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1.
Since the air pollution as measured by stationary monitoring stations is a poor indicator of the population exposure, personal monitors are indispensible to health effects studies. This article reviews the current research on the development of personal monitors. Although most of the analytical methods reviewed in this study appear to be sensitive to the levels of the target pollutants NO2, SO2, and O3 generally encountered in indoor and outdoor air, they lack the desired performance characteristics for a personal monitoring device, such as user safety and ease of operation, weight, and maintenance. Electrochemical transducers/sensors, which have not yet been exploited, are attractive candidates for the application to personal monitoring. This technique has an added feature of generating real-time measurements. A few research models and commercially attractive devices that can be used in field studies are included.  相似文献   

2.
A badge-type personal sampler was developed for measuring personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). An absorbent sheet containing triethanolamine (TEA) solution absorbed NO2 which diffused through five layers of hydrophobic fiber filter. Wind effects on absorption rate were suppressed by these filter layers. NO2 was measured by the sampler with a sensitivity of 124.8 μg h/m3 (66 ppb h) and an accuracy of within ± 20%. It could be used for measuring personal exposure to NO2 without interfering with the wearer's daily activities. Nitric oxide (NO) could be measured after a small modification to the sampler provided oxidation ability to the layers of diffusion filter. Three layers of hydrophobic fiber filter were replaced by 12 layers of glass fiber filter containing chromium trioxide solution. NO was oxidized to NO2 in the oxidation layers and absorbed by the absorbent sheet together with the coexisting NO2. Sensitivity and accuracy of the sampler for NO were nearly equal to that for NO2.  相似文献   

3.
Outotec open cycle (OOC) is a new low-energy process linking together production of hydrogen and sulfuric acid. While sulfuric acid is the world’s most widely produced chemical by mass at approximately 200 Mt/a, the OOC gives the potential for making 4 Mt/a of hydrogen gas as a by-product. H2SO4 manufacture requires a source of sulfur dioxide. 30% of world production of H2SO4 is from the SO2 by-product of pyrometallurgical processing of sulfur containing concentrates of metals such as copper, nickel and zinc. SO2 can also be made by direct combustion of sulfur. In OOC, a divided electrochemical cell is used for SO2-depolarized electrolysis of water. SO2 is fed to the anolyte and converted to H2SO4, while hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode. On the industrial scale, the equipment will be in the form of a membrane electrolyzer assembly or stack. A case is described where the OOC would be connected to a pyrometallurgical plant smelting 1 Mt/a of nickel and copper concentrate, producing 1 Mt/a of H2SO4 and 20 kt/a of hydrogen.  相似文献   

4.
This paper examines the issue of ancillary benefits by linking sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission to CO2 emission using a panel of 29 Chinese provinces over the period 1995–2007. In the presence of non-stationarity and cointegrating properties of these two data series, this paper applies the panel cointegration techniques to examine both the long-run and short-run elasticities of SO2 with respect to CO2. The major findings are that: (1) there exhibits a stable long-run equilibrium relationship between the SO2 and CO2 emission with the long-run elasticity being 2.15; (2) there exists a short-run relationship between these two emissions with the short-run elasticity being 0.04. In addition, following an exogenous shock that causes a deviation from the long-run equilibrium, it would take approximately 15 years for SO2 emission to revert toward the long-run equilibrium path with an average annual convergence rate of 6.5%; (3) the derived ancillary benefits that is generated from one metric ton of CO2 emission reduction, are 11.77 Yuan (approximately US1.7) in the short run and 196.16 Yuan (US 1.7) in the short run and 196.16 Yuan (US 30) in the long run. These findings are not only crucial from the econometric modeling perspective, but also have important policy implications.  相似文献   

5.
The results of more than 1 yr of air monitoring inside and outside of five homes in each of two communities are presented for SO2, NO2, mass respirable particles, SO4, Al, Br, Cl, Mn, Na, and V. Outdoor measurements across the home site in each city are consistent with proximity to outdoor sources. Looking across indoor residential sites in each city, the home appears to alter outdoor concentrations in several ways. Indoor level of SO2, SO4, Mn, and V are lower than those measured outdoors. These constituents are thought generally to result from outdoor sources. The other constituents studied are at times found in excess within homes. In some cases the source or sources of excess concentration of a particular constituent could be identified; often, however, the source of excess indoor concentration could not be identified.  相似文献   

6.
The study reported here focuses on the environmental pressure exerted by large-scale eucalyptus-based kraft pulp industry in Thailand. The objective of this study was to identify the most important sources of greenhouse gases, acidifying and eutrophying compounds and tropospheric ozone precursors, human toxicity compounds and solid waste associated with the kraft pulp industry. To this end, we performed an environmental systems analysis of the kraft pulp industry system in which we distinguished between two subsystems: the eucalyptus forestry subsystem and the kraft pulp production subsystem. The results indicate that the environmental pressure is caused by the kraft pulp production subsystem rather than by the eucalyptus forestry one. The chemical recovery unit was found to be the most important source of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) and responsible for more than one-half of the emissions of greenhouse gases and acidifying compounds from eucalyptus-based kraft pulp production in Thailand. Biomass combustion in the energy gene ration unit is an important source of nitrogen oxide (NO x ) and carbon monoxide (CO) which in turn are responsible for over 50% of the emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors. About 73% of the eutrophication is caused by biological aerobic wastewater treatment emitting phosphorus (P). With respect to the eucalyptus forestry, only fertilizer use in eucalyptus plantations is a relevant source of pollution through the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) and phosphate (PO 4 3− ).  相似文献   

7.
In Iraq, the number of passenger cars, trucks and buses, local generators, and heavy construction equipment rose to a considerable extent since 2003, causing high environmental problems. Many types of pollutants were monitored and recorded for 24 h during March 2016. The study attempts to explore and establish a relationship between the volume of activity and the movement of motor vehicles of various compounds and contaminants resulting from their exhaust pipes, such as sulfur dioxide, particulate matters, oxides of nitrogen, VOCs, and unburned hydrocarbons. The study focused in and around Mohammad Al-Qasim highway adjacent to the University of Technology, Baghdad. The results showed the need for urgent treatments addressed by the environmental authorities in the city. The study results demonstrated that these contaminants are increased during periods of the beginning and end of working hours for government departments. Some types of sulfur compounds (H2S and SO2) concentrations were at serious health-threatening levels, which is a result of the high sulfur content in the Iraqi fuel. The concentrations of NOx and VOC were high, also, which could make the studied area vulnerable to the risk of smog formation. The Iraqi government should make greater efforts to protect the environment and human in this country from the transportation pollution risks.  相似文献   

8.
The indoor and outdoor air quality of two staff quarters of Hong Kong Polytechnic University at Tsim Sha Tsui East (TSTE) and Shatin (ST) were investigated. The air sampling was carried out in winter for about two months starting from January to February of 1996. Fifteen flats from each staff quarter were randomly selected for indoor/outdoor air pollutant measurements. The pollutants measured were NOx, NO, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3. The variations of pollutant concentrations between indoor and outdoor air were investigated on weekday mornings, weekday evenings, weekend mornings, and weekend evenings. All indoor/outdoor pollutant concentrations measured did not exceed the ASHRAE/NAAQS standard. The carbon monoxide concentrations indoors were systemically higher than those outdoors at the TSTE and the ST quarters, both on weekdays and Sunday, which indicates there are CO sources indoors. Except for CO, the indoor levels of other pollutants (NOx, NO, NO2, SO2, and O3) are lower than those outdoors. There was a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between indoor and outdoor concentrations for SO2 and O3 at both the TSTE and the ST quarters. Except for O3, the mean concentrations of all the pollutants in the TSTE quarters, both indoor and outdoor, were higher than that of the ST quarters in all sampling periods. All indoor and outdoor O3 levels were lower at the TSTE quarters than those at the ST quarters. The O3 ratios of TSTE/ST were 0.72 outdoor and 0.79 indoor. This can be explained by the NO titration reaction through NO conversion to NO2.  相似文献   

9.
BackgroundAssociations of ambient air pollutants with respiratory health are inconsistent.ObjectivesWe analyzed the associations of gestational and early life exposures to air pollutants with doctor-diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis, and pneumonia in children.MethodsWe selected 3358 preschool children who did not alter residences after birth from a cross-sectional study in 2011–2012 in Shanghai, China. Parents reported children's respiratory health history, home environment, and family lifestyle behaviors. We collected daily concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM10) during the child's total lifetime (2006–2012) for each district where the children lived. We analyzed the associations using logistic regression models.ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates and the other studied pollutants, we found that exposure to NO2 (increment of 20 μg/m3) during the first year of life was significantly associated with asthma [odds ratio (OR) = 1.77; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29–2.43] and allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.07–2.61). Exposure to NO2 during gestation, the first two and three years, and over total lifetimewas all consistently associated with increased odds of allergic rhinitis. Quartiles of NO2 concentration during different exposure periods showed a slight dose–response relationship with the studied diseases. These diseases had significant associations with pollutant mixtures that included NO2, but had no significant association with exposures to SO2 and PM10 individually or in mixtures.ConclusionsGestational and early life exposures to ambient NO2 are risk factors for childhood respiratory diseases.  相似文献   

10.
As a follow-up to a pilot study, a full scale investigation of applying high velocity fabric filtration to coal-fired boiler fly ash control was conducted. Two filter systems were separately applied to two 60,000 lb/h coal-fired boilers. Performance evaluations conducted over the course of a year included total mass removal efficiency and fractional efficiencies. One filtration system employed Teflon felt as the filter media while the second system employed Gore-Tex, a Polytetrofluorethylene (PTFE) laminate on PTFE woven backing. During the course of the year, a limited number of glass felt and woven glass bags were introduced into the house containing Gore-Tex. As a separate option, the second system was outfitted entirely with woven glass bags. Preliminary results indicate acceptable performance at air-to-cloth ratio of 6 to 1. Future plans call for utilizing one of the baghouse systems for SO2 removal.  相似文献   

11.
The chemical characteristics of precipitation were analyzed based on the chemical composition of principal ionic within acid rain(from February 2007 to January 2008)of Liaozhong Meteorological Station located in Malong Village in Liaozhong County of Northeast China,meteorological conditions on the corresponding period ground,and variation of several air pollutants concentration.The results indicated that:(1)The precipitation average pH value of all samples was4.76;the frequency of acid rain during the observation period was 70.7%;the frequency was 82.8%in summer and autumn.(2)In the chemical composition of precipitation,the primary anions were SO42-and NO3-;the primary cations were NH4+and Ca2+.(3)All concentration of anions was higher in summer and winter,but relatively low in spring and autumn.This showed that the relationship between regional rainfall acidification and pollution was not significant.(4)Rainwater acidity and nearly floor gaseous pollution concentration were different from each other,and pH and NOx,CO,NO2 and O3concentrations showed significant negative correlation,but was not obvious with SO2 concentration.However,the pH and alkaline pollutants,such as particulate,was positively correlative.  相似文献   

12.
Since the last decade the WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality Management and Air Pollution Control, Berlin, Germany, operates a quality assurance and control (QA/QC) programme on air quality monitoring in the WHO European Region. As main activity Intercomparison workshops have been established for air monitoring network laboratories on a regular basis to harmonise air quality measurements, analysis and calibration techniques. 36 air hygiene laboratories of public health and environmental institutions of 24 countries participated in twelve Intercomparisons between 1994 and 2004. The majority was carried out for NO, NO2, SO2 and O3. The results were predominantly satisfactory for automatic methods. The results of manual methods were mainly in a good, and for several concentration levels partly very good accordance with the data obtained by the monitors.  相似文献   

13.
BackgroundSystematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) are increasingly employed in environmental health (EH) epidemiology and, provided methods and reporting are sound, contribute to translating science evidence to policy. Ambient air pollution (AAP) is both among the leading environmental causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and of growing policy relevance due to health co-benefits associated with greenhouse gas emissions reductions.ObjectivesWe reviewed the published AAP SRMA literature (2009 to mid-2015), and evaluated the consistency of methods, reporting and evidence evaluation using a 22-point questionnaire developed from available best-practice consensus guidelines and emerging recommendations for EH. Our goal was to contribute to enhancing the utility of AAP SRMAs to EH policy.Results and discussionWe identified 43 studies that used both SR and MA techniques to examine associations between the AAPs PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO and O3, and various health outcomes. On average AAP SRMAs partially or thoroughly addressed 16 of 22 questions (range 10–21), and thoroughly addressed 13 of 22 (range 5–19). We found evidence of an improving trend over the period. However, we observed some weaknesses, particularly infrequent formal reviews of underlying study quality and risk-of-bias that correlated with lower frequency of thorough evaluation for key study quality parameters. Several other areas for enhanced reporting are highlighted.ConclusionsThe AAP SRMA literature, in particular more recent studies, indicate broad concordance with current and emerging best practice guidance. Development of an EH-specific SRMA consensus statement including a risk-of-bias evaluation tool, would be a contribution to enhanced reliability and robustness as well as policy utility.  相似文献   

14.
Studies in a number of countries have reported associations between exposure to ambient air pollutants and adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth (PTB) and, less commonly, small for gestational age (SGA). Despite their growing number, the available studies have significant limitations, e.g., incomplete control of temporal trends in exposure, modest sample sizes, and a lack of information regarding individual risk factors such as smoking. No study has yet examined large numbers of susceptible individuals.We investigated the association between ambient air pollutant concentrations and term SGA and PTB outcomes among 164,905 singleton births in Detroit, Michigan occurring between 1990 and 2001. SO2, CO, NO2, O3 and PM10 exposures were used in single and multiple pollutant logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) for these outcomes, adjusted for the infant's sex and gestational age, the mother's race, age group, education level, smoking status and prenatal care, birth season, site of residence, and long-term exposure trends.Term SGA was associated with CO levels exceeding 0.75 ppm (OR = 1.14, 95% confidence interval = 1.02–1.27) and NO2 exceeding 6.8 ppb (1.11, 1.03–1.21) exposures in the first month, and with PM10 exceeding 35 μg/m3 (1.22, 1.03–1.46) and O3 (1.11, 1.02–1.20) exposure in the third trimester. PTB was associated with SO2 (1.07, 1.01–1.14) exposure in the last month, and with (hourly) O3 exceeding 92 ppb (1.08, 1.02–1.14) exposure in the first month.Exposure to several air pollutants at modest concentrations was associated with adverse birth outcomes. This study, which included a large Black population, suggests the importance of the early period of pregnancy for associations between term SGA with CO and NO2, and between O3 with PTB; and the late pregnancy period for associations between term SGA and O3 and PM10, and between SO2 with PTB. It also highlights the importance of accounting for individual risk factors such as maternal smoking, maternal race, and long-term trends in air pollutant levels and adverse birth outcomes in evaluating relationships between pollutant exposures and adverse birth outcomes.  相似文献   

15.
This paper presents an assessment of air quality of the city Eskişehir, located 230 km southwest to the capital of Turkey. Only five of the major air pollutants, most studied worldwide and available for the region, were considered for the assessment. Available sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and non-methane volatile organic carbons (NMVOCs) data from local emission inventory studies provided relative source contributions of the selected pollutants to the region.The contributions of these typical pollution parameters, selected for characterizing such an urban atmosphere, were compared with the data established for other cities in the nation and world countries. Additionally, regional ambient SO2 and PM concentrations, determined by semi-automatic monitoring at two sites, were gathered from the National Ambient Air Monitoring Network (NAAMN). Regional data for ambient NO2 (as a precursor of ozone as VOCs) and ozone concentrations, through the application of the passive sampling method, were provided by the still ongoing local air quality monitoring studies conducted at six different sites, as representatives of either the traffic-dense-, or coal/natural gas burning residential-, or industrial/rural-localities of the city. Passively sampled ozone data at a single rural site were also verified with the data from a continuous automatic ozone monitoring system located at that site. Effects of variations in seasonal-activities, newly established railway system, and switching to natural gas usage on the temporal changes of air quality were all considered for the assessment. Based on the comparisons with the national [AQCR (Air Quality Control Regulation). Ministry of Environment (MOE), Ankara. Official Newspaper 19269; 1986.] and a number of international [WHO (World Health Organization). Guidelines for Air Quality. Geneva; 2000. Downloaded in January 2006, website: http://www.who.int/peh/; EU (European Union). Council Directive 1999/30/EC relating to limit values for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and lead in ambient air. Of J Eur Communities L 163: 14–30; 29.6.1999; EU (European Union). Council Directive 2002/3/EC relating to ozone in ambient air. Of J Eur Communities. L 67: 14–30; 9.3.2002.; USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Downloaded in January 2006, website: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/] ambient air standards, among all the pollutants studied, only the annual average SO2 concentration was found to exceed one specific limit value (EU limit for protection of the ecosystem). A part of the data (VOC/NOx ratio), for determining the effects of photochemical interactions, indicated that VOC-limited regime was prevailing throughout the city.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

In this paper, we construct a model in which the impact of pollution on health is exerted through both direct and indirect channels. The indirect channel is captured by a production function in which the principal health-improving factor, income growth, can be realized only in the cost of pollution increase. This model is then tested by the aggregated chronicle disease data in over 78 Chinese counties. Our results show, after attaining the threshold of 8 μg/m2, continuous increase in industrial SO2 emission density will lead the ratio of population suffering chronicle diseases, among which respiratory diseases occupy a significant proportion, to rise. However, owing to technological progress in pollution control activities, the needed SO2 emission to produce one unit of GDP diminishes with time. Therefore, the negative effect from pollution augmentation on public health seems to be recompensed more and more by the positive effect of economic growth.  相似文献   

17.
Upon arrival on Earth, the reduced carbon pool split into a series of compartments: core, mantle, crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere.This distribution pattern is caused by the ability of carbon to adjust structurally to a wide range of pressure and temperature, and to form simple and complex molecules with oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. Transformation also involved oxidation of carbon to CO2 which is mediated at depth by minerals, such as magnetite, and by water vapor above critical temperature. Guided by mineral-organic interactions, simple carbon compounds evolved in near surface environments towards physiologically interesting biochemicals. Life, as an autocatalytic system, is considered an outgrowth of such a development.This article discusses environmental parameters that control the CO2 system, past and present. Mantle and crustal evolution is the dynamo recharging the CO2 in sea and air; the present rate of CO2 release from the magma is 0.05 × 1015 g C per year. Due to the enormous buffer capacity of the chemical system ocean, such rates are too small to seriously effect the level of CO2 in our atmosphere. In the light of geological field data and stable isotope work, it is concluded that the CO2 content in the atmosphere has remained fairly uniform since early Precambrian time; CO2 should thus have had little impact on paleoclimate. In contrast, the massive discharge of man-made CO2 into our atmosphere may have serious consequences for climate, environment and society in the years to come.  相似文献   

18.
运用重心模型,采用1996~2006年江苏省经济和环境数据,计算出各年份GDP、工业产值、COD、SO 2和TSP排放重心坐标,揭示江苏省经济重心和环境污染排放重心变化轨迹及演变规律,以期为江苏省环境宏观战略决策及生态省建设提供理论参考。研究表明,经济重心总体上向东南方向偏移,GDP重心偏移距离为14.81 km,工业产值重心偏移距离为12.84 km;经济重心在南北方向上的偏移程度大于东西方向的偏移程度。环境污染排放重心也向东南方向偏移,COD和TSP排放重心轨迹呈现较大变化,SO2排放重心轨迹变动较小;COD排放重心偏移距离为79.26 km,SO2排放重心偏移距离为15.73 km,TSP排放重心偏移距离为42.24 km;各污染排放重心轨迹在不同时段表现出不同特点。COD、SO2和TSP排放重心相对于经济重心偏向于西北方向,且COD排放重心近年来明显趋向于工业产值重心;COD排放重心和TSP排放重心与经济重心存在着强正相关.  相似文献   

19.
Long-term air quality data with high temporal and spatial resolutions are needed to understand some important processes affecting the air quality and corresponding environmental and health effects. The annual and diurnal variations of each criteria pollutant including PM2.5 and PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm and 10 μm, respectively), CO (carbon monoxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and O3 (ozone) in 31 provincial capital cities between April 2014 and March 2015 were investigated by cluster analysis to evaluate current air pollution situations in China, and the cities were classified as severely, moderately, and slightly polluted cities according to the variations. The concentrations of air pollutants in winter months were significantly higher than those in other months with the exception of O3, and the cities with the highest CO and SO2 concentrations were located in northern China. The annual variation of PM2.5 concentrations in northern cities was bimodal with comparable peaks in October 2014 and January 2015, while that in southern China was unobvious with slightly high PM2.5 concentrations in winter months. The concentrations of particulate matter and trace gases from primary emissions (SO2 and CO) and NO2 were low in the afternoon (~ 16:00), while diurnal variation of O3 concentrations was opposite to that of other pollutants with the highest values in the afternoon. The most polluted cities were mainly located in North China Plain, while slightly polluted cities mostly focus on southern China and the cities with high altitude such as Lasa. This study provides a basis for the formulation of future urban air pollution control measures in China.  相似文献   

20.
Lake Ontario water and sediment collected from tributary, nearshore, and open lake sites were analyzed for perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), namely perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs, F(CF2)nCO2; n = 6-11,13) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs, F(CF2)nSO3; n = 6,8,10). Survey results of surface sediment and water indicated that shorter chained PFASs were predominant in and near urban/industrial area watersheds, while longer chained PFASs were predominant in fine-grained sediment from major depositional basins. Niagara River suspended solids (1981–2006) demonstrated temporal trends that may have been influenced by recent changes in North American production and use of PFASs. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) reached a peak concentration in 2001 of 1.1 ng/g, followed by a decrease from 2001 to 2006 (half-life = 9 years). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) increased from 2001 to 2006 (doubling time = 2 years) reaching a peak concentration of 0.80 ng/g. In contrast, three sediment cores from western, central, and eastern Lake Ontario showed increasing temporal trends to surface sediment for all PFASs. PFOA and PFOS concentrations increased from 1988 to 2004 (doubling time = ~ 4 years) in the western Lake Ontario core. The observed variations in temporal trends from different environmental compartments may be a result of the physico-chemical properties of PFASs, ongoing emissions, and the environmental transformation and degradation of PFAS precursor compounds.  相似文献   

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