催化极谱分析在环境监测中的地位和应用

极谱分析在地质、冶金等部门已广泛应用,有的已作为标准方法,如1982年出版的地质部化探元素标准方法中,铜、铅、锌、钴、镍、钒、铍等元素的催化极谱法受到奖励.其所以能推广应用之主要原因是灵最敏度高,选择性好,快速和准确.在环境监测中,一般测试物质的含量在ppb和ppt级,故选择高灵敏度的分析方法十分必要,从目前很多文献报导,极谱分析属当前仪器分析中     

海洋健康状况评价中沉积物试样消化方法的探讨

海洋污染监测中,沉积物试样的分解一般采用酸溶法,这是由于容易作到选择性溶解,沾污少,可作到统一消化方法并采用多种分析方法(如原子吸收分光光度法,极谱法、分光光度法等)测定多种重金属元素。但是,在以往实践中,在测定前的试样消化方法不一致,导致监测数据缺乏可比性,为了解决这个问题,本文以沉积物中铜、铅、镉、锌及铬为对象对几种酸法消化试样的方法作了试验比较,从而选出了适应于各种分析方法,简便易行,准确度好的酸化消化方法。 试样(已粉碎并通过200目)经消化后,用过滤与不过滤两种方式制成待测溶液。其中铜、铅、锌用催化极谱法测定,铬用无火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定,镉用阳极溶出伏安法测定。四种酸法消化方法的操作步骤如下:     

电位溶出法测铅

在环境监测中测定水、土、大气、植物、食品、饮料、污水等样品中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Mo、Fe,常用原子吸收分光光度法、双硫腙法,但上述方法分别存在着一次性投资大和试剂消耗多,操作复杂的问题。监测低含量的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd,曾推广过极谱阳极溶出法,并列为规范方法试行。但是该方法由于对操作条件要求苛刻,难以掌握,而使人们对电化学分析产生偏见。MP-1型微分电位溶出分析仪以微分电位溶出为主要功能,辅之极谱分析,省去了过去极谱分析方法中所存在的通氮气、清洗、富集、静止、以人工秒表控制时间的繁杂过程,解决了样品重现性差的问题…     

环境监测和痕量分析中的间接极谱和伏安法

一、基本原理和分类 间接极谱和伏安法是指待测元素或组分本身不直接被测定,或者是不能直接被测定,利用它们与可方便测定的元素发生化学的或电化学反应,然后利用极谱和伏安法测定反应产物中或未能反应的过量的能予以测定的元素或化合物,由此计算待测元素或组分的含量。间接极谱和伏安法不仅大大地扩展了极谱和伏安法的应用范围,同时也有效地提高了某些待测物质的灵敏度。它对于用直接极谱和伏安法测定灵敏度不高的元素如锗、钨、砷、磷、硅、钛、钒、铌和钍等元素;无法或较困难用直接法测定的阴离子如CN~-、F~-、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-;碱土金属如Be~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+);以及含硫有机化合物;或可与有电活性物质生成难溶盐沉淀或络合物的有机或无机离子都具有独特的效用。     

环境中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐测定方法研究进展

对近年测定环境样品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐光度法，催化动力学法、极谱法，色谱法的研究进展和方法测定参数以及方法的适用范围进行了简单评述。     

碳酸钠熔融—差示脉冲导数极谱测定土样中铬

示波、催化等极谱方法已用于测定岩石、矿石中的铬。但因空白高,干扰元素多、底液复杂等因素,用于测定环境土样中的铬有困难。另外,采用酸溶样易出现数据系统偏低的现象;而采用刚玉、铁坩埚的碱熔方法因空白太高也难以用于测定环境土样中的铬。因此,在吸收前人工作经验及参考有关文献的基础上,建立了高温碱融,差示脉冲极谱直接测定土样中铬的方法。本方法由于熔样完全、无特殊分离手段,底液简单,灵敏度高,在实际应用及参加全国考核中取得了满意的结果。     

中国环境监测总站专家来疆指导伊犁河水质自动站选址建设工作

新疆因兵团农四师将实施伊犁河63团大桥河道疏浚工程,导致即将动工的伊犁河出境断面国家水质自动监测站必须另选地址建设。为此,新疆环境监测总站紧急邀请中国环境监测总站刘廷良主任、刘京研究员等一行3人,于2010年5月2—5日来新疆考察指导伊犁河出境断面水质自动监测站选址建设工作。新疆环境监测总站沈志站长以及伊犁州环保部门领导陪同3位专家进行了实地考察。     

电分析化学

本文论述了各种电分析化学的基本原理。内容包括电位法、离子选择电极法、伏安法、伏安溶出法、催化极谱法、新极谱法以及库伦分析法等,论述简明扼要。     

新型环境监测仪器户外小型水质自动监测站性能研究

随着中国地表水水质自动监测站建设工作的大力推进,近几年一种体积小、集成度高、功能完备并且直接应用于户外的小型水质自动监测站设备成为研发和应用热点。为了探究目前市场上户外小型水质自动监测站产品的仪器性能和技术特征,笔者选取6种型号的户外小型水质自动监测站进行功能检查和性能测试。结果表明：户外小型水质自动监测站具备采配水、预处理、水质多参数分析、数据传输等功能;不同参数标准溶液的测定结果具有较高的准确度和精密度,不进行任何维护的情况下整个系统能够在户外连续稳定运行一个星期以上。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤及底泥中多种元素

采用粉末压片、X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤及底泥样品中铜、铅、铬、锌、镍等多种元素.优化了测量条件,采用理论α系数法校正基体效应,校准样品校正谱线重叠干扰,经标准样品及不同分析方法验证,该方法定量准确,分析速度快,精密度和准确度均符合要求.     

土壤和沉积物样品中均三嗪类农药测定相关保存条件探究

采用加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱法探究土壤和沉积物中11种均三嗪类农药测定相关保存条件.结果表明,在4℃以下避光、密封,标准贮备液可保存60 d;标准曲线系列溶液可重复使用11 d;阿特拉津等6种化合物的土壤样品可保存20 d,其他化合物可保存5 d～12 d;经过冷冻干燥处理,阿特拉津等7种化合物的沉积物样品可保存8 ...     

Effectiveness of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emission reduction technologies

Non-CO₂ greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide, can make a relevant contribution to the enhanced greenhouse effect, and hence emission reduction is desirable. In emission reduction inventories, both the magnitude of the emission reduction as well as the specific emission reduction costs should be determined. The current knowledge of the potential for and costs of reducing these emissions is still limited. Taking this into account, the following results can be obtained. Methane emissions can be considerably reduced from underground coal mining, oil production, natural gas operations, landfilling of waste, and wastewater treatment. Also emissions from enteric fermentation and animal manure can be reduced substantially. The total technical potential for methane emission reduction (given the present activity level) is estimated to be about one third. The economic potential, having net negative emission reduction costs, is estimated to be about half of this value. These reductions can be attained over a period of 10 – 20 years. The technical potential for the reduction of nitrous oxide emissions is currently estimated to be less than 10% Apart from the possibility of implementing existing techniques, there seems to be considerable room for developing techniques for more far-reaching emission reductions both for methane and nitrous oxide.     

Kelp as a Bioindicator: Does it Matter Which Part of 5 M Long Plant is Used for Metal Analysis?

Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms, including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized. However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese). The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts. In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year. Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play a role in a subsistence diets.     

使用ACCU单元采集空气中的颗粒物

使用由美国R＆P公司生产的Automatic Cartidge Collection Unit,即自动滤膜采集单元,简称ACCU单元,可进行设定条件下(如风向、时间、浓度等)的颗粒物采样,并对颗粒物质量浓度和有关元素的浓度进行分析,它不但能测定颗粒物和有关元素的浓度水平,还能判定有关条件下的浓度分布.使用实践证明,该单元可为环境监测和治理提供有力和方便的手段.     

江苏省土壤修复产业发展现状及对策分析

简述了江苏省土壤修复市场发展情况及土壤修复技术发展现状.从营商环境、市场竞争力、标准法规建设等方面分析存在的市场问题,提出应规范市场环境、培育企业竞争力,加强标准制定、模式创新和人才培养的建议.针对场地环境调查与风险评估技术有待提升、地下水修复技术研发工作投入不足、修复后土壤监测和安全再利用问题突出等技术问题,提出,应...     

Framework for designing sampling programs

A general framework for designing sampling programs is described. As part of the sampling program the problem of concern, or reason for sampling, needs to be clearly stated and objectives specified. The development of a conceptual model will assist the clarification of objectives and the choice of indicators to be sampled.Objectives can then be stated as testable hypotheses and decisions made about the samallest difference/changes that are to be detected/observed by the sampling.To allow the collection of representative samples, and the statistical analysis of data to be collected, the potential sources of variability in the data must be considered. Site, selection, frequency and replication must account for the expected variability.Before field collection of samples occurs, the sample collection device needs to be tested as to its efficiency to collect a representative sample. It also will usually be necessary to consider how samples are to be preserved to inhibit biological and chemical change. All sample programs require a quality assurance program to identify, measure and control errors.As well as the above the cost-effectiveness of the program should be evaluated in terms of maximizing the information obtained/cost.     

污染源废气中二噁英监测采样应注意的几个问题

解析废气中二噁英监测采样的现状及不足,针对生活垃圾焚烧炉(炉排炉)、蓄热式焚烧炉(RTO)和危险废物焚烧炉(回转窑)3种不同类型焚烧炉,考察了采样过程中烟道类型、采样时间和采样时间间隔不同对二噁英监测的影响。结果表明,在水平烟道和垂直烟道采样测得二噁英排放浓度水平相当,有垂直烟道时,优先在垂直烟道采样;间隔采样和连续采样二噁英测定结果基本一致,为了便于操作,建议均采用连续采样方式;采样时间上,生活垃圾焚烧炉应保证超过1 h,蓄热式焚烧炉以2 h左右为宜;间歇投料危险废物焚烧炉应尽量满足2 h以上,条件不许可时,可通过增加采样流量缩短采样时间保证采样量,并在危险废物完全燃烧前结束采样工作。     

环境监测数据异常值的判定及处置

准确、可靠的环境监测数据是环境管理的重要现实依据，因此正确鉴别和处理异常数据是环境监测工作中的关键环节。简述了环境监测异常数据的类型和产生的原因，对异常监测数据的处理措施进行了分析。提出，应建立健全环境监测质量管理体系、重视现场采样的信息化管理、正确填写监测原始记录和加强监测数据的审核。     

Monitoring of cyclic organochlorines in the marine environment

Cyclic organochlorines are highly hydrophobic chemicals which usually possess a high persistence to microbial breakdown. These behavioural aspects determine the suitability of each environmental compartment for monitoring purposes, which is discussed.It is concluded, that monitoring of (cyclic) organochlorines should only be executed for compounds about which solid information is available on their environmental behaviour in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments. Under these conditions benthic invertebrates which use glycogen as their main energy-depot, appear to be the most suitable tool for environmental monitoring of lipophilic compounds. Concentrations should be expressed on the basis of (total) extractable lipids.The organisms to be compared should be sampled at a time when they have a similar physiological condition. This does not automatically mean synoptic sampling.Multi-component mixtures, such as PCB's, should be monitored on the basis of (selected) individual components in order to account for differences in behaviour of each component between different environmental compartments and animal species.Some representatives of the compounds discussed are strong inducers of mixed function oxygenase (MFO) enzyme systems. Therefore it should be investigated, if monitoring of MFO activity in addition to concentrations can be regarded as an early warning system of additive effects.     

新疆城市污水处理方式及利用途径初探

奎屯市城市污水的处理现阶段采用一级处理后接生物稳定塘的处理工艺是较为适宜的,但要注意做好污水及处理水的排放监测,加强排水管理,今后要逐步完善为规范的二级处理工艺。对污水处理要制定切实可行的水污染防治规划,不拘泥于现有的排水方案和污水处理厂选址,在污水厂下游建设规范的污水库作为处理水资源化利用的必要措施。我区多数城市水污染防治路线与奎屯市有着相似性,对各城市污水处理方式及利用途径可采用此方法进行深入细致的研究论证,为未来城市污水的有效处理及无害化、资源化利用打下基础。