油菜硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒的关系

为系统研究油菜对硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒形态间的关系,采用人工添加外源硒(0、0.5、5.0 mg·kg~(-1)土壤)的方式,构建了土壤含不同浓度硒的大田实验系统.测定了成熟期油菜不同部位硒总量、籽粒中有机小分子硒化合物及根际土壤中各形态硒的含量.明确了硒在油菜体内的富集特征;分析了籽粒中硒含量同其他组织部位及土壤硒含量间的关系;深入解析了土壤各形态硒对油菜硒的贡献.结果表明,随土壤硒浓度的增加,由根部向地上部转移的硒的比例增大;土壤高浓度(5.0 mg·kg~(-1))硒处理下,更大比例的硒富集于角果壳和籽粒中;硒代蛋氨酸、硒代半胱氨酸是籽粒中主要形态的有机小分子硒化合物;各浓度硒处理土壤中,均以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,占土壤总硒的87.24%~97.40%;籽粒硒含量与其他组织部位硒及土壤硒含量呈显著相关;茎干中硒与根系中硒含量呈正相关,而茎干中硒又是角果壳硒的主要贡献因子,茎干和角果壳硒对籽粒硒具有同等贡献.研究结果明确了油菜对硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒形态间的关系,有助于通过土壤中硒形态和植物营养器官中硒含量来评估籽粒中硒含量.     

Mutual detoxification of mercury and selenium in unicellular Tetrahymena

Selenium(Se) is commonly recognized as a protective element with an antagonistic effect against mercury(Hg) toxicity. However, the mechanisms of this Hg–Se antagonism are complex and remain controversial. To gain insight into the Hg–Se antagonism, a type of unicellular eukaryotic protozoa(Tetrahymena malaccensis, T. malaccensis) was selected and individually or jointly exposed to two Hg and three Se species. We found that Se species showed different toxic effects on the proliferation of T. malaccensis with the toxicity following the order:selenite(Se(IV)) selenomethionine(SeMeth) selenate(Se(VI)). The Hg–Se antagonism in Tetrahymena was observed because the joint toxicity significantly decreased under co-exposure to highly toxic dosages of Hg and Se versus individual toxicity. Unlike Se(IV) and Se(VI), non-toxic dosage of SeM eth significantly decreased the Hg toxicity, revealing the influence of the Se species and dosages on the Hg–Se antagonism. Unexpectedly, inorganic divalent Hg(Hg~(2+)) and monomethylmercury(MeHg) also displayed detoxification towards extremely highly toxic dosages of Se, although their detoxifying efficiency was discrepant. These results suggested mutual Hg–Se detoxification in T. malaccensis, which was highly dependent on the dosages and species of both elements. As compared to other species, SeM eth and MeHg promoted the Hg–Se joint effects to a higher degree. Additionally, the Hg contents decreased for all the Hg–Se co-exposed groups, revealing a sequestering effect of Se towards Hg in T. malaccensis.     

土壤硒的生物有效性研究

对黑麦幼苗的试验表明,黑麦幼苗中的总硒(Se)浓度与总干重的乘积与0.1mol/L KH2PO4浸提态Se呈显著相关.对黑油菜的试验表明,在酸性土壤上,当Se(Ⅵ)的量≥0.5mg/kg时,可显著减少黑油菜的产量;而当Se(Ⅳ)的量达到2.0mg/kg时对产量影响不大;黑油菜吸收Se(Ⅵ)的量要大于吸收Se(Ⅳ)的量.通过田间采样分析表明,KH2PO4浸提态Se能反映土壤对植物的供Se状况,推荐用0.1mol/L KH2PO4溶液作为酸性土壤生物有效性Se的浸提溶液.影响土壤Se生物有效性的主要因子是CaCO3,其次是粉粒、有机质、黏粒含量.pH值可通过CaCO3对KH2PO4浸提态Se产生影响.     

海水中Se的分析方法

对国内外学者近些年来有关海水中Ｓｅ的测定方法（包括吕保存、富集分离方法及测定方法）作了较为系统的综述。对几种海水中痕量Ｓｅ测定的常用方法（原子吸收法、原子荧光法、阴极溶出伏安法等）作了重点的介绍，并对各种测定的发展历史，优劣进行了评价。     

Toxic effects of selenium on marine fish

Ｔｏｘｉｃｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｓｅｌｅｎｉｕｍｏｎｍａｒｉｎｅｆｉｓｈ￥／ＺｈａｎｇＹｕａｎｘｕｎ（ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＮｕｃｌｅａｒＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ２０１８００，Ｃ...     

Biogeochemical cycles of selenium in Antarctic water

ＢｉｏｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｙｃｌｅｓｏｆｓｅｌｅｎｉｕｍｉｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃｗａｔｅｒ￥ＸｉａＷｅｉｐｉｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＯｃｅａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＯｌｄＤｏｍｉｎｉｏｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｎｏｒｆｏｌｋ，ＶＡ２３５２９，ＵＳＡ）...     

氟与硒对鱼类联合毒性的研究

采用斑马鱼长、短效应测定技术研究了氟硒共存的联合毒性。结果表明在氟硒毒性1：1情况下,96h内均为拮抗作用。但在浓度1：1情况下短效应实验,24h为拮抗作用,48h为相加作用．96h为协同作用。鱼类长效应快速测定结果也为毒性明显增大的协同作用。     

氟与硒对大型溞的联合毒性研究

研究氟离子与四价硒、氟离子与六价硒对大型溞的急性联合毒性,并采用相加指数法和毒性单位分析法评价其联合效应。结果表明,氟离子与两种价态硒的联合毒性都为拮抗作用;氟与四价硒的拮抗作用程度大于氟与六价硒的作用;氟离子与四价硒在不同浓度比例下混合作用,其拮抗作用程度不同,并呈一定规律性变化     

Determination of dissolved selenium species in environmental samples

This article reports on the technique for the determination of selenium at ppt level and the procedure for the speciation of dissolved selenium in the environmental samples. By combining the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a fluorescent detector (FLD), this technique permits the determination of selenium at 0.001 μg/L for Se(IV) and 0.005 μg/L for Se(VI) and the total concentration of selenium for a sample volume of 20 ml. In the speciation procedure, Se(IV) is firstly determined based on the selectivity of 2, 4 - diaminonaphthalene (DAN), the Se (VI) and the total element concentration are determined after reduced to Se(IV) by boiling in 4 mol/L HCl and by digesting in HNO3-HClO4 mixture, respectively. Discussions are given on the relationship between selenium speciation in waters and soil water extract and solution pH, EH and total organic carbon concentration (TOC).     

皖南茶叶中硒的来源和浸出率

分布特征和相关性分析表明皖南茶叶中的硒来源于石煤.皖南茶叶的较高硒含量平均值为0.4ug/g,硒浸出率低于30%,因此实际上补硒的价值不高.硒的来源警示石煤中的有害元素也可能转移到茶叶中.     

地表水和地下水中的砷、硒同时测定

通过利用双道原子荧光法,同时对地表水和地下水样品中砷、硒进行测定,具有操作更加简单、监测分析速度快、节省试剂等优点。     

广州市不同人群硒摄入量研究

通过酸消解、原子荧光-氢化物发生法测定了广州市市售109种常见食物中硒的含量,结合膳食结构计算了广州市不同人群的每日硒摄入量.结果表明,广州市不同食品硒含量有较大差异,均值为4.97～457.3 μg·kg-1,其中动物性食品硒含量明显高于植物性食品硒含量,硒含量较高的食品有动物内脏、鱼虾类、蛋及蛋制品、猪肉等,均大于150 μg·kg-1.广州市不同人群膳食硒摄入量有明显差别,不同收入人群的摄入量为高收入人群(102.6 μg·d-1)＞中收入人群(83.8 μg·d-1)＞低收入人群(66.6 μg·d-1);老人硒摄入量为73.3 μg·d-1,儿童为44.3 μg·d-1,大学生为86.8 μg·d-1,工人为69.7 μg·d-1;标准人摄入量为98.5 μg·d-1.动物性食品是广州居民硒摄入量的主要来源;其次是大米;蔬菜、水果和豆类及制品等植物性食品贡献很小.广州市不同人群每日硒摄入量处于良好水平.     

土壤硒污染对土壤酶的生态毒理效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验,研究了Se对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶的生态毒理效应.结果表明,土壤Se对脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶有“抗性酶活性”现象.土壤Se对土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性有抑制作用,脲酶受Se的抑制作用最强.土壤Se含量与脲酶抑制率之间具有显著相关性,脲酶抑制率可作为Se生态风险评价的一项生物指示物.     

离子选择性电极测定海水中的Se

用自行研制的硒离子选择性电极,借助氢化物发生装置,将海水中的Se转化为H2Se,通过N2将其导入NaOH溶液中,以达到将Se与基体分离与富集的目的,通过对测定条件进行了选择与优化,实现了海水中Se的测定。电极的线性范围为4×10-7~2.7×10-4mol/L。本方法的检出限为6.4μg/L,测定结果的相对误差≤4.0%,变异系数≤7.6%。回收率在90%~106%。     

Soil selenium concentration and Kashin-Beck disease prevalence in Tibet, China

In order to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of Kashin-Back disease (KBD) and Se concentrations, natural soil samples and cultivated soil samples were collected from southeastern Tibet, China; and the soil Se concentrations were measured by atomic fluorescent spectrophotometer. It was found that the mean Se concentrations of natural soil samples in KBD areas, from the first layer to the third layer, were 0.17 mg/kg, 0.11 mg/kg, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively, and in nondisease areas were 0.21 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg, and 0.13mg/kg, respectively. The mean Se concentrations of cultivated soil samples were 0.10 mg/kg in KBD areas and 0.23 mg/kg in non-disease areas, respectively. Soil Se concentrations in KBD areas were lower than that in non-disease areas, and the mean concentrations of soil Se in Tibet were lower than the average of China (0.29 mg/kg). Therefore, there is a close relationship between soil Se concentrations and KBD in Tibet. More studies should be concentrated on the impacts of Se deficiency in soils and its relationship with Se concentrations in food-grain and the human body in Tibet areas.     

Role of interaction between selenium and organic matters on causes of Kaschin-Beck disease

Influences of organic matters of soil and water on speciation and biological utilization of selenium are discussed. Humic acid is found to be the main pool of selenium in soil and affects the bio-availability of the element in soil-plant system. Fulvic acid from drinking water inhibits the absorption of selenium taken from diet. The relationship between high content of organic matters of water and selenium deficiency on the causes of KBD could be reflected in the limited synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, which is generally stimulated by fulvic acid from drinking water.     

Geographical differentiation of selenium concentration in hair from children and youngsters in China

Selenium concentration in hair are sorted out into three classes, i.e. low (<110 ppb), medium (110-520 ppb) and high (>520 ppb) according to the principle of multiple normal distribution and a map of classification of selenium concentration in hair from children and youngsters in China has been drawn. Selenium insufficiency in relation to Keshan disease and Kashin-Beck's disease is expounded. Geographical differentiation of hair selenium concentrations and its causes are explained.     

紫外分光光度法测定大米中微量元素硒的含量

以市售大米为检测对象,采用凯氏烧瓶消解-紫外分光光度法测定了样品中微量元素硒的含量。结果表明:富硒大米、五常大米、白城大米、泰国香米及龙江县大米的含硒量分别为:0.258、0.054、0.051、0.033、0.045mg/kg(干基)。富硒大米的硒含量明显高于普通大米。标准曲线的相关系数r为0.9998,加标回收率在98.6%～102.7%之间,精密度RSD为2.25%,因此该法具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、工作曲线线性关系好的显著优点,可用于大米中微量元素硒的测定。     

硒与硫单一及交互作用对小白菜生长及硒生物有效性的影响

用土培盆栽试验研究了硫酸盐、硒酸盐单一及交互作用对小白菜生长及其硒生物有效性的影响.结果表明,单施硒时,适量硒(≤1.0 mg·kg~(-1))能促进小白菜地上部的生长,表现为小白菜株高和地上部干重分别较不施硒对照处理增加了8.4%和22.1%(p0.05),但高剂量硒(≥2.5 mg·kg~(-1))却抑制其生长,小白菜株高和地上部干重分别较对照减少了0.4%、14.2%(2.5 mg·kg~(-1)Se)和15.8%、50.3%(5.0 mg·kg~(-1)Se).小白菜的根系对硒酸盐的胁迫更为敏感,单施硒处理小白菜根长和地下部干重均低于对照处理,且抑制作用随外源硒添加量的增加而增大,外源硒添加量为1.0、2.5、5.0 mg·kg~(-1)处理的小白菜的根长和地下部干重分别较对照下降了20.5%、28.3%、49.4%和29.2%、24.2%、58.5%.施硫能减缓硒对小白菜的胁迫,表现为相同硒剂量下,小白菜根长、地上和地下部干重均随外源硫剂量的增大而增加.另外,施硫处理小白菜叶绿素含量均显著高于相同硒剂量下的无硫处理,过氧化物酶活性却相反.相同硫剂量下,小白菜硒含量随外源硒添加量的增大而显著增大(p0.05),且地上部对硒的吸收和富集能力均显著大于地下部(p0.05).与此不同,施硫显著抑制小白菜对硒的吸收与富集(p0.05),小白菜地上、地下部硒含量和富集系数(BCFSe-shoot、BCFSe-root)均随外源硫剂量的增大而减小.小白菜生物量与其体内硒含量、硒富集系数呈显著负相关.由此可见,硫酸盐是通过抑制硒吸收和富集及调控小白菜自身的生理代谢来减缓硒酸盐对小白菜生长的胁迫.硫酸盐与硒酸盐的相互作用受硫剂量、硒剂量及植株部位的影响.