论影视翻译中文化意象的传递与翻译

结合钱绍昌教授提出的电影语言的五个特点,提出影视翻译的特殊要求即应以译语观众为中心和译者要考虑电影翻译的技术因素制约.文化意象是一种文化符号,承载着独特、广阔、深沉的文化内涵,不同民族的文化差异导致的文化意象的空缺与错位往往使译者处于两难的境地.译者可从文化交流的角度和尊重影视翻译自身特点的基础上,选用译语观众所熟悉的和易于理解的词语以直译,意译,直译意译结合三个方法来传递和翻译文化意象.参4.     

林黛玉和“花”的意象分析

《红楼梦》中提及众女子皆如花似玉，似乎在整个大观园中形成了百花齐放，而又百花齐谢的最终结局．究竟是巧合还是刻意？林黛玉的一首《葬花吟》，在喜庆时作为反衬，在没落时作为预言．以之为端倪，此后诗词皆有蕴涵．花，作为《红楼梦》中最常见的意象之一，表达了红颜薄命的伤感以及繁华终将转空头的必然结局．参2．     

耕地土壤中交换态钙镁铁锰铜锌相关关系研究

应用主成份分析、聚类分析和相关性分析对沈阳市郊区1994个耕地土壤样本(0-20cm)的交换态钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌含量进行研究，结果表明，影响钙与镁、铁与锰、铜与锌分布的主因子分别在相同的主成份组中，钙与镁、铁与锰、铜与锌之间的相关系数较大，铁、锰、铜、锌之间均为极显著正相关关系，钙与铁、锰、铜、锌均为负相关关系，说明元素的生物地球化学属性对其地理分布有较大的影响。     

建设高等教育的人文性与技术性

本文从传统高等教育理念与模式着手，指出着力建设高等教育的人文性与技术性的重要性，重点阐述在建设高等教育的人文性与技术性的同时，应当注意处理好通识教育与专业教育、人文教育与科技教育之间的关系，高等教育应以促进受教育综合素质的全面提高和科学文化知识发展为根本出发点，通过各学科间广泛、深入的交叉、融合，推动知识快速生长，全面提高人才素质，并在教学、科技机制和管理模式上进行创新，建立开放性、融合式的学术活动机制与模式，在课程设置和结构安排上充分考虑学科知识间的融合，以此培养受教育者基本的人文素养和科学精神．     

为了可持续未来的大学校长──塔洛瓦尔宣言

为了可持续未来的大学校长──塔洛瓦尔宣言我们，来自世界各地区的大学校长和副校长，对空前规模与速度的环境污染与退化以及自然资源耗损深感忧虑．局部、地区和全球的空气和水污染，有毒废物的积累与分布，森林、土壤和水体的破坏与耗损，臭氧层耗损与温室气体排放，正...     

江西省食管癌与岩石类型

利用江西少大量岩石类型和食管癌死亡调查资料，对食管癌死亡率与人群生存区岩石类型的相关性进行了研究。结果表明，江西省食管癌死亡率与岩石类型密切相关食管癌死亡率与变质岩、碳酸盐岩、第四系松散岩、红色碎屑岩呈正相关，与岩浆呈负相关，与碎屑岩相关不显著。     

江西省食管癌与岩石类型

利用江西省大量岩石类型和食管癌死亡调查资料，对食管癌死亡率与人群生存区岩石类型的相关性进行了研究。结果表明，江西省食管癌死亡率与岩石类型密切相关。食管癌死亡率与变质岩、碳酸盐岩、第四系松散岩、红色碎屑岩呈正相关，与岩浆岩呈负相关，与碎屑岩相关不显著。     

城市节制用水的理论与方法

分析了我国的水污染状况，论述了节水的系统工程理论、水夹点技术、水平衡测试理论及水价格政策，总结了国内外节水实践经验，探讨了我国城市节制用水的措施与方法，指出污水深度处理与回用、清洁生产、利用雨水与海水、发展节水农业、提高建筑物节水效率是促进城市水环境恢复的有效途径，提出了城市节水的研究方向。     

台湾职业技术教育的研究

台湾普通教育体系与职业技术教育体系衔接紧密，职业技术教育与终身教育相结合，定位准确，培养目标清晰，坚持职业证书制度，建立了多元文凭价值体系，政策优惠，课程开发时考虑配合整体经济发展并兼顾地区发展及学生未来适应生活的需求，力求职业技术课程体系的完整与连贯性，学校本位课程具有机动弹性，人才培养途径是加强建教合作、充实实践教学环节，师资队伍建设采取直接从企业聘请教师或者聘请资深的企业界技术人员到校兼职教授，强调师资的高学历和实务导向并鼓励在职实务进修，运用行业分析编制组织结构严谨教材．当然，台湾教育界同样存在重学轻术、招生困难、投资捉襟见肘、师资设备仍显不足、与全球经济一体化不相适应、就业难等问题．     

国际劳工组织的劳工界环境培训计划

国际劳工组织的环境培训旨在使国际劳工组织的“劳工界”活动具有环境要素，这个计划涉及：工作环境；环境政策与问题对就业，贫困与发展的意义，企业、管理与职业培训，国际劳工组织的三位一体要素（即雇主组织、工人组织及就业与劳动部）的作用，本文概述了该环境培训计划的方法和目标人群。     

Allee Effect and the Uncertainty of Population Recovery

Recovery of depleted populations is fundamentally important for conservation biology and sustainable resource harvesting. At low abundance, population growth rate, a primary determinant of population recovery, is generally assumed to be relatively fast because competition is low (i.e., negative density dependence). But population growth can be limited in small populations by an Allee effect. This is particularly relevant for collapsed populations or species that have not recovered despite large reductions in, or elimination of, threats. We investigated how an Allee effect can influence the dynamics of recovery. We used Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as the study organism and an empirically quantified Allee effect for the species to parameterize our simulations. We simulated recovery through an individual‐based mechanistic simulation model and then compared recovery among scenarios incorporating an Allee effect, negative density dependence, and an intermediate scenario. Although an Allee effect significantly slowed recovery, such that population increase could be negligible even after 100 years or more, it also made the time required for biomass rebuilding much less predictable. Our finding that an Allee effect greatly increased the uncertainty in recovery time frames provides an empirically based explanation for why the removal of threat does not always result in the recovery of depleted populations or species. El Efecto Allee y la Incertidumbre de la Recuperación de Poblaciones     

Testing the Internal Consistency of Contingent Valuation Surveys

For an internal consistency check, one can examine WTP responses to different surveys. Holding an environmental problem constant, concave preferences imply WTPconcavein the success of a remedy. The same preferences imply WTPconvexin the magnitude of an environmental problem, assuming a successful remedy. Having opposite signed curvature of these two WTP patterns is general, not requiring concave preferences. For an adding-up test, an environmental commodity can be divided. Then, WTP for one part plus WTP for the second part, conditional on already having the first part, equals WTP for the whole, adjusted by an income effect.     

Genuine saving rate: An integrated indicator to measure urban sustainable development towards an ecocity

The construction of an ecocity is gradually gaining attention as an indicator of sustainable development. Genuine saving rate (GSR), which takes account of various impacts of economic activities including depletion of natural resources, costs of environmental pollution and long-term environmental damage, can be used as an integrated indicator to measure the status quo and potential of sustainability for an ecocity. This paper discusses the concept of an ecocity; and analyses the time-series of GSR in Suzhou between 1991–2001 as a case study used to develop a standard method of measuring sustainability. The status quo and trends in urban sustainability in six case study cities in China are then evaluated and compared. The results show the current status: Suzhou (23.6%), Guangzhou(18.9%), Ningbo (14.7%), Yantai (13.1%), Yangzhou (11.7%) and Sanming (7.9%). The study demonstrates that GSR provides not only a linkage by which local governmental departments for resources management, environmental protection, finance and planning can be connected directly, but also an effective analytical tool for the planning and construction of an ecocity as well as decision-making support for local governments.     

海口市南渡江河岸带生态修复策略与技术路径研究

河流作为自然界的一部分,是人类文明的摇篮,也是人类活动的重要区域.河岸带是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,在维系生态平衡中发挥着巨大作用.本文以南渡江河岸带生态修复为例,提出了河岸带的3种生态修复策略和5种生态修复模式,并对未来河流生态修复重点提出了相关建议,以期为国内河流生态修复与综合管理提供参考与借鉴.     

Teil II: Lösungsansätze für den landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb bei der Implementierung eines Umweltmanagementsystems

The registration of the present situation regarding environmental investigation is the basis for efficiently proceeding in the course of the implementation of environmental management systems (EMS). The basic analysis is found on the individual elements: reaction audit, management audit and compliance audit. Via an optimal performance of an environmental investigation while implementing an EMS, the basis for a maximum utilization has been created for the user as well for agriculture. Utilization for the company is provided by documentation of the organizational structure showing a transparency of procedures with regard to efficiency. Furthermore, an EMS is useful in the course of external tasks, e.g. public approach, business partners, position to authorities, deregulation or minimization of liability.     

Improving the prevention of environmental risks with convertible bonds

This paper considers a limited liability firm that needs external funds in order to invest in an activity that presents an environmental risk for the Society. When the firm's risk-reducing activities cannot be observed by the lenders, we show that the issue of convertible bonds can create incentives to improve prevention. Convertible bonds allow the holder to exchange his bonds for a fixed number of the firm's shares. The use of such hybrid securities could either complement or be an alternative to the American CERCLA legislation about lender extended liability. We define an optimal convertible bond contract that induces unchanged economic profits for the bank, more prevention and higher expected net revenues for the firm and a higher expected social welfare than with standard debt. Our results hold true both with and without extended liability.     

Ecological and environmental research at the International Institute for applied systems analysis

The purpose of this brief article is to describe ecological and environmental research at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). Because IIASA represents an unusual, perhaps-even unique experiment in science, an understanding of its origins, objectives, and mode of operation provides an important background and perspective for veiewing the research.     

A guide to using the internet to monitor and quantify the wildlife trade

The unrivaled growth in e-commerce of animals and plants presents an unprecedented opportunity to monitor wildlife trade to inform conservation, biosecurity, and law enforcement. Using the internet to quantify the scale of the wildlife trade (volume and frequency) is a relatively recent and rapidly developing approach that lacks an accessible framework for locating relevant websites and collecting data. We produced an accessible guide for internet-based wildlife trade surveillance. We detailed a repeatable method involving a systematic internet search, with search engines, to locate relevant websites and content. For data collection, we highlight web-scraping technology as an efficient way to collect data in an automated fashion at regularly timed intervals. Our guide is applicable to the multitude of trade-based contexts because researchers can tailor search keywords for specific taxa or derived products and locations of interest. We provide information for working with the diversity of websites used in wildlife trade. For example, to locate relevant content on social media (e.g., posts or groups), each social media platform should be examined individually via the site's internal search engine. A key advantage of using the internet to study wildlife trade is the relative ease of access to an increasing amount of trade-related data. However, not all wildlife trade occurs online and it may occur on unobservable sections of the internet.     

Control targets for the management of biological systems

Attention is focused on biological systems which are describable in terms of ordinary differential equations subject to human control inputs. The concept of an isochronal system is introduced in order to include systems for which the differential equations are valid only over regularly reoccurring time intervals.It is assumed that the control inputs are to be chosen so that an integral cost function of the state of the system, the control used, current time, and the time interval of the control program is minimized. Problems associated with minimizing this cost function over an infinitely long time interval is then considered. Difficulties inherent with minimizing a cost integral on an infinite time interval are shown to be avoided by minimizing an average of the cost function over an unknown but periodic time interval. Under proper circumstance, the optimal control program for the average cost function is either identical to or a good approximation to the optimal control program for the original cost function over an infinitely long time interval.Necessary conditions are obtained for minimizing an average cost function over an unspecified time interval subject to the system equations. For a given problem the necessary conditions will yield but a single system trajectory in the state space. For management purposes this trajectory may be thought of as a target to which the system should be driven and maintained.A number of examples illustrate the use of the necessary conditions to obtain control targets. Certain problems associated with the stability of the target solutions are illustrated with the examples.     

Inadvertent advocacy

Policy advocacy is an issue regularly debated among conservation scientists. These debates have focused on intentional policy advocacy by scientists, but advocacy can also be unintentional. I define inadvertent policy advocacy as the act of unintentionally expressing personal policy preferences or ethical judgments in a way that is nearly indistinguishable from scientific judgments. A scientist may be well intentioned and intellectually honest but still inadvertently engage in policy advocacy. There are two ways to inadvertently engage in policy advocacy. First, a scientist expresses an opinion that she or he believes is a scientific judgment but it is actually an ethical judgment or personal policy preference. Second, a scientist expresses an opinion that he or she knows is an ethical judgment or personal policy preference but inadvertently fails to effectively communicate the nature of the opinion to policy makers or the public. I illustrate inadvertent advocacy with three examples: recovery criteria in recovery plans for species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, a scientific peer review of a recovery plan for the Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), and the International Union for Conservation of Nature's definition of threatened. In each example, scientists expressed ethical judgments or policy preferences, but their value judgments were not identified as such, and, hence, their value judgments were opaque to policy makers and the public. Circumstances suggest their advocacy was inadvertent. I believe conservation scientists must become acutely aware of the line between science and policy and avoid inadvertent policy advocacy because it is professional negligence, erodes trust in scientists and science, and perpetuates an ethical vacuum that undermines the rational political discourse necessary for the evolution of society's values. The principal remedy for inadvertent advocacy is education of conservation scientists in an effort to help them understand how science and values interact to fulfill the mission of conservation science.