微波热解污泥燃气释放影响因素及热解动力学分析

微波热解城市污水污泥可实现污泥资源化、减量化目标。城市污水污泥微波热解后产生大量能源气体H2和CO。运用气相色谱技术检测H2和CO的含量,研究了热解终温、污泥含水率、矿物催化剂对污泥微波热解过程中能源气体产率的影响,结合热重分析对热解过程进行了动力学分析。结果表明:随着热解终温升高,2种燃气产率均有所提高,800℃时,1 kg干污泥产生29.02 g H2以及302.72 g CO,两者体积之和占气体总体积的58%;污泥含水率越高,气体产率越高,但是达到90%含水率时,热解过程无法进行。镍基催化剂和白云石对能源气体产率均有促进作用,800℃时,镍基催化剂可使H2和CO产率提高到60%,对CxHy产率提高效果不明显;利用一级反应动力学方程对污泥热重结果进行分析,计算出热解动力学参数。     

油墨污泥热解实验及能量平衡分析

油墨污泥作为危险废物,实现其低成本减量化、无害化处理处置具有重要意义。采用固定床反应器对油墨污泥在500～900℃内进行了热解实验,研究了油墨污泥热解产物的特性,并分析了其低成本处理处置的可能性。结果表明,实验用油墨污泥挥发性有机物含量高达60. 43%,热解后干污泥减容率可达55%～62%。含水率约80%的污泥经干燥、热解后,固体减容率达到90%,且固体残渣浸出毒性小,可安全填埋。随着反应温度的升高,气体产率增加,热解残渣产率减小,在500℃时气体、热解残渣产率分别为21. 7%、48. 5%,900℃时分别为44. 3%、37. 4%; 600℃时焦油产率最高,达到30. 5%。根据800℃下热解结果进行了能量平衡分析,结果表明:焦油和气体燃烧产生的能量可满足含水率65%的污泥干燥和热解所需,从而实现污泥热解过程的能量自给。     

热解条件对废电路板真空热解规律的影响

采用自行设计的间歇式固定床真空热解中试装置对废线路板进行了真空热解试验;研究了物料尺寸、热解终温、升温速率、真空度及恒温时间等热解条件对热解产物产率分布的影响和废线路板真空清洁热解过程的规律.试验结果表明,热解条件决定废线路板的真空热廨规律,热解终温是影响热解产物产率分布的最重要的热解条件,其它热解条件对热解产物产率分布也有一定影响.在物料尺寸为50 mm×50 mm、热解终温为550℃、加热速率为10℃·min-1、热解压力为20 kPa及恒温时间为60 min的热解条件下,有利于降低热解固体产物产率,同时有利于提高热解液体产物产率和减少处理费用.     

流化床污泥热解实验及产物性质研究

采用流化床反应器对城市污水污泥在400~600 ℃及800~950 ℃温度区间内进行了热解实验.结果表明,污泥受热升温过程经过干燥脱气、分解解聚和裂解缩聚3个阶段,在此过程中发生复杂的化学反应,生成热解气、焦油和半焦.热解温度为550 ℃时液体产率达到最大值,为50.35%,热解气产率在950 ℃时为51.58%,半焦产率随着热解温度升高而逐渐降低,950 ℃时为36.92%.污泥低温热解焦油含有较高百分含量的脂肪族碳氢化合物和类固醇类化合物,经加工可作为液体燃料利用,高温热解焦油可提取多种化工原料.热解气可作为合成气或燃烧利用.     

污水污泥低温热解实验研究

研究不同热解最终温度下污水污泥热解产物的产率及特性。结果表明,随着温度的升高,固体产物产率下降,且C／H增加;气体产率随着温度的升高而增加;液体产物产率随着热解温度的升高而增加,440℃时达到最大30．5％;热解温度进一步升高,液体产率略有不太明显的下降;液体油品具有较高的热值,它们作为潜在的能源是不可忽视的。     

城市生活污泥低温催化热解实验研究

文章研究了在固体残留物催化作用下,不同热解温度下污泥热解产物的产率及特性。结果表明,与无催化剂相比,污泥低温热解所得的液体产率、油品产率、气体产率和固体减少率明显增加。油品最大产率所需温度从440℃降低至400℃,油品最大产率从20.5%增加到24.5%,油品的品质有一定的提高。     

城市污泥两段式催化热解制合成气研究

为了把城市污泥中温热解产生的挥发性产物转化为可直接利用的洁净可燃性气体或重要的化工原料合成气,采用两段式热解装置对城市污泥进行了催化热解实验研究,讨论了不同催化剂对城市污泥热解挥发性产物的催化裂解能力,结果表明:城市污泥在热解终温500℃,热解液产率最大,超过500℃,热解液产率减少,热解气增多,固相产率基本不变;城市污泥热解液的裂解温度需在900℃以上,产生的气体组分主要为H2、CO、CH4等小分子非冷凝性气体;Ni/分子筛复合催化剂对热解液转化为合成气的作用效果较好,合成气体(H2+CO)体积含量占气体总量的85%以上.     

污水污泥低温热解技术工艺与能量平衡分析

针对一次给料稳定运行污泥热解系统制取三相产物的工艺展开分析,并基于能流图、能源回收率、能耗比等方法和衡算指标讨论该工艺的能量平衡关系。研究发现:热解产物的产率和热值高低受热解终温影响最大,反应时间次之,升温速率最小。不同工况条件下热解过程热量损失具有明显差别,热解停留时间长、升温速率低都造成输入能量、热损失增大。热解过程能量平衡分析也验证了以制取气相产物为目标的污泥热解工艺条件的回收率和能耗比最高,分别为0.94和1.73;与高产出液相油的热解过程相比,产物总能量相差不多而系统消耗的能量能够减少35%。从能源回收、节约能源角度分析,污泥低温热解制取可燃性气相产物的工艺系统具有较高应用价值。     

钢渣对京津冀地区典型罐底油泥热解影响

为了研究钢渣对油泥热解产物的影响,以京津冀地区典型罐底油泥为研究对象,利用固定床反应器、热重分析仪对油泥热解条件及反应特性进行研究,通过单因素实验和响应面实验设计考察了热解终温、升温速率、停留时间和钢渣添加量等对热解产物产率的影响,采用气相色谱（GC）、气质联用（GC-MS）、扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）等对热解气体、热解回收油和热解焦表征,并对反应后固体残渣采用磁选的方式回收钢渣及分析物相组成（XRD）。热重分析（TG）表明:添加钢渣有利于油泥失重率增加。热解动力学计算表明,油泥单独热解和添加钢渣的反应的表观活化能分别为8.32,7.43 kJ/mol。固定床实验表明:当热解温度为550℃,升温速率为40℃/min,停留时间为30 min时,钢渣添加量为15%时,油泥热解回收油产率最高,达到16.03%。通过17组响应面实验设计,预测回收油产率最高可达16.12%。热解产物分析表明,添加钢渣提高了气体中H₂和CH₄产量增加,降低了CO₂产量。焦油的GC-MS分析表明,添加钢渣提高了焦油中低碳原子数成分含量。这证明了油泥和钢渣协同处置的可行性,可为热态钢渣与油泥的协同处置研究提供数据支撑。     

造纸污泥和餐厨垃圾混合发酵联产氢气和甲烷试验

采用联产氢气和甲烷复合工艺,对造纸污泥和餐厨垃圾进行中温-高温混合厌氧消化,通过设计两种物料的不同配比(质量比,以VS计),研究了不同比例混合的物料联产氢气和甲烷的性能.试验结果表明,造纸污泥和餐厨垃圾混合比例为2:2的反应器总气体产率最高,达496.78mL·g-1(其中,氢气64.48mL·g-1,甲烷432.3mL·g-1,均以VSfed计,下同),其VS去除率也最高,达41.33%,在反应30h后和产甲烷18d后分别完成了80%的氢气产量和甲烷产量,而单纯造纸污泥总气体产率为144.99mL·g-1,单纯餐厨垃圾总气体产率为80.4mL·g-1.综合氢气和甲烷产率、产气速率、VS去除率等指标发现,造纸污泥和餐厨垃圾混合发酵联产氢气和甲烷的最佳配比为2:2.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.