环境样品中汞形态分析技术的进展

汞的毒性、环境行为、生物有效性不仅跟其浓度有关,还决定于其化学形态,因此汞的形态分析在环境科学中具有重要意义。样品前处理几乎是汞形态分析研究中不可或缺的步骤,而色谱和光谱/质谱联用技术是目前普遍采用的分离检测方法。文章对近十年来这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括样品的前处理方法如酸/碱溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、单滴微萃取、分散液液微萃取等,以及色谱（液相色谱、气相色谱）和毛细管电泳与光谱/质谱（紫外可见光谱、原子吸收光谱、原子荧光光谱、等离子体质谱等）的联用技术在汞化合物形态分析中的应用情况。最后提出今后应重点研究建立高效、简便的前处理方法,发展高分离度、高灵敏度、高速度的分离检测联用技术,以便更好地对汞的形态进行分析监测。     

环境中汞化学形态分析研究进展

作为一种剧毒元素,汞的毒性与其化学形态密切相关.环境介质中汞的化学形态监测分析主要涉及样品的采集、保存、前处理、分离和测定等步骤.本文综合国内外相关文献,系统介绍了开展环境介质中汞化学形态监测分析的相关测试技术和方法,并阐述了我国开展汞化学形态监测存在的问题及其意义.     

环境样品前处理技术及其进展（一）

本文讨论了环境分析化学中样品制备及前处理技术的现状及其进展。有关环境样品的特点、前处理的目的及其作用、选择前处理技术的依据等也做了阐述。重点评述了近年来在环境分析化学领域中发展最快、用得比较普遍的几种新方法，即超临界流体萃取、固定萃取、微波溶出和液膜萃取等。（一）介绍样品前处理的原则和有关的基础，以及超临界流体萃取法；（二）其它方法及今后的发展动向（将刊登在《环境化学》１９９４年第二期）。     

环境样品前处理技术及其进展（二）

在前文中讨论了环境样品的制备、前处理的概况，以及超临界流体萃取法。本文将继续报导近年来环境样品制备与前处理领域中其他一些新技术和新方法，包括固相萃取（ＳＰＥ）、微波溶出（ＭＷＤ）和液膜萃取（ＳＬＭ）法，阐述了这些方法的基本原理、操作过程、各种实验参数的影响，及其在环境样品制备与前处理中的应用，并探讨了该领域的发展动向。     

大气环境中汞的形态及其分析方法

本文引用了近二十年来与大气环境中汞的形态和分析方法有关的２０多篇文章,对各种方法的优缺点进行了比较。     

改性绿茶对汞的吸附研究——汞的形态分析

试验了用改性绿茶分离，冷原子吸收光谱法测定无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞的条件。在ｐＨ５的溶液中吸附无机汞，与有机汞分离；在ｐＨ１的溶液中吸附有机汞，然后分别以１．５，３．０和６．０ｍｏｌ·１＾－１盐酸解吸无机汞，烷基汞和苯基汞，用冷原子吸收光谱法测定汞，探讨了吸附机理，分析了牡蛎和水样中汞的形态。     

燃煤烟气中汞形态分析的实验研究

在一维煤粉燃烧炉台架上采用EPA推荐的Ontario Hydro方法 ,测量了燃烧不同煤种排放的烟气中汞的形态分布情况 .结果表明 ,烟气中汞以颗粒态和气态汞的形式存在 .气态汞总量在 9— 2 3 μg·Nm- 3范围内 ,主要以单质汞的形式存在 ,占气态汞总量的 5 2 %—83 % ,而二价汞占 1 7%— 48% .飞灰中汞的浓度大大超过了底灰中汞的浓度 ,表明汞在飞灰中富集 ,在底灰中分散的行为     

松花江沉积物中总汞及汞形态的演化

为进一步掌握松花江汞污染的动态,通过2005年的样品采集与分析,结合有关历史数据,研究了松花江表层沉积物中汞的分布与变化.结果表明,在切断汞的主要污染源之后,第二松花江和松花江干流沉积物中汞含量均呈明显下降趋势;松花江18个断面沉积物中总汞质量含量较低,平均为0.172 mg·kg-1,除哈达湾、哨口和白旗江段外,大部分江段已处于背景水平.各江段沉积物中汞的形态分布差别较大,第二松花江沉积物中汞以过氧化氢溶态和王水溶态为主,而干流江段则以酸溶态和过氧化氢溶态为主;与20世纪80年代相比,除了王水溶态汞以外,2005年哈达湾、哨口和白旗3个代表性断面酸溶态、碱溶态及过氧化氢溶态汞含量均大幅下降.说明经过多年的环境治理以及水体的自然净化作用,松花江的汞污染已经得到了有效控制.     

ICP-MS技术测定生物样品中重金属的前处理方法研究

生物样品总量测定的前处理中最常使用的溶剂是酸 .所以 ,酸的纯度对最终的测定结果有很大影响 .消解过程中酸与有机物发生剧烈反应 ,对挥发性元素的消解有一定影响 .本文研究了不同纯度酸的空白以及不同样品前处理方式对测定结果的影响 .1　ＩＣＰ ＭＳ仪器的工作条件选用Ａｇｉｌｅｎｔ 75 0 0ｉ系列电感耦合等离子质谱仪 (美国安捷伦公司 ) .雾化器 :Ａｇｉｌｅｎｔ 1 0 0 μｌ·ｍｉｎ- 1ＰＦＡＭｉｃｒｏＦｌｏｗＮｅｂｕｌｉｚｅｒ;雾化室 :石英双通道 ,2℃ ;炬管 :石英一体化 ,2 5ｍｍ中心通道 ;采样锥(1 0ｍｍ)和截取锥 (0 4ｍｍ)…     

采用联用技术测定中国海产品中砷的形态

1　IntroductionAtthebeginningof2 0 thcentury ,highlevelsofarsenic～mg·kg-1 werefoundinmarineorga nisms,whichattractedalotofattention ,becausearsenicisoneofthemostnotoriouselementsonaccountofitshumantoxicity.Forthisreason ,thedeterminationofthetotalamount…     

Seasonal distribution and speciation of mercury in a gold mining area,north-west province,South Africa

The seasonal speciation of mercury (Hg) was determined in water, soil, and sediments from watersheds located in the North-West province of South Africa. The study area is known to have a long history of mining activities which also include the recovery of gold from old tailings. Both inorganic (IHg) and methyl mercury (MHg) were detected at high concentrations (up to 8480 μg IHg kg^?1 and 13 μg MHg kg^?1) in surface sediments during dry season. A considerable remobilization of Hg from bottom sediments was observed in water from dry to wet season as well as the migration of Hg away from pollution sources due to seasonal influences. Hg in sediments mostly has been speciated as Hg⁰. Enhancement of Hg methylation occurred mainly in deeper sediments at regions corresponding to the lowest redox potential, higher pH, and enrichment of IHg. Hg values in borehole waters were very high (up to 3310 ng L^?1) suggesting a serious contamination of the site groundwater which needs to be addressed urgently in order to minimize further impact that affects the Vaal River and other water systems located nearby.     

石墨烯在环境有机污染物分析中的应用进展

石墨烯是一种全部由碳六元环构成的新型二维碳纳米材料.从2004年发现至今,其在能源、电子、复合材料、生物医学等领域中的应用都取得了重大研究进展.近年来,石墨烯在分析化学领域也表现出了巨大的应用潜力,尤其是在环境有机污染物分析方面,涌现了大量相关报道.本文简要回顾了近期石墨烯在环境有机污染物分析中的应用情况,涵盖了样品前处理、色谱、传感器、质谱等不同的技术方向,并对石墨烯在环境分析中的应用前景进行了展望.     

Speciation of mercury in South African coals

Total mercury (Hg_TOT) concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) for South African Highveld coals. The distribution of Hg in coals was investigated using a four-stage sequential leaching protocol and isotope dilution/gas chromatography coupled to ICP MS (ID-GC-ICP MS). The results show that Hg_TOT ranged from 144 to 303?µg?kg^?1 with a mean of 199?±?26?µg?kg^?1, while Hg_TOT leached from coals using different solvents ranged between 103 and 310?µg?kg^?1 (mean: 218?±?60?µg?kg^?1). Hg leaching rates of 53–78% were achieved in crushed coals. Hg⁰, Hg²⁺, and CH₃Hg⁺ were identified in all coals. CH₃Hg⁺ in studied coals ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 (mean: 0.2) µg?kg^?1. GC ICP MS chromatograms also showed unknown Hg peaks which were identified as other organomercury species such as ethylmercury. Modes of occurrence of Hg in coals were variable with the organic-bound (37–40%) and the sulfide-bound (37–39%) being the dominant mercury forms. Increasing the HCl concentration in the used protocol increased the amount of Hg leached (16%) during this step.     

浊点萃取技术在环境样品痕量元素分析中的应用研究进展

浊点萃取法是近年来发展起来的一种绿色环保的样品前处理技术.本文详细介绍了浊点萃取方法的原理,对国内外近5年来(2008年—至今)利用浊点萃取与几种常见的原子光谱分析仪器以及与电感耦合等离子体质谱仪联用技术,在环境样品中痕量元素分离和富集以及形态分析中的应用研究进展进行了评述.同时对浊点萃取技术目前的最新发展方向、尚存在的问题以及发展前景进行了逐一探讨.     

沿海和内陆地区居民汞暴露量对比

通过对沿海和内陆居民食用水产品消费情况调查以及居民头发汞含量的分析,对不同地区普通居民的汞暴露水平进行了对比研究.居民水产品的消费情况采用调查问卷的形式,对沿海地区大连和内陆地区河南两地普通居民进行了随机调查,并同时采集被调查者的头发作为汞暴露情况的生物样本.本次研究共收集到有效调查问卷及头发样本213份(大连112份;河南101份),两地居民水产品消费量分别为:大连104 g.d-1,河南74 g.d-1;收集到的头发样本采用DMA-80测汞仪(按美国EPA-7473的方法)进行总汞含量的测定.头发总汞含量分析结果显示,大连为(0.363±0.256)μg.g-1,河南地区为(0.192±0.167)μg.g-1.两地区对同一年龄段居民发汞水平比较发现,大连地区居民发汞水平明显高于河南地区.以美国环境保护署(EPA)参考剂量1μg.g-1作为发汞基准,大连地区的超出比例为3%,河南地区的超出比例为1%.该研究结果为了解我国普通居民的汞暴露情况以及后续的汞暴露风险的定量计算提供了基础数据.     

Exposure of the urban population to mercury in Changchun city, Northeast China

An assessment of exposure to mercury in Changchun city has been undertaken. We estimated Hg exposure to members of the general population based on currently available information and our research. We also studied the Hg concentrations in scalp hair of adults. Adults have an estimated intake of all Hg species via all routes of 6.780 μg day⁻¹ (excluding dental amalgam), which equates to an absorbed dose of 1.718 μg day⁻¹. Fish consumption was the most important exposure route (12% of intake, 43% of absorbed dose). Furthermore, air, cereals and vegetables were important exposure routes, and these exposure were estimated for absorbed dosed at 0.296, 0.209 and 0.318 μg day⁻¹, respectively. The mean Hg concentration in hair was 0.448 μg g⁻¹ (range 0.092–10.463 μg g⁻¹). Hg concentration in the hair of males was 0.422 μg g⁻¹ (0.105–2.665 μg g⁻¹), and was 0.474 μg g⁻¹(0.092–10.463 μg g⁻1) in the hair of females. Neither place of residence nor age had any significant effect on hair Hg concentrations.     

大气汞氧化还原过程与机制的计算化学研究进展

大气中汞的氧化还原反应对于其全球生物地球化学循环起着极其重要的作用,它促进了汞在全球范围内的扩散.汞主要以气态元素汞的形态释放到大气中,并经历复杂的均相和非均相化学反应,被氧化为活性气态汞和颗粒态汞;同时,活性气态汞也可经过光致还原反应光解生成气态元素汞.计算化学是一种基于理论方法利用计算软件来对化学现象和本质进行解释...     

Exposure assessment for mercury from consumption of marine fish in Iran

Seven species of marine fish in the Persian Gulf and three species of marine fish in the Caspian Sea were collected from the local wholesale market in Mashhad, Iran. The mercury (Hg) concentration in muscle samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. High total Hg concentration was found in Anchovy sprat (2.04 ± 1.23 µg g^?1) and Whitecheek shark (1.26 ± 1.85 µg g^?1) and the lowest content was detected in common carp (0.24 ± 0.24 µg g^?1) and Caspian salmon (0.25 ± 0.08 µg g^?1). The mean Hg content in all samples was 0.91 ± 1.07 µg g^?1. All samples of Persian Gulf and one sample of Caspian Sea had mean Hg concentration above 0.5 µg g^?1, the level established by joint FAO/WHO on Food Additives. Results showed that the estimated weekly intake of total Hg by a 60 kg adult is below the provisional tolerable weekly intakes recommended by joint FAO/WHO on Food Additives. For prevention of health risks, populations in Iran need to consume fish in moderate amounts.