矿井防爆门、盖自动封堵装置研发

煤矿井底发生煤尘瓦斯爆炸事故时产生的冲击波会冲开风井防爆门、盖,引起主风机风流短路,井底风流紊乱、通风系统瘫痪,导致毒害气体扩散、瓦斯积聚,引发二次爆炸。为了减少因此造成的损失,研发了一种在防爆门、盖被摧毁后能自动封堵的装置,通过感应防爆门盖的损毁信号控制充气动力设备对气囊折叠体进行充气,折叠体被充气弹出储藏硐室,沿支撑架构延展、膨胀并充满井筒横截面,实施对风井的密封,以维持灾后井底持续通风,降低灾害后果,为井底幸存人员的生存与自救提供有利条件。     

复合隔水条件下煤层群涌水控制因素及对瓦斯赋存的影响

为了探究其水害成因、涌水规律,并找到合适的水害防治手段,采用工业分析、煤岩组分、元素分析等微观实验手段,分析柳塔煤矿各煤层煤体的含水分布及微观影响因素并结合矿井煤系地层赋存特征、区域降水特征、井下涌水统计数据,对柳塔煤矿煤层的涌水来源、涌水构成、涌水的影响因素及其对瓦斯赋存的影响进行分析。结果表明,柳塔煤矿富水性较差,且水分随深度逐渐增加;采动形成的大量裂隙使得原有的隔水层产生裂隙,形成了涌水通道;矿井的涌水量与降水量密切相关,应加强顶板水害的防治。     

Stress experienced by active members of trade unions

The literature presents role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload as psychological stressors which arise when a person plays conflicting roles, receives conflicting signals of what the environment expects of him, or both. Complexity increases when a role or a plurality of roles involves more activities and when a person functions in more than a single system (environment) and hence is faced with a variety of role senders. Research into this kind of stress has not covered active labor union members, even though their position would seem to make them likely stress candidates. In this article we demonstrate that active union members do indeed face role problems. We also report findings that are generally supportive of the expected positive association between active union members' experience of the central component of burnout (viz. emotional exhaustion) and each of the examined role problems individually and in combination (i.e. an index of overall role stress). Further, the results of a multiple regression analysis showed that emotional exhaustion was most strongly associated with intra-sender conflict and qualitative role overload.     

Union commitment: Conceptual changes in the German context

This study examined the concept of union commitment in a German sample utilizing research predominantly developed and tested in Anglo-American countries (U.S.A., Canada, South Africa). Due to cultural and structural differences in the context of German unions it was assumed that the structure and level of commitment should also be different from those in the countries tested and that the instrument may have to be adjusted. Gordon and Ladd's Union Commitment scale was translated and tested on 194 West-German trade union members. Five major structural differences between German, Canadian, U.S.-American and South African unions were identified. Those are, for example, in Germany closed-shop agreements are forbidden, a high degree of centralization exists, the existence and form of labor courts and legally binding participation, the influence of workers council and the well protected situation of German workers. The data were factor-analyzed and revealed four factors. A comparison of the item structures showed that the German sample put a much stronger emphasis on the factor 1: Union Instrumentality and less emphasis on factor 4: Union Loyalty than the previously examined samples where union loyalty always emerged as the strongest factor. The other factors were identified as: factor 2: Prounion Behavioral Intentions and factor 3: Union Trust. The results are discussed in relation to structural differences that may have led to findings in the German sample.     

矿山救援队心理训练初探

矿山救援队员在矿难救援抢险过程中心理和生理变化对救援任务和日后工作的影响是多方面的,必须有针对性地进行心理训练.研究探讨矿山救援队如何进行心理训练,旨在为创建规范、科学、系统和有效的心理训练体系提供理论参考依据,完善矿山救援队的整体训练体系,提高矿山救援队员的心理素质.     

用突变理论分析矿山冒落型地震机理

矿山冒落型地震是一种破坏性最为严重的地质灾害之一。研究其成因机理 ,对矿山安全生产具有重大的现实意义。笔者根据矿山冒落型地震的特征 ,应用突变理论和能量守恒原理 ,建立了一个简单的力学模型 ,提出由地下开采引起采空区顶板突然破坏和冒落—释放能量—诱发地震的观点 ,并结合现场实例进行分析 ,得到顶板冒落和所释放出来的能量表达式 ,这为研究矿山冒落型地震成因机理提供了一种新的方法。     

基于SDSL传输技术的煤矿多媒体救灾系统研究

介绍一种新型的SDSL(对称性数字用户环路)数据传输技术,该技术采用对称数字用户线点对点宽带传输数字信号,在利用一对电话线进行双向对称数字信号传输时,最大传输速率可达到1.5Mb/s。应用SDSL传输技术研制出煤矿多媒体救灾系统,详细阐述煤矿多媒体救灾系统的构成、功能及特点等,该系统能够实现井下灾区多媒体信息的实时传输,解决在矿山救灾的特殊环境条件下实现灾区图像\语音实时传输到井下救援基地、地面指挥中心及国家矿山救援指挥中心的难题。     

试论安全人机工程学在矿业安全中的应用

安全人机工程学是一门新兴边缘学科。本文探讨它在矿业安全工程中的应用实践。根据人机功能特性及人机系统设计原理,分析了矿井通风及灾变防治中人机功能分配。综合应用电子、计算机、专家系统等新技术进行矿井正常通风模拟和调节以及灾变状态摸拟和控制系统的设计。提出了创造一个安全、卫生和舒适的井下环境的有益措施,以利于提高矿工的安全健康水平和工作效率。     

Improving mental health status and coping abilities for long‐term unemployed youth using cognitive‐behaviour therapy based training interventions

This paper reports on immediate and long‐term well‐being outcomes for a group of long‐term unemployed youth who attended specially devised training courses based on the cognitive‐behaviour therapy (CBT) model. The courses were aimed specifically at improving the mental health of participants, and providing them with coping skills to deal better with the negative consequences of prolonged unemployment. Results for participants were compared with a waiting‐list, control group. Outcomes investigated were well‐being (psychological distress, self‐esteem, positive and negative affect), and coping behaviours (social support, self care, recreation, and cognitive coping strategies). Behavioural plasticity effects were also examined by comparing outcomes for participants who had higher distress scores prior to the course with participants who reported lower scores at that time. Immediate benefits were identified for both mental health and coping behaviours, and many of these benefits persisted into the long term. Participants with higher levels of pre‐course psychological distress improved more than their low distressed counterparts, supporting the behavioural plasticity hypothesis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于投影寻踪模型的矿山地下水灾害分级评价

为评价矿山地下水灾害状况,改善评价过程中依赖经验划分评价等级的随意性,构建了矿山地下水灾害评价指标体系及分级评价模型。通过综合考虑矿山地下水灾害的孕灾环境,致灾因子及承灾体整体状况,提出了一个具有3个准则层和11个灾害指标的矿山地下水灾害指标体系。基于投影寻踪方法,构建了矿山地下水灾害分级评价模型。评价模型依据具体指标数据,自动划分出灾害等级及范围,采用客观赋值法对灾害指标赋值,实现了在多元评价指标体系下的矿山地下水灾害综合评价。将该评价模型应用到具体矿山中,结果表明模型能够有效评价该矿山地下水灾害状况,具有较强的实用性和有效性,可为矿山地下水灾害防治提供参考依据。     

Trends and causes of fatalities in South African mines

Leger, J.-P., 1991. Trends and causes of fatalities in South African mines. Safety Science, 14: 169–185.The trends and principal causes of occupational fatalities and disasters (defined as six or more fatalities in one incident) in the South African mining industry are analysed. A miner who spends twenty years working underground faces a one in thirty chance of dying in an occupational accident. The gold mine fatality rate has improved only 33% since 1945, whereas in the coal mines it has declined substantially. Fatality rates in the diamond mines remain at levels similar to those of the 1920s. In other mineral mines the rate has increased since the 1930s. The most important cause of fatalities are falls of ground. In gold mines, rockbursts increase the fatality rate to three times the average at depths below 3000 m. Disasters remain a significant contributor to total fatalities, more disasters having occurred in the 1980s than in any other decade this century. In comparison with the accident experience of the United States, New South Wales, West Germany, India and Britain, countries with substantial coal mining industries, the South African underground colliery fatality rate is worse by factors ranging from two to eight times. Recommendations to ameliorate the high rate of fatalities include publication of improved accident statistics; elucidation of the relationship between injury rates and depth; identification of high risk occupations; special attention to be paid to the poor improvements in fatality rate trends for gold, diamond and other mineral mines; the establishment of an independent (government) deep level mining research institute; and more thorough investigations into disasters and analyses of disaster trends.     

老虎台矿55002#掘进面通过F7-1断层前后微震事件的时空特征分析

冲击地压作为一种特殊的矿压显现形式,对抚顺矿业集团老虎台矿深部开采的安全生产造成了严重的影响,在该矿的实际生产中,地质条件是引发冲击地压发生的重要因素。鉴于微震监测系统是目前在煤矿井下监测冲击地压应用较为广泛的手段之一,本文利用波兰ARAM IS/MA微震监测系统对老虎台矿55002掘进工作面通过F7-1断层前后的微震特征信号进行连续观测,分别从时间和空间上研究此掘进面通过断层前后的微震特征,验证了一种典型的冲击地压发生时间前后的微震活动规律,并结合实际地质条件从位置上分析了微震事件与断层等地质构造之间的关系,进而根据空间分析结果圈定了重点防治冲击地压区域,使老虎台矿在该工作面掘进生产中提前采取相应的防范措施,顺利通过断层等地质构造异常区域,确保了安全生产。     

Stress and strain among union lay officials and rank-and-file members

This study explored the effects of fulfilling, on a voluntary basis, the role of lay officials in a local union of teachers on stress, strain, and the relationship between stress and strain. Levels of typical teachers' stress, and their effects on strain, were systematically compared for lay officials and rank-and-file members. Data were gathered from 1045 teachers who constituted 60 per cent of the staff in a representative sample of 30 high schools in Israel. Respondents completed a questionnaire that included measures of several types of occupation-specific stresses and two psychological strains: Somatic complaints and burnout. Relative to the rank-and-file members, union officials reported higher levels of overload and parent–teacher conflict, but the same levels of strain. The results of the regression analyses indicated, as expected, that union officials' strain was predicted by stresses associated with their representational duties. For the two groups of teachers, the measures of stress exerted the same detrimental effect on each of the strains. Thus, it was concluded that lay union officials were not at greater risk of psychological strain relative to their fellow teachers.     

采煤工作面回风巷瓦斯气团漂移现象初探

了解瓦斯气体在采掘空间的分布及运移规律,是有效开展煤矿瓦斯治理工作的基础。通过对井下瓦斯浓度监测数据可视化及数理分析,揭示了回采工作面回风流中存在瓦斯气团的可能性,表明了回风巷中瓦斯气体运移具有风流携带气团漂移的特点;回风巷中的同一瓦斯气团先后经过相邻2个传感器时,2个传感器分别观测到的瓦斯浓度变化的曲线形态具有相似性,根据这一特点,给出了回风巷瓦斯气团漂移速度计算公式和应用实例。研究成果有助于优化采煤工作面通风设计,有效监测回风巷中瓦斯气体运移状态,避免高浓度瓦斯气团导致的矿井灾害。     

峰值前后多次加载下煤样声发射特征

掌握峰值前后多次加载下煤样声发射变化规律,对研究煤矿开采中不同变形部位煤岩裂缝演化至关重要。利用RMT-150B型岩石力学实验系统以及CDAE-1全数字化声发射检测及分析系统,采取焦作矿区煤样进行了峰值前后多次加载下的应力-应变-声发射测试实验。测试结果显示:首次加载时声发射参数呈现“渐变性”的变化特征,随后加载时声发射变化呈现“分段性”特征。并且随着加载次数的增加煤岩的Felicity效应逐渐增强,体现了煤岩记忆的超前性。同时,随着加载次数的增加,煤样时间-声发射曲线较时间-应力曲线的滞后性逐渐增强。这些特征的研究可以为煤矿井下地质灾害的监测、预测提供指导。     

The relationship between job experiences and psychological distress: A structural equation approach

Using structural equations, we estimated the relationship between employees' experiences of seven job conditions, that have been identified as potential job stressors, and psychological distress in a random sample of 504 full-time employed men and women in dual-earner couples. The seven job conditions were: skill discretion, decision authority, schedule control, job demands, pay adequacy, job security, and relations with supervisor. We found that two job conditions — skill discretion and job demands — were related to psychological distress, whereas five other conditions were not. These findings lend partial support to Karasek's job demand — job control model. In our analysis, skill discretion, one of the two components of job control (referred to jointly as decision latitude) was related to distress, however, decision authority, the second component, was not. A third aspect of control, schedule control, was also unrelated to distress. For full-time employed women and men in dual-earner couples, the additive effects of feeling concerned about having to do dull, monotonous work and having to work under pressure of time and conflicting demands were associated with psychological distress. Finally, the magnitude of the relationships between these job experiences and psychological distress did not differ between men and women.     

Some consequences of labor–management negotiations: Laboratory and field studies

The stress associated with labor-management negotiations is investigated in two longitudinal studies. In Study 1, changes in anxiety and blood pressure following a simulated negotiation exercise are assessed. The sample consisted of 49 advanced undergraduate Industrial Psychology students, divided into experimental (n = 24) and control (n = 25) groups. The experimental group engaged in a simulated labor–management negotiation, whereas the control group participated in a class discussion session. Anxiety and blood pressure levels of both groups were tested before and after the manipulation. Statistically controlling for pretest differences, the experimental group yielded more negative changes in anxiety and blood pressure levels than the control group from pretesting at posttesting. In Study 2, moderators and psychological consequences of participation during in vivo labor–management negotiations were studied. Data were collected from 96 industrial relations (IR) practitioners immediately before negotiations and three months later. Using moderated multiple regression, negatively perceived IR stress predicted negative changes in psychological well-being. Family support moderated the relationship, while personality hardiness yielded a negative buffering effect on this relationship. Explanations of the findings are discussed and implications for future research are suggested.     

矿山灾害学的研究模式、特征与方法

矿山灾害学主要研究矿山灾害成因动力学、矿山灾害运动学、矿山灾害预测学和矿山灾害防治对策学等 4个内容 ,其研究模型可分为工程技术研究、技术科学研究和基础科学研究三大层次 ,具有学科交叉与综合、生态环境、社会参与、安全教育和工程科学研究五大特征 ,研究方法须以科学的系统论思想为指导 ,采用逻辑辩证与历史唯物相统一法 ,既从微观上研究单一矿山灾种事故的防治技术与方法 ,又从宏观上以不同学科、不同层次、不同方位切入 ,对矿山灾害进行系统的通盘研究 ,与此同时 ,还必须大力开展多层次、多领域、多方位的国际协作与研究。因此 ,矿山灾害学的研究与发展 ,不但拓宽了矿山灾害科学研究的领域 ,而且对现代“灾害学”的建立和发展也具有十分重大的科学价值     

模糊综合评价在矿井内因火灾评价中的应用

矿井火灾是直接威肋矿井安全生产的主要灾害之一,而矿井火灾又以矿井内因火灾为主。矿井内因火灾的影响因素很多,影响过程也极其复杂。对矿井进行矿井内因火灾安全评价,可以有效识别矿井的火灾危险源和危险源的变化,并对其危险度做出评价,从而为矿井防火安全设计、安全管理提供依据。文中构建了矿井内因火灾评价指标体系的层次结构模型,综合运用模糊综合评价法和层次分析法建立矿井内因火灾模糊综合评价模式。结合实际矿井对其进行安全等级评价,评价结果与实际情况相符。根据评价结果可以采取相应的防灭火措施,为指导矿山安全生产奠定了重要的基础。