泡沫镍负载TiO2电极光电催化降解废水中的农药敌百虫

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备泡沫镍负载TiO2电极,并用场发射扫描电子显微镜和XRD仪对其表面形貌、颗粒大小和晶体结构进行表征.以紫外灯为光源,负载TiO2的泡沫镍电极为阳极,Pt电极为阴极,建立光电催化体系,对废水中的农药敌百虫进行降解.当采用浓度0.02 mol/L的NaCl溶液为电解质溶液、初始废水pH为6.0、电流密度为2.5 mA/cm2、降解时间为120 min时进行光电催化反应,模拟敌百虫废水COD的去除率达到81.8％.     

TiO_2纳米管阵列的改性及其光电催化性能的研究进展

阐述了目前国内外对TiO2纳米管阵列改性的方法,分析了各种改性方法存在的优点和缺陷。系统归纳了TiO2纳米管阵列光电催化性能的影响因素,包括TiO2纳米管阵列的形貌、晶型结构、外加偏电压、光源与辐照度、溶液p H、待降解物质量浓度、TiO2纳米管阵列电极面积等。指出了目前存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

光电催化氧化法脱色处理刚果红染料废水

采用阴极还原法制备了泡沫镍负载纳米ZnO（ZnO/Ni）电极,采用SEM和XRD技术对ZnO/Ni电极进行了表征。以高压汞灯为光源,ZnO/Ni电极为阳极,铂电极为阴极,对模拟刚果红染料废水进行了光电催化脱色处理。考察了催化工艺、电解质种类及浓度、初始废水pH和反应温度等因素对刚果红降解率的影响。表征结果显示, 制备的纳米ZnO呈六方晶系结构,平均粒径为23.6 nm。实验结果表明,当外加电流为1.0 mA时,在初始刚果红质量浓度为30 mg/L、电解质Na₂SO₄浓度为0.050 mol/L、初始废水pH为5、反应温度为50 ℃的条件下,光电催化反应60 min后,刚果红降解率为86.36%,COD和色度的去除率分别达到70.56%和92.86%。     

TiO2紫外光催化技术现状及展望

TiO2紫外光催化作为一种新兴的高级氧化技术，对难降解有机污染物具有普适、高效等特点，使其在环境污染治理中具有广阔的应用前景。针对TiO2紫外光催化技术中催化剂负载、反应器设计等几个重要问题进行了简要概述。     

纳米TiO2-石墨烯光催化剂的水热合成及其光催化性能

以钛酸四正丁酯和石墨为原料,通过水热法制备了锐钛矿型为主的纳米TiO2复合光催化剂（纳米TiO2-石墨烯）,并采用XRD,FTIR,FESEM,TEM技术对其进行了表征。通过紫外光照射降解溶液中的罗丹明B（RhB）研究了TiO2-石墨烯的光催化活性,分析了初始罗丹明B质量浓度、催化剂加入量、溶液pH和催化剂使用次数等影响降解效果的因素。实验结果表明：在初始RhB质量浓度为20 mg/L、溶液pH为7.10、催化剂加入量为1.000 g/L的条件下,紫外光照射30 min时,纳米TiO2-石墨烯对RhB的降解率高达98.69%,明显高于纳米TiO2的44.69%;纳米TiO2-石墨烯稳定性较强,可多次重复使用。     

一种采用三维电极处理苯酚废水的方法

正该专利涉及一种采用三维电极处理苯酚废水的方法。包括如下步骤:1)取250 mL质量浓度为500mg/L的苯酚废水置于三维电极反应器中,通电,采用电化学氧化法处理苯酚废水;2)向苯酚废水中加入质量浓度为1~10 g/L的电解质,曝气,使苯酚废水与电解质充分混合,加入纯碱调节苯酚废水的pH为2~6,在电极电压为5~8 V条件下电解120 min。     

还原氧化石墨烯-TiO_2纳米管复合光催化剂的制备及其对CO_2的光催化还原性能

以石墨粉和纳米TiO2为原料,采用水热法合成了还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)-TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂。运用XRD,TEM,FTIR和UV-Vis DRS技术对该复合光催化剂进行了表征,并考察了其在模拟太阳光下催化还原CO2的活性。表征结果显示:尺寸均一的TiO2纳米管均匀生长在RGO片层表面;RGO的引入拓宽了TiO2纳米管的光响应范围。实验结果表明:TiO2纳米管与适量RGO复合后,光催化还原CO2的活性明显增强;在GO加入量(水热合成时GO质量占GO与TiO2总质量的百分比,GO质量以氧化石墨计)为5%、光催化剂加入量为1.5 g/L的最佳条件下,光催化剂的催化活性是复合前的4倍;RGO-TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂具有良好的重复使用性能。     

石墨毡电极预处理模拟邻甲酚废水

采用聚丙烯腈基石墨毡电极,以NaCl为电解质,在恒流电解的条件下,对质量浓度为1 000 mg/L、COD=3 672 mg/L的模拟邻甲酚废水进行预处理。研究了电解时间、初始废水pH、NaCl加入量、电流密度对邻甲酚去除率的影响,考察了废水的COD变化,并探讨了反应机理。实验结果表明：石墨毡电极具有较好的导电性、吸附性,对邻甲酚具有较好的电化学氧化性能;常温常压下,初始废水pH为6~7、电流密度为90 A/m2、向300 mL废水中加入0.5 g NaCl时,经4 h电解,邻甲酚的去除率达到97.1%,COD的去除率达到47.3%;处理后废水的BOD5/COD由0.04提高至0.33,可不经稀释直接进行生物处理。     

活性碳纤维电极-生物膜反应器对废水的强化脱氮性能

利用自制的活性碳纤维电极-生物膜反应器对低碳氮比(碳元素与氮元素的质量比)废水进行了脱氮实验.实验结果表明:当进水COD和碳氮比较低时,碳氮比和电流密度均对反应器的脱氮性能有很大影响;当碳氮比小于3.0时,出水的ρ(NO3--N)随进水碳氮比的增大而减小;当进水COD为70 mg/L,ρ( NO3--N)为35 mg/L、碳氮比为2.0、电流密度为0.025 mA/cm2、反应时间为8h时,出水的ρ(NO3--N)达到最低值11.2 mg/L,NO3--N去除率为68.0％.在适宜的碳氮比条件下,电极-生物膜反应器具有显著的强化脱氮作用,其对NO3--N的去除率与单纯生物膜反应器相比可提高6.0～15.0个百分点.保持碳氮比不变,提高进水COD会导致所需电流密度的提高和脱氮能力的下降.     

用碳纳米管-纳米TiO2/Nafion修饰电极测定对苯二酚

利用Nation(商品名,杜邦公司生产的一种聚四氟乙烯阳离子交换膜)的成膜作用,将纳米TiO2和碳纳米管同时负载到玻碳电极表面,制得碳纳米管-纳米TiO2/Nafion修饰电极,研究了对苯二酚在该修饰电极上的循环伏安电化学行为.实验结果表明:与玻碳电极相比,该修饰电极在对苯二酚的0.1 mol/L H2SO4溶液体系中...     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.