MBBR的生物反硝化特性

在讨论生物膜反硝化原理的基础上研究了移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)的生物反硝化特性.在NO-3-N负荷为0.32 kg/(m3·d)条件下,MBBR系统达稳态时的平均生物膜量为33.7 mg/g,生物膜厚为100μm左右;生物膜的COD降解速率为166.5 mg/(g·h),硝氮降解速率为32.1 mg/(g·h).     

移动床生物膜工艺特点、研究现状及发展

悬浮载体生物膜工艺（MBBR）又称悬浮填料移动工艺，是在20世纪90年代中期得到开发和应用的，它吸收了传统的活性污泥法和生物膜法两者的优点而成为一种高效的污水处理方法。在国外，悬浮载体移动膜工艺已进入使用阶段。我国在悬浮载体移动膜工艺上基本还处于研究阶段。对这一工艺的特点、研究现状及方向作了介绍。     

BAF与MBBR工艺在小区生活污水处理中的应用对比

在日处理量为500 m3/d的小区生活污水处理示范工程中,采用厌氧膜床-好氧-絮凝沉淀组合工艺,平行比较了以曝气生物滤池(BAF)和移动床生物膜反应池(MBBR)为好氧段的两种工艺的处理效果和技术经济性.结果表明,在进水流量为32～40 m3/h,BAF段和MBBR段气水比分别为3∶1～4∶1和4∶1～6∶1,水力停留时间(HRT)分别为1.5～2 h和 2.1～2.6 h的条件下,未经絮凝沉淀时,两种组合工艺出水的有机物、氨氮、TN和SS均达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准.经絮凝沉淀后,出水TP质量浓度<0.5 mg/L,浊度<1 NTU.BAF出水略优于MBBR.采用厌氧膜床作为好氧段的预处理工艺,通过厌氧膜床的水解转化作用可使单位污水产泥量减少约40%.组合工艺为南方地区特有的低浓度生活污水和分散式小区生活污水处理提供了一种高效率、低投资、低运行费用的新选择.     

移动床生物膜反应器充氧能力的试验研究

对移动床生物膜反应器的充氧能力进行了试验研究，结果表明：反应器充氧能力在添加填料比无填料时大；在悬浮载体能够均匀流化的填充率范围内，反应器充氧能力随着填充率的增大而增大；当填充率大于可以均匀流化的最大填充率时，反应器的充氧能力略有下降。     

浮动生物膜床反应器运行效果分析

对采用浮动生物膜床反应器处理高校生活污水工艺的运行效果进行了分析.通过定期监测代表性水质参数CODCr、BOD5、TP和TN,分析了各处理池对污水的处理效率.结果表明:此污水处理系统在运行效果下降期间,对日常用水变化量范围内的CODCr和BOD5能够起到相对稳定的净化作用;对TP和TN去除能力较差;沉淀池运行不稳是导致整个系统处理能力下降的主要原因.     

固体碳源填料床生物反应器去除水中硝酸盐的研究

采用室内试验装置,研究了以可生物降解聚合物材料(BDPs)变性淀粉为碳源和生物膜载体的填料床反应器对水体中硝酸盐的去除效果及其影响因素.结果表明,反应器能有效去除水中的硝酸盐且试验过程中未发现亚硝酸盐积累;温度对反应器的反硝化速率有很大的影响,在14～30 ℃范围内,反硝化温度常数K=0.03;水力停留时间对反硝化反应起重要作用,硝酸盐去除率随水力停留时间的延长而提高,但反硝化速率则随水力停留时间的延长而降低.变性淀粉扫描电子显微镜的观察结果表明,变性淀粉表面形成许多空洞结构,扩大了微生物附着生长的表面积,有利于微生物的生长.     

厌氧反应器的发展及ABSBR的工艺特点

新型高效厌氧反应器的发展使生活污水的厌氧处理成为可能.介绍了ABSBR(恒水位操作厌氧生物膜序批式反应器,Anaerobic Biofilm Sequencing Batch Reactor)的工艺特点,并对其处理生活污水进行了初步研究.试验结果表明,ABSBR工艺是活性污泥法与生物膜法的结合,具有强的生物固体截留能力...     

磁性多孔陶粒生物膜反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

对多孔陶瓷进行磁化改性获得磁性多孔陶瓷载体,并将该载体应用于垃圾渗滤液的处理试验.对比试验结果表明:在反应器的曝气量为3 L/h,曝气时间为16 h/d,温度为20～30℃时,垃圾渗滤液经磁性载体生物膜反应器30d处理后,上清液中COD、NH3-N的去除率均在90％以上,出水浓度达到国家生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)的指标要求.     

A/DAT-IAT生物膜法处理高含盐废水

以含盐量为60 000mg/L(以NaCl计)的模拟工业废水为研究对象,利用A/DAT-IAT生物膜反应器,研究A/DAT-IAT工艺对投加悬浮填料后高含盐废水的处理,并以CODCr、NH4 -N、PO43--P等作为指标评价处理效果.试验结果表明,在总水力停留时间(HRT)为13 h、pH=7,5、25℃条件下,进水ρ(CODCr)、ρ(NH4 -N)和ρ(PO43--P)分别为907.4～1 210.0 mg/L、86.2～99.7 mg/L和3.6～5.1 mg/L.CODCr、NH4 -N和PO43--P的平均去除率分别为73.9%、38.6%和93.5%,平均出水SS为198 mg/L,其中CODCr和PO43--P的去除效果较好.研究表明,A/DAT-IAT生物膜法较其他活性污泥法有了较大的提高.     

某动车段污水处理调试方案设计

采用"MBBR+高效沉淀池"的工艺流程,对动车段内的生活污水和集便污水进行处理.为获得系统最佳运行参数,制定调试方案,分别进行单机调试、单元调试和系统调试,以生化池的单元调试为重点.通过工程的实施,为今后生活污水+集便污水处理工艺调试提供参考.     

某处理厂CASS池改造工艺选择及运行效果

随着污水处理厂排到受纳水体标准的不断提高及区域污染物排放限值的要求,已建的污水处理厂需要提标改造提高排放标准。本文所提工程对现有的CASS池进行改造,通过投加悬浮填料形成CASS+MBBR工艺,其中TN污染物的去除率可提高到8%~15%间,其它污染物也能达到预期的设计标准。     

A comparative analysis of process safety management (PSM) systems in the process industry

The root cause of most accidents in the process industry has been attributed to process safety issues ranging from poor safety culture, lack of communication, asset integrity issues, lack of management leadership and human factors. These accidents could have been prevented with adequate implementation of a robust process safety management (PSM) system. Therefore, the aim of this research is to develop a comparative framework which could aid in selecting an appropriate and suitable PSM system for specific industry sectors within the process industry. A total of 21 PSM systems are selected for this study and their theoretical frameworks, industry of application and deficiencies are explored. Next, a comparative framework is developed using eleven key factors that are applicable to the process industry such as framework and room for continuous improvement, design specification, industry adaptability and applicability, human factors, scope of application, usability in complex systems, safety culture, primary or secondary mode of application, regulatory enforcement, competency level, as well as inductive or deductive approach. After conducting the comparative analysis using these factors, the Integrated Process Safety Management System (IPSMS) model seems to be the most robust PSM system as it addressed almost every key area regarding process safety. However, inferences drawn from study findings suggest that there is still no one-size-fits-all PSM system for all sectors of the process industry.     

活性污泥法脱氮工艺改进

用生物膜法对锦州石化公司A／O^2活性污泥法脱氮工艺进行改进,考察了工艺各段对总氮去除率的影响。研究结果表明：挂膜后一级好氧池内COD及NH3-N的去除率分别达到78．5％和94．3％;将二级好氧池改为缺氧池挂膜,并加人适量甲醇,可使N03-N去除率达到80％以上。     

化工园区安全风险容量探讨

探讨并提出化工园区安全风险容量的内涵,从量化风险的角度论述区域安全风险容量;以个人风险、社会风险和潜在生命损失值作为化工园区风险容量分析的指标,并给出风险计算的模型和风险标准;对园区内企业生产规模、运输量与安全风险容量的关系进行讨论,认为企业生产规模的扩大可能不增加固定危险源的风险,但直接增加运输风险;给出了化工园区的现状及规划新建项目的安全容量的具体确定程序;以某化工园区为应用实例对安全风险容量进行分析和说明。     

ExSys-LOPA for the chemical process industry

The chemical process industries are characterized by the use, processing, and storage of large amounts of dangerous chemical substances and/or energy. Among different missions of chemical plants there are two very important ones, which: 1. provide a safe work environment, 2. fully protect the environment. These important missions can be achieved only by design of adequate safeguards for identified process hazards. Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) can successfully answer this question. This technique is a simplified process of quantitative risk assessment, using the order of magnitude categories for initiating cause frequency, consequence severity, and the likelihood of failure of independent protection layers to analyze and assess the risk of particular accident scenarios. LOPA requires application of qualitative hazard evaluation methods to identify accident scenarios, including initiating causes and appropriate safeguards. This can be well fulfilled, e.g., by HAZOP Studies or What-If Analysis. However, those techniques require extensive experience, efforts by teams of experts as well as significant time commitments, especially for complex chemical process units. In order to simplify that process, this paper presents another strategy that is a combination of an expert system for accident scenario identification with subsequent application of LOPA. The concept is called ExSys-LOPA, which employs, prepared in advance, values from engineering databases for identification of loss events specific to the selected target process and subsequently a accident scenario barrier model developed as an input for LOPA. Such consistent rules for the identification of accident scenarios to be analyzed can facilitate and expedite the analysis and thereby incorporate many more scenarios and analyze those for adequacy of the safeguards. An associated computer program is under development. The proposed technique supports and extends the Layer of Protection Analysis application, especially for safety assurance assessment of risk-based determination for the process industries. A case study concerning HF alkylation plant illustrates the proposed method.     

污泥含碳吸附剂的制备与应用研究

综述了城市污水污泥制备含碳吸附剂的影响因素,产品吸附剂的物理化学性质以及在环境污染治理中的应用,指出了污泥含碳吸附剂今后研究的方向.     

砷污染水体的微生物处理机理及应用研究进展

针对以去除水中砷或降低砷毒性为目标的微生物处理技术,综述了水体砷污染现状、微生物法处理水体砷污染的机理及微生物技术在处理水体砷污染中的应用,并重点介绍了一种氢自养微生物除砷技术,最后对微生物除砷技术进行了展望。     

碳源和硝酸盐对SBBR反硝化除磷影响的试验研究

研究碳源和硝酸盐对填加聚氨酯载体的SBBR反硝化除磷的影响。在SBR中填加聚氨酯载体,将生物膜法和活性污泥法相结合,形成序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),在厌氧/缺氧交替运行条件下利用NO3-作为电子受体,研究NaAc浓度、NaAc与丙酸钠的比例、NO3-浓度及NO3-投加方式等因素对除磷效果的影响。PO43-质量浓度在9~11 mg/L之间,COD质量浓度为200 mg/L时,SBBR有较佳的除磷效果;当进水NaAc与丙酸钠配比为2时,进水COD自身降解速率较慢,且不影响除磷效果;分批次(这里分2次)投加硝酸盐有利于硝酸盐向亚硝酸盐的转化;NO3-质量浓度为65 mg/L左右时,能获得较好的除磷、除氮效果。填加聚氨酯载体的SBR装置除磷效果较理想;碳源和硝酸盐对SBBR反硝化除磷影响显著。