and work‐to‐family conflict from a resource perspective.     

人为干预条件下油菜对镉、铬污染土壤的生物效应

采用盆栽模拟试验,研究了在强化剂乙二胺四乙酸钠(EDTA)、柠檬酸(CA)和钝化剂石灰存在的条件下,土壤存在单一Cd、Cr及复合Cd、Cr污染时,甘蓝型油菜“甘杂1号”(Brassica napus L.)对Cd、Cr的吸收富集效应.结果表明:1)1.6 mg/kg的Cd和170 mg/kg的Cr单一及复合污染能够促进油菜的生长;2)当Cd为1.6 mg/kg、Cr为170 mg/kg时,10 mmol/kg的EDTA和CA能够有效促进油菜对Cd、Cr的吸收富集,相比对照,无论是单一还是复合污染,其Cd、Cr累积量都有显著增加,但10 mmol/kg的EDTA和CA均抑制了油菜的生长,植株的叶面出现了不同程度的失绿、发黄、脱水、脱落等症状;3)当向污染土壤中添加1.5 g/kg钝化剂石灰时,油菜各部分Cd、Cr的质量比相比对照显著下降,但对油菜的正常生长没有显著影响;4)各部分Cd、Cr质量比随添加强化剂、钝化剂的不同,有明显的变化.研究表明,“甘杂1号”油菜对低浓度Cd、Cr单一及复合污染表现出一定的耐性和吸收能力.     

The moderating effects of job control and selection,optimization, and compensation strategies on the age–work ability relationship

Work ability describes employees' capability to carry out their work with respect to physical and psychological job demands. This study investigated direct and interactive effects of age, job control, and the use of successful aging strategies called selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) in predicting work ability. We assessed SOC strategies and job control by using employee self‐reports, and we measured employees' work ability using supervisor ratings. Data collected from 173 health‐care employees showed that job control was positively associated with work ability. Additionally, we found a three‐way interaction effect of age, job control, and use of SOC strategies on work ability. Specifically, the negative relationship between age and work ability was weakest for employees with high job control and high use of SOC strategies. These results suggest that the use of successful aging strategies and enhanced control at work are conducive to maintaining the work ability of aging employees. We discuss theoretical and practical implications regarding the beneficial role of the use of SOC strategies utilized by older employees and enhanced contextual resources at work for aging employees. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

成都市温江区农村污水治理模式与技术研究

农村污水治理是农村人居环境整治的重点任务之一,也是其难点所在。基于乡村振兴及改善农村人居环境的战略需求,本文以成都市温江区为研究对象,分析农村污水治理的现状和存在的关键问题,探讨农村污水治理技术与模式,从农村生活污水的处理模式,农村黑臭水体处理模式以及农村污水管理模式三个方面,探索符合温江农村特点、可复制可推广的农村污水治理模式,以期为川西地区农村污水治理提供理论参考。     

河流底泥重金属污染与释放特征研究

采用BCR3态连续提取法对底泥中重金属的含量及形态特征进行分析。结果表明，底泥中Cu ， Pb的平均值分别超过背景值的2．45，1．91倍，重金属迁移性的大小为Pb＞Cu＞Cr。研究了底泥中重金属释放特征及影响因素，实验结果表明，Cu的脱附符合二级反应动力学方程拟合，Pb ，Cr的脱附符合抛物线扩散方程和Elovich方程；pH、盐度、温度、泥水比等因素影响重金属的释放量。