川牛膝种子保存技术初探

对川牛膝种子开展室温常规贮藏、室温湿沙贮藏、室温超干燥贮藏、4℃低温贮藏、冷冻贮藏等5种贮藏试验,结果表明:①室温湿沙贮藏是川牛膝种子短期保存的最优方法,能显著提高种子发芽率,其值较常规保存高14.5%;其次为4℃低温贮藏。②冷冻贮藏是川牛膝种子长期保存的最佳方法,保存3年后当其他保存方式的种子寿命几乎丧失时,其生活力及发芽率仍保持在较高水平,分别为60.3%和49.9%;其次为超干燥贮藏,种子生活力和发芽率分别为51.3%和41.2%。     

深度脱水污泥掺混土壤改性及资源化技术研究

为实现深度脱水污泥的改性和资源化利用,以上海某城市污水处理厂的两种不同含水率的深度脱水污泥A和B为例,通过向污泥中掺混土壤,研究土壤对污泥含水率、有机质、抗压强度、恶臭和植物毒性等的影响,探索其用作填埋场封场覆盖绿化用土的可行性.结果表明,掺混土壤可明显降低污泥含水率、有机质和臭气强度,并显著提高其抗压强度和种子发芽率,且相关性分析表明,土壤对污泥的有机质、臭气强度和浸出液种子发芽率的改善效果较强;当土壤添加量分别为60％和30％时,污泥A和B的抗压强度可分别由32.99kPa和196.67kPa的初始值增加至117.6kPa和227.5kPa,臭气强度可由4.5级和4级下降至2级和1.5级,浸出液白菜种子发芽率可由50％和56.7％增加至90％和80％.改性后的污泥A和B均能满足填埋场封场覆盖绿化用土的要求,实现其资源化利用.     

浙产白术市售种子质量的鉴定

根据试验,浙江产白术种子的净度可分为3个等级：一级净度为95％以上,二级净度90％～95％,三级净度90％以下.其发芽率为45％～59％,与种子批次的千粒重密切相关.种子在室外阳光下晒干.含水量可控制在8％～10％,而在室内阴干则与环境的相对湿度密切相关.其千位重的差异与该种子批次内大.中、小粒种子的比例有关,一般种子千粒重为25.60～37.50g.     

迎阳报春种子萌发特性研究

通过种子萌发试验,研究了光照、温度、赤霉素对迎阳报春种子萌发的影响,同时对其种子形态进行了观测.结果表明,迎阳报春成熟种子为黄褐色,呈不规则卵圆形或多面形,种子细小,千粒重为89.52±0.25mg.种子萌发的适宜温度为20℃,对光敏感,光照条件下萌发率较高,萌发进程较快;种子经赤霉素处理后,萌发持续时间缩短,但对种子最终发芽率、发芽势影响不显著.     

短毛紫荆花粉生活力测定及贮藏方法研究

为进行紫荆的杂交育种和开发利用,以短毛紫荆花粉为试材,利用离体培养法、3种染色法（碘-碘化钾染色、醋酸洋红和ITC）对花粉生活力进行了测定,并研究了不同贮藏温度及时间对花粉萌发的影响.结果表明,培养基中添加蔗糖和硼酸对花粉的萌发有促进作用,短毛紫荆花粉萌发的适宜培养基为：15％蔗糖＋0.004％硼酸＋0.08％的琼脂,萌发率达88.46％;醋酸洋红染色法适宜快速测定短毛紫荆花粉生活力;短毛紫荆花粉最佳的贮藏方法为-196℃,经济的贮藏方法为-20℃.     

马蔺花粉生活力测定及贮藏特性研究

为有效开展鸢尾属植物育种工作,以马蔺花粉为试材,研究了蔗糖、硼酸等对马蔺花粉萌发的影响和不同贮藏方法对马蔺花粉萌发的影响。结果表明,硼酸、蔗糖对马蔺花粉萌发有显著影响,最适宜的花粉培养基为:蔗糖120g/L+硼酸20mg/L;花粉生活力随着贮藏时间的延长而下降,不同的贮藏条件对马蔺花粉生活力有显著的影响,最佳贮藏方法为-196℃干燥,耐贮藏力达365天以上,花粉形态与其萌发之间有相关性。     

川牛膝及其混淆品的抗炎作用比较

比较4种不同产地的川牛膝及其3种混淆品的抗炎药理作用.采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀和蛋清致大鼠足肿胀炎症模淹,研究川牛膝及其混淆品的抗炎作用.结果显示,板桥、宝兴川牛膝和川牛膝的3种混淆品可减轻二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀程度和蛋清致大鼠足肿胀程度,且具有明显的量效关系;金口河川牛膝剂量为10g/ks时,可减轻蛋清致大鼠足肿胀程度,表明板桥、宝兴和金口河产川牛膝具有一定的抗炎作用,奉节川牛膝未见有抗炎作用;麻牛膝和“红牛膝”具有明显的抗炎作用.     

低温对工程塑料、橡胶材料及典型结构件的影响研究(续)

六、天然暴露试验对工程塑料、橡胶材料低温性能的影响表16、表17分别为部分工程塑料、橡胶材料分别经海拉尔户内外天然暴露试验一年后,在低温-15℃下(个别材料-25℃下)测得的性能试验数据,与未经天然暴露试验的同一批样品(放在恒温室避光处保存)在同一低温下测得的样品性能试验数据比较.     

香溪河库湾浮游细菌和病毒计数方法比较研究

液氮速冻后转入-80℃保存是流式细胞仪计数浮游细菌及病毒的样品保存之标准条件。以荧光显微镜计数法为参照,利用流式细胞仪对温和冷冻保存(-20℃冷冻2周后转入-80℃保存)的香溪河库湾水样分别计数了浮游细菌和浮游病毒丰度。结果显示,利用流式细胞仪计数香溪河库湾水样中的浮游细菌丰度与荧光显微镜计数法等效(P>0.05);流式细胞仪计数浮游病毒丰度高于荧光显微镜计数结果2.0±0.1倍(Z=-4.704,P<0.01),且具有强正相关(r=0.979,P<0.01)。计数结果间的差异与其他环境中样品标准保存方法下计数结果相近,表明温和冷冻保藏条件对流式细胞仪计数香溪河库湾水样中浮游细菌和浮游病毒丰度结果无明显影响。     

乌拉尔甘草种子的蜡质对曲霉菌和青霉菌的抑制作用的研究

种皮表面的蜡质对种子具有保护作用,本实验通过对乌拉尔甘草种子蜡质抑菌作用的研究,进一步了解蜡质对青霉和曲霉两大贮藏性真菌的抑制作用。主要测定硬实种子与非硬实种子表面带菌率、蜡质抑菌效果以及蜡质体外抑菌研究等,为蜡质在种子保存、贮藏方面的利用提供参考。研究结果表明：①甘草种子的带菌率很高。用硫酸溶液分离后的硬实种子和非硬实种子带菌率分别是8%和83.3%,两者存在较大差别。培养硬实种子和非硬实种子所得菌落平均直径分别为1.123cm和1.206cm,两者差异显著。②蜡质对青霉菌具有明显的抑制作用。脱掉蜡质的种子接菌后,培养得到菌落平均直径为1.66cm,而有蜡种子则为1.57cm,两者差异显著。对曲霉也有一定的抑制作用,但未达到显著水平。③蜡质体外抑菌效果不明显。加入蜡质的培养基中培养的菌落平均直径为1.37cm,普通培养基为1.38cm,两者存在一定区别,但不显著。④种皮蜡质占种子重量的0.0165%。     

我国川牛膝资源分布及生产状况调查

对我国川牛膝的资源分布及生产状况进行了实地调查,以期为川牛膝的种质系统评价及产业发展提供参考。在查阅文献的基础上,通过实地调查、样品收集、走访当地有关部门发现,目前川牛膝主要为2—3年生,生长环境在海拔1800m左右,市场上大宗商品主要来自四川雅安及金口河区、重庆奉节县、湖南隆回县、龙山县和湖北恩施的板桥等地,不同的种植方式对其生产周期有影响。川牛膝已出现新的产区,各地川牛膝种质有不同程度的混杂或不纯,亟待逐步纯化并培育优良品种。     

Effects of sample storage on biosolids compost stability and maturity evaluation

Compost stability and maturity are important parameters of compost quality. To date, nearly all compost characterization has been performed using samples freshly collected because sample storage can affect compost stability and maturity evaluation. However, sample preservation is sometimes necessary, especially for scientific research purposes. There is little information available on the effects of sample storage on compost stability and maturity. Samples of biosolids compost with different levels of stability and maturity were collected from four compost facilities in Florida (referred to as Register, Winslow, Sunset, and Meadow). Comparisons of CO2 evolution, seed germination rate, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were made between fresh samples with short storage at 4 degrees C for less than 1 wk and air-dried or frozen compost samples stored for 1 yr. The effects of storage (air-dry or frozen) on the measured parameters depended on compost stability and maturity and on the compost material source. Frozen storage reduced the peak CO2 evolution of Register samples by 12 to 29%, while accumulated CO2 evolution was reduced by 43 to 64% and 110 to 277% with air-dry and frozen storage, respectively. The storage effect on CO2 evolution with more stable compost was inconsistent. Storage did not affect compost phytotoxicity, except for samples from the Sunset facility. Air-drying reduced the WSOC by up to 35%, and freezing increased it by up to 34%, while both storage methods had no significant effect on samples of low WSOC. Despite all these variations, WSOC had a significant and consistent relation to CO2 evolution and seed germination rates with R2 of 0.78 and 0.57, respectively, regardless of storage methods.     

蓼科药用植物种子发芽的研究

本文报导了不同温度对蓼科药用植物种子萌发和休眠的影响,提出了不同种种子的发芽温度范围、发芽适温、发芽所需天数及发芽率。在中药材生产中掌握不同种种子的发芽适温,确定合适的播种期具有指导意义     

Comparative study of non-ionizing and ionizing radiation effect on hydration of winter wheat seeds in metabolic active and inactive states

Although the biological effect of non-ionizing (NIR) and ionizing radiation (IR) on plant seed potential is well documented, the mechanism of this impact is not clear yet. Since cell hydration, a fundamental parameter for determining cell function, is magneto-sensitive, in present work, a comparative study of extremely low frequencies (ELF) electromagnetic field (EMF), ELF EMF-modulated millimeter waves, and radiation exposure effects on winter wheat seeds water absorption and dry mass changes was performed. The seeds were incubated in physiological solutions (PS) for 2 and 72 h. In case of 2-h incubation, the water absorption determined by osmotic gradients between seeds and bathing medium, PS treated by all these factors leads to changes of water absorption. While in case of 72-h incubation (when germination processes are in active state) these impact had reversed character. The obtained data strongly suggest seeds bathing medium as a target through which the biological effects of NIR and IR are realized.     

The Population Ecology of Two Tropical Trees, Brachychiton diversifolius (Malvaceae) and Bombax ceiba (Bombaceae), Harvested by Indigenous Woodcarvers in Arnhem Land, Australia

We describe the population ecology of two tropical deciduous trees, Bombax ceiba leiocarpum A. Robyns and Brachychiton diversifolius R. Br., which are in high demand for Indigenous sculpture production in Arnhem Land, Australia. We monitored tagged populations of both species at two locations for 2?years to examine their reproduction, growth, and survival rates and their response to harvest. Both species have similar life histories: they reproduce during the dry season (June-November) producing a high seed load, seed predation was high, seeds did not survive in the soil past the following wet season to form a seed bank, and germination rates were low and variable for both species. Average annual circumference growth rates were 1.07?cm?year(-1) for B. ceiba and 0.98?cm?year(-1) for B. diversifolius, with most of the growth occurring during the early wet season. Most (65-88?%) of the harvested B. ceiba and B. diversifolius stems coppiced. Coppice and stem size class were the main factors influencing tree growth rates with coppice stems growing up to six times faster than similar sized non-coppice stems. The survival of B. ceiba and B. diversifolius stems was size class dependent and affected by local site factors (e.g. fire and other disturbances) so that the smaller size classes had a low probability of survival. Given the resprouting potential of both species, their wild harvest is likely to have only minimal local impact on wild populations. However, further population modelling is required to determine whether the small and disjunct B. ceiba populations can sustain harvesting at current levels.     

Seed bank composition of open and overgrown calcareous grassland soils--a case study from Southern Belgium

The success of calcareous grassland recreation following abandonment depends to a large extent on the composition of the soil seed bank. We studied the species richness and composition of the seed bank along a chronosequence from well-developed calcareous grassland to scrub and forest vegetation, which had developed on calcareous grassland over the last 225 years. The seed bank density was highest in the calcareous grassland soils (930 seeds/m(2)). However, the seed bank was mainly composed of rather common species of nutrient poor grassland, which were poorly represented in the surface vegetation. There were no significant differences in soil seed bank density and species composition between the calcareous grassland and scrub vegetation that was less than 15 years old, largely because several grassland species had persisted in the scrub vegetation and were therefore able to replenish the soil seed bank. In contrast seed density and species richness declined significantly after 40 years of grassland abandonment. Indeed, forest soils had the lowest seed densities (214 seeds/m(2)) with only a few grassland species represented. This reflects the lack of grassland species in the field layer of the forest, and, therefore, the lack of seed production and seed bank replenishment. It is clear that recreation of calcareous grassland on long abandoned sites cannot rely on germination of target species from the seed bank alone. Even in the calcareous grassland soil, seeds of target species are not abundant as the majority produces transient seeds, which decay rapidly if they do not germinate immediately. Successful grassland recreation on such sites therefore may require seeds of target species to be introduced artificially (e.g. as seed mixtures, green hay, etc.). Alternatively, reinstatement of traditional practices, such as grazing or mowing, will increase the natural dispersal potential of these species, allowing population reestablishment in the long term.     

硫酸钠对白三叶种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过室内沙基培养法测定白三叶种子的发芽率、发芽势、株高、根系活力、叶绿素含量、丙二醛和可溶性糖含量,研究了不同浓度的硫酸钠对白三叶种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。试验结果表明,白三叶在硫酸钠作用下随着浓度增高,发芽势、发芽率、株高、叶绿素含量、根系活力均表现出下降趋势,对白三叶种子萌发和幼苗生长均表现出抑制作用,而丙二醛和可溶性糖含量表现出上升趋势。     

乌蕨孢子繁殖技术的研究

研究了乌蕨(Stenoloma chusanum(L.)Ching)孢子无菌繁殖和常规繁殖方法。结果表明,乌蕨孢子在1/4MS培养基培养时的萌发率最高,达85.3%;在1/2MS培养基中的配子体成苗率最高,达85.9%;1/2MS培养基是培养优质孢子体苗的最佳培养基;河沙与草炭土体积比为1∶1的混合基质是播种孢子的理想基质,孢子萌发率和配子体成苗率分别达到82.6%和73.4%;无菌繁殖和常规繁殖所得的幼孢子体苗移栽成活率均达90%以上。     

Germinable Soil Seed Banks and the Restoration Potential of Abandoned Cropland on the Chinese Hilly-Gullied Loess Plateau

Poor vegetation cover is generally considered to be a major factor causing soil erosion on the Loess Plateau in China. It has been argued that tree planting restoration is ineffective, and natural re-vegetation is an alternative ecological solution for restoring abandoned cropland and controlling soil erosion. The aims of this study were to investigate the characteristics of soil seed banks and to assess the natural restoration potential of abandoned cropland in the hilly-gullied Loess Plateau. The soil seed bank was identified by the germination method with the soil samples, which were collected at four sampling times (April, August, and October 2005 and August 2006) from 12 plots abandoned 3–30 years prior to sampling. The seed bank densities of all of the samples in the 0–10 cm soil layer varied from 1,067 ± 225 to 14,967 ± 1,606 seeds m⁻². Fifty-one species (24 annual and 27 perennial species) belonging to 18 families were identified, and 39% of these species belonged to the families Compositae and Gramineae. The pioneer species Artemisia scoparia dominated the seed bank, with an average seed density of 3,722 seeds m⁻², and accounted for 74.4% of the seeds in the bank. The local dominant species (such as Lespedeza davurica, Artemisia gmelinii, Bothriochloa ischaemun and Stipa bungeana) of the later succession stages also existed at densities varying from 17 to 1, 383 seeds m⁻². The combination of soil seed bank characteristics, reproductive traits of the species, the specific landscape conditions indicates that the potential to restoring the abandoned croplands in the hilly-gullied Loess Plateau via natural re-vegetation could be substantial.