加拿大的环境产业

本文是根据加拿大统计局于1997年对加拿大环境产业所作调查进行的归纳总结,介绍了近几年来,加拿大环境保护产业发展迅速,为加拿大的经济发展和环境保护作出了巨大贡献。并由此对中国环保产业的定义、分类,产业调查方法和预测研究提出了建议。     

加拿大见闻

<正>近期,我和夫人到加拿大探亲旅行。旅行中的一些见闻很有意思。见闻一:温哥华地处北纬50度,比我国佳木斯、鹤岗还往北一点,但是气温温暖。冬天下的雪都存不住,几天就化了。北边有山挡住寒流,又有暖流经过。这是一个在原始森林中开发的城市。星星点点还保留着原始森林。一些住宅区就在森林之中,     

加拿大的环境保护

加拿大政府十分重视环境保护,环境保护部是加拿大联邦政府的第一大部,全国10省2个地区的政府也都没有环境保护部。凡发展经济．建设住宅或其他一切工作,都遵照“环境保护规划”行事,并且“环境评估和对策”先行一步,所有建设工程的起步之前,都本着“先地下,后地上”的原则,各部门协同作战,如;煤气管、排污管、电缆、市政设施等,先进行基建、道路配套工程等,然后是地面工程和绿化。加拿大对所有污染源制订高标准,实行严格的管理,废水循环套用或优于标准排放。为了加强国际间环境保护的交流,加拿大政府每两年举行一次国际环保…     

加拿大的技术开发政策

据日本《JETRO 技术情报》杂志报道,最近加拿大联邦政府在强化研究开发政策中提出了三方面的设想:首先认为资源领域是创造就业机会的重要部门,例如粮食、能源在今后10年中,需求量将逐年增加,资源的加工深度不断提高。这样,资源部门列于包括高技术在内的各种机械设备和服务的需求增大,所以有必要重新调整制造行业.其次,根据加拿大的地势和气候条件,认为发展运输、宇航、通讯、能源等技术是     

加拿大废物管理

加拿大现代废物管理是注重避免或减少废物废弃的技术和方法。人们对废物的认识已变化开始把废物看作是含有宝贵经济商品的一种资源,彩的原则处理废物,有较好的实效。本文着重介绍了加拿大在实行３Ｒ原则方面的情况,废物处理的情况以及存在的问题和挑战。     

加拿大环境保护考察概述

笔者作为塔里木盆地自然资源的保护和持续利用领导参观考察团成员赴加拿大,从6月6日到6月26日,进行了为期20天的参观考察活动。主要在加拿大温哥华、卡尔加里、多伦多、渥太华和哈利法克斯5个城市先后听取了加拿大国家环保部门、国际开发署、加拿大石油公司、自贝尔石油公司、阿麦可石油公司、J、W环境公司以及迪好希大学、加拿大石油工业者协会等18个单位、70多位官员和专家教授关于环境保护工作情况及HSE（安全、健康与环保）管理经验的介绍,参观了温哥华市森林公园,板芙国家森林公园,冬奥会运动场,尼加拉瓜大瀑布,大西洋边安娜…     

加拿大的废水技术中心

位于加拿大安大略省伯林顿市的废水技术中心,即加拿大内陆水中心,是加拿大政府主办的研究机构,是环境保护服务     

加拿大生态旅游可持续发展实践的启示

本文在介绍加拿大开发生态旅游模式和经验的基础上，对我国生态旅游的发展提出了转变开发模式，科学测定旅游环境生态承载力，建立以政府为主导的旅游机构等具体建议。     

像对贫困宣战一样向污染宣战

正"我们要像对贫困宣战一样,坚决向污染宣战。"这是政府工作报告中铿锵的宣言,表达了强烈的政治意愿。污染是另一种"贫困"的表现。"雾霾天气范围扩大,环境污染矛盾突出,是大自然向粗放发展方式亮起的红灯。"而"重症污染"就是一种"严重贫困",只要抬头看天、低头看水即可把症状看得一清二楚。如果镜不见花、水不见月,这样的生活有什么意思?雾霾确实已经成为很多城市的标志性难题。今年     

Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice

We examined the connection between individuals’ relationships with the natural environment and their environmental behaviors with a focus on commitment to the environment, defined as psychological attachment and long-term orientation to the natural world. Commitment is theorized to emerge from structural interdependence with the environment and to lead to pro-environmental behaviors. Close relationships research has identified three key antecedents to commitment (satisfaction, alternatives, and investments). We developed environment-specific measures of these constructs, and factor analysis verified three distinct factors. A path analysis revealed that satisfaction with the environment and investments in the environment, but not alternatives to the environment, predicted commitment to the environment. Moreover, commitment mediated the effects of satisfaction and investments on general ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice for the environment. In regression analyses, commitment predicted general ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice for the environment, even when controlling for ecological worldview, inclusion of nature in the self, connectedness to nature, and environmental identity. Individuals who are satisfied with and invested in the natural world are likely to be committed to the environment and act with the well-being of the environment in mind.     

Listening to local voices: Tuvaluans respond to climate change

Climate change has become a permanent feature on the global media scene and in the decision-making of policy makers. The voices of academics, scientists, politicians and commentators dominate the climate change debate, yet local knowledges and beliefs, local realities, as well as local voices and actions are essential elements of navigating the way forward. Drawing on Paton's postgraduate research, this paper broadens the current dialogue by providing a platform for grassroots Tuvaluan voices to enter the climate change debate. It explores their local realities, knowledges and beliefs, and captures what Tuvaluans hold dear – factors which must play a central role in decision-making processes. To ensure the local population is fully mobilised, it will be argued that processes for engaging local voices must build on existing forums for engagement.     

Using a social learning configuration to increase Vietnamese smallholder farmers’ adaptive capacity to respond to climate change

Social learning is crucial for local smallholder farmers in developing countries to improve their adaptive capacity and to adapt to the current and projected impacts of climate change. While it is widely acknowledged that social learning is a necessary condition for adaptation, few studies have systematically investigated under which conditions particular forms of social learning are most successful in improving adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups. This study aims to design, implement and evaluate a social learning configuration in a coastal community in Vietnam. We make use of various methods during four workshop-based interventions with local smallholder farmers: interviews with key farmers and commune leaders, farmer-to-farmer learning, participatory observations and focus group discussions. The methods for evaluation of social learning configuration include in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and structured survey interviews. Our findings show that the social learning configuration used in this study leads to an increased problem ownership, an enhanced knowledge-base with regard to climate change impacts and production adaptation options, improved ability to see connections and interdependencies and finally, strengthened relationships and social cohesion. The results suggest that increased social learning in the community leads to increase in adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers and improves both their economic and environmental sustainability. We discuss the key lessons for designing learning configurations that can successfully enhance adaptive capacity and smallholder farmers’ agency and responsiveness to the challenges posed by climate change impacts.     

如何抓住孩子让环保走进家庭

从家庭方面讲，关于环保知识人们又了解多少，观念上又重视多少呢？尤其是农村家庭。我采访了很多人，他们都觉得太忙，没有闲暇关心这些。谈到环保，人们表现的也很茫然，当然他们也知道沙尘暴、也知道水灾、台风和旱情，但成因就不得而知了。具体到人们的生活，什么节约水电、废物利用、垃圾的分类回收，农村人尤其是那些围着锅台转的主妇们，根本不明白为什么要这样做。因此，我认为，环保教育不在于向家庭普及些什么，如何普及才是最重要的！孩子，是纽带，是让环保走进家庭的一条有效途径。但是，让环保走进家庭，不能像布置语文作业，…     

Interpolating SRTM Elevation Data to Higher Resolution to Improve Hydrologic Analysis

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) has been a valuable resource for hydrological analysis, providing elevation data at a consistent resolution on a near‐global scale. However, its resolution (three arc‐second or 90 m) is sometimes too low to obtain the desired level of accuracy and precision for hydrologic analysis. We evaluated the performance of several methods for interpolating SRTM three arc‐second data to a 30‐m resolution grid to better represent topography and derive terrain characteristics of the landscape. STRM data were interpolated to 30‐m DEMs on a common grid using spline, inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging (KR), natural neighbor methods, and cubic convolution (CC) resampling. Accuracy of the methods was assessed by comparing interpolated and resampled 30‐m grids with the reference data. Slope, aspect, sinks, and stream networks were derived for the 30‐m grids and compared on a cell‐by‐cell basis to evaluate their performance in reproducing the derivatives. The comparisons identify spline and KR as the most accurate interpolation methods, of which spline is preferred because of its relative simplicity. IDW provided the greatest bias in all methods with artifacts evident in slope and aspect maps. The performance of CC projection directly to a 30‐m resolution was comparable to spline interpolation, thus is recommended as the most convenient method for interpolating SRTM to a higher resolution.     

Degradation of oilwell cement due to exposure to carbonated brine

The growing interest in geologic carbon sequestration has highlighted the need for more data on how well cements react to CO₂ exposure. This paper describes a series of experiments that was conducted to examine the effects of flowing carbonated brine on well cements. Class H cement pastes were exposed to the ranges of temperature (20–50 °C) and pH (2.4–5) characteristic of geosequestration conditions at a depth of about 1 km. The exposed cements and the reactor effluents were analyzed using multiple techniques including optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, EPMA, and ICP-OES. The results showed that if the solution was pre-equilibrated with calcium carbonate, as would be expected in a limestone formation, there was no detectable attack. However, under the pH and temperature conditions to be expected in a sandstone formation, the initial rate of attack was on the order of millimeters per month. The outer layers of the cements reacted under sandstone-like conditions were fully degraded based on the results of the XRD and EPMA analyses. Inside the degraded layers there was a calcium carbonate-rich layer, a layer depleted of calcium hydroxide, and an unreacted cement core. The rate of degradation of the cement in these experiments was controlled by the rate of dissolution of the calcium carbonate-rich layer, after its formation, and diffusion through the fully degraded layers.