La对Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗生长情况的影响

本实验采用玉米为实验材料.以水培的方法研究了锅对玉米幼苗生长的影响,并以稀土元素镧为调节因子,研究镧对锅胁迫下玉米幼苗的防护效应.结果表明,在Cd胁迫伤害下,玉米幼苗的生长受到抑制,主要表现为株高、主根长下降,叶面积锐减,叶茎、根的鲜重、干重明显下降;随着Cd胁迫浓度增高,玉米幼苗受到伤害的程度加深.     

不同光强下镉胁迫对紫茉莉光合作用和抗氧化系统的影响

通过土培实验,比较分析了3种光强(全光照(HL)、50%全光照(ML)和10%全光照(LL))下镉胁迫(30 mg·kg-1)对紫茉莉植株生长、光合作用、光合色素、镉、镁、铁和钾含量、脂质过氧化、抗氧化酶活性、抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量的影响.结果发现,镉胁迫显著降低紫茉莉叶片的净光合速率,对HL植株的抑制程度高于ML和LL植株;HL和LL植株最大光化学效率在镉胁迫下显著降低,而ML植株所受影响不明显;镉胁迫显著提高了紫茉莉叶片的暗呼吸速率,ML植株提高幅度最大.镉胁迫对紫茉莉植株生长的抑制作用显著,对HL植株的抑制最大.镉胁迫显著增加了紫茉莉叶片的镉含量,减小叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、Mg、Fe和K的含量,对HL植株影响最大.镉胁迫下,HL植株超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性增强,过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性降低,谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸含量减小,过氧化氢和丙二醛含量、超氧阴离子产生速率增高,电解质渗漏加重.上述结果表明,镉加重了叶片氧化胁迫程度和强化了对紫茉莉生长的抑制,特别在高光强条件下.     

镉胁迫对忍冬抗氧化酶活性及内源激素含量的影响

为研究Cd胁迫下忍冬(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)抗氧化酶活性和内源激素水平的响应变化,采用土培试验,设置不同Cd处理(0、2.5、5、10、25、50和100 mg/kg),分析植株生物量、叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性以及生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA₃)、脱落酸(ABA)的含量。结果表明：2.5 mg/kg Cd处理时地下部生物量增加20.93%,超过25 mg/kg Cd处理时地下部、地上部生物量均显著下降,最多降低了28.78%和40.92%。在各Cd处理下,叶片MDA含量没有受到显著影响;SOD和POD活性显著增强,CAT活性先升高后降低,APX活性没有受到显著影响。叶片IAA、GA₃含量、GA₃/ABA和IAA/ABA先升高后降低;ABA含量升高,比对照最多增加55.88%。相关性分析表明,忍冬叶片中抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性与GA₃含量存在显著负相关性,与ABA含量...     

镉胁迫下外源壳聚糖对小麦幼苗生理特性、抗氧化能力及镉吸收的影响

为探究壳聚糖（CTS）缓解小麦幼苗镉（Cd）毒害的机制,通过水培试验,以百农207小麦为试验材料,研究外源壳聚糖对Cd胁迫下小麦幼苗的生理特性、抗氧化能力和Cd积累的影响,并利用偏最小二乘（PLS）回归模型定量分析幼苗各理化指标与镉积累量间的关系.结果表明,相较于CK,10 μmol·L^-1和25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫显著抑制了小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素）、光合作用和生物量的积累,使得幼苗根系变短变粗且侧根减少,同时改变了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,增加了H₂ O₂ 和丙二醛（MDA）的积累.镉胁迫下,外源壳聚糖使小麦幼苗茎叶和根系镉含量分别降低13.22 %~21.63 %和7.92 %~28.32 %,镉积累量分别降低5.37 %~6.71 %和1.91 %~4.09 %.不同镉水平下,外源壳聚糖使小麦根系和茎叶中H₂ O₂ 含量显著降低了38.21 %~47.46 %和45.81 %~55.73 %,MDA 含量显著降低了37.65 %~48.12 %和29.87 %~32.51 %;根系中SOD和POD 含量分别提高2.78 %~5.61 %和13.81 %~18.33 %.外源壳聚糖可通过提高Cd胁迫下小麦幼苗的光合特征和抗氧化酶活性的方式,降低小麦地上部和根部的Cd含量与积累量,减轻细胞膜脂质的过氧化程度,进而缓解Cd胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的毒害作用.     

外源褪黑素对锑胁迫下水稻幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

为了探讨外源添加褪黑素(MT)对锑(Sb)胁迫下水稻幼苗影响,以华润2号水稻幼苗为研究对象进行水培实验,采用荧光探针定位技术对水稻幼苗根尖的活性氧(ROS)进行荧光定位,并对水稻幼苗根部根系活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量、 ROS(H₂O₂、 O^-₂·)含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、 POD、 CAT、 APX)活性和抗氧化剂(GSH、 GSSG、 AsA、 DHA)含量进行分析.结果表明,外源添加MT能缓解Sb胁迫对水稻幼苗生长的不利影响,提高水稻幼苗的生物量;与单独Sb处理相比,添加100μmol·L^-1的MT使水稻根系活力和总根长分别提高44.1%和34.7%,MDA、 H₂O₂和O^-₂·含量分别降低37.0%、 32.7%和40.5%.此外,MT处理不仅使POD和CAT活性分别提高54.1%和21.8%,还能调节AsA-GSH循环.由此可见,外源添加100μmol·L^-1...     

镧对镉胁迫下菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)幼苗生长的影响

以菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)为实验材料,以水培方法研究了La对Cd抑制对菜豆幼苗生长与代谢的影响.结果表明,在30μmol·L^-1Cd剂量伤害下,菜豆的生长受到严重抑制,主要表现为株高、主根长下降31.1%和39.2%,叶面积、叶、茎、根的鲜重、干重分别降低48.0%,42.7%、29.6%、25.0%、26.7%、61.3%、49.4%.在50μmol·L^-1Cd剂量伤害下,其生理生化特性发生变化,叶绿素含量、根系活力下降23.5%和28.7%,质膜透性、MDA含量、CAT和POD活性增加5.58%、28.6%、0.6%、7.0%,且随Cd处理时间的延长,伤害加重.叶面喷施10 mg·L^-1 La 1次,对镉污染下的菜豆幼苗的生长与代谢有一定的缓解效应,可减轻镉对幼苗的伤害程度.这与La能提高菜豆幼苗叶绿素含量(30.0%),降低细胞膜透性(0.87%)和MDA含量(9.5%),维持CAT(0.1%)和POD活性(1.6%)等多重作用相关.     

外源锌对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长及根系构型分级的影响

为探究不同浓度锌（Zn）对镉（Cd）胁迫条件下玉米幼苗生长及根系构型分级的影响,通过水培试验,以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,研究Cd胁迫条件下（50 μmol·L^-1）,外源施加不同浓度Zn（0、10、25、50、100、200和400 μmol·L^-1）对玉米幼苗生长、根系构型及其分级特征、Cd含量及根系Cd吸收能力、光合系统的影响,并通过主成分分析和隶属函数法进行综合评价.结果表明,50 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫对玉米幼苗具有明显的毒害作用,使叶绿素含量和光合参数显著降低,主根长、株高、生物量、根分枝数和根尖数,包括Ⅰ~Ⅲ级径级区间的根长、根表面积及Ⅰ~Ⅱ级径级区间的根体积显著下降,阻碍了玉米幼苗的正常生长发育.施用100 μmol·L^-1和200 μmol·L^-1 Zn与不施Zn相比,降低了玉米幼苗对Cd的吸收,显著降低了Cd含量和Cd吸收效率,缓解了对玉米幼苗的毒害作用,使地上地下部鲜重、地上部干重、地上地下部耐受指数和根分枝数均显著升高;显著增强了玉米幼苗的光合作用,促使幼苗光合速率和总叶绿素含量显著升高;Ⅰ级径级区间的RL、Ⅰ~Ⅱ级径级区间的SA和RV在100 μmol·L^-1 Zn时达到最大,Ⅲ级径级区间的RL、SA和RV在200 μmol·L^-1 Zn时达到最大,均显著高于不施Zn处理;玉米幼苗生长耐受性综合评价表明,100 μmol·L^-1和200 μmol·L^-1 Zn缓解Cd毒害作用效果较好.综合分析可知,施加适宜浓度的Zn可以降低玉米幼苗植株内Cd含量、根系Cd吸收能力及Cd吸收效率,提高玉米幼苗生物量的积累,减轻Cd毒害对根系构型的影响,减少对光合系统的影响,提高玉米幼苗对Cd的耐受性.     

镉胁迫对菜豆幼苗基因组DNA多态性的影响

采用随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)等技术,检测不同浓度镉(Cd)胁迫对菜豆幼苗叶片DNA损伤及相关生理特性的影响.结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度(0,20,40,80mg/L)的增加,菜豆幼苗中的Cd含量及叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量升高;叶片中可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、还原型谷胱甘肽在低浓度(20mg/L)Cd处理下含量增加,中、高浓度(40,80mg/L)Cd处理下减少.选取8条寡核苷酸引物(10bp),利用RAPD随机扩增技术,对菜豆幼苗叶片细胞基因组DNA进行扩增,8条引物均产生特异性谱带.正常叶片基因组DNA的RAPD图谱得到46条谱带.与正常组相比,Cd处理下利用不同引物扩增得到的RAPD图谱发生改变,呈现不同程度的谱带强度增强或减弱、谱带缺失或新增,与对照的RAPD图谱存在明显差异.Cd胁迫下基因组模板稳定性下降,并随Cd处理浓度的增加,稳定性下降幅度增大.利用RAPD技术获得的DNA多态性变化,可指示镉毒害生物遗传效应,并为镉污染地区蔬菜品种的选育及镉毒性的评价提供依据.     

Cd胁迫下不同外源植物激素对水稻幼苗抗氧化系统及Cd吸收积累的影响

为了探讨外源添加植物激素对Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗的抗氧化系统及Cd吸收积累情况的影响,减少Cd在植物体内的运输和积累,从而来缓解Cd对水稻的胁迫.以中嘉早17水稻幼苗为研究对象,进行水培试验,设置0、5和25 μmol·L-这3个Cd浓度处理,3种外源植物激素处理:不添加植物激素、100μmol· L-1褪黑素(MT)、0...     

纳米二氧化钛缓解镉胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理变化

研究了水培环境中不同浓度纳米二氧化钛(Ti02-NPs)(0,25,50,100,200 mg/L)缓解Cd对小麦幼苗造成的生理毒害的作用.结果显示:在水培环境下TiO2-NPs的施用,缓解了 Cd对小麦带来的氧化胁迫,减轻了Cd对小麦的毒害作用,显著提高了小麦生物量、根长及株高,改善了小麦光合作用.中浓度(50,10...     

Phytotoxicity of cadmium on protein, proline and antioxidant enzyme activities in growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings

Phytotoxicity of cadmium on growing Arachis hypogaea L. seedlings was studied. Seeds were exposed to 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L CdCl2 concentrations, for a period of 10, 15, 20 and 25 d. The extent of damage to chlorophyll, protein, proline, nitrate and nitrite reductase, antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves and roots were evaluated after 10 d of cadmium stress. The higher concentration of cadmium （100 μmol/L） resulted （leaves and roots） total chlorophyll 91.01%, protein 79.51%, 83.61%, nitrate reductase 79.39%, 80.72% and nitrite reductase 77.07%, 75.88% activity decreased with increase in cadmium concentrations and exposure periods. Cadmium caused significant changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Contrastingly Cd treated plant tissues showed an increase in proline 159.87%, 239.6%, gluthion reductase （GR） 337.72%, 306.14%, superoxide disumutase （SOD） 688.56%, 381.72%, ascorbate peroxidase （APX） 226.47%, 252.14%, peroxidase （POD） 72.19%, 60.29% and catalase （CAT） 228.96%, 214.74% as compared to control. Cadmium stress caused a significant increase in the rate of SOD activity in leaves and roots of plant species. Results show the crop A. hypogaea is highly sensitive even at very low cadmium concentrations.     

外源一氧化氮供体对镉胁迫下黑麦草幼苗活性氧代谢、光合作用和叶黄素循环的影响

为了探讨外源NO对镉胁迫下牧草生理响应的调节作用,采用溶液培养方法,以多年生黑麦草为试验材料,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对镉胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、光合作用和叶黄素循环的影响.结果表明,150 μmol·L-1SNP能明显缓解100mg·L-1Cd2+对黑麦草幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高幼苗的生长速度.与单纯镉胁迫相比,外源150 μmol·L-1SNP显著抑制镉胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根系和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的下降和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的升高,促进过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的提高,降低抗坏血酸(ASA)、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率.同时,外源SNP处理不仅降低了镉胁迫下黑麦草叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传递量子效率(φPSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qp)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学速率(PCR)的下降及初始荧光(F0)的上升幅度,还提高了非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)和叶绿素含量及叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)的大小,使叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)升高.由此表明,外源NO可通过提高活性氧清除能力和增强依赖于叶黄素循环的非辐射能量耗散,保护由镉胁迫引起的黑麦草幼苗叶片光合机构的破坏,从而提高光合效率.     

The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress

Salicylic acid （SA） was an essential component of the plant resistance to pathogens and also plays an important role in mediating plant response to some abiotic stress. The possible effects of SA on the growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress were studied. When rice seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing Pb^2＋ （0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 mmol/L） for 18 d, the plant biomass as well as the chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing Pb concentration. The pre-treatment with SA （treated with 0.1 mmol/L SA for 48 h before Pb stress） partially protected seedlings from Pb toxicity. The chlorophyll contents were significant higher in leaves of Pb-exposed with SA pre-treatment seedlings than in Pb-exposed plants at the same Pb intensity. SA pre-treated alone could significantly increase the length of shoot and root of seedlings but the vigour difference was not marked under long-term exposure to Pb toxicity. SA pre-treated influence the H2O2 level in leaves of seedlings by up-regulating the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, repressing the activity of catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） depending on the concentrations of Pb^2＋ in the growth medium. The results supported the conclusion that SA played a positive role in rice seedlings against Pb toxicity.     

Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum)

The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 μmol/L CDC12 associated to different concentrations of ZnC12 (10, 50, 100, and 150 μmol/L). Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cdtreate plants had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), whereas, catalase (CAT, EC 1.111.1.6),ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial effect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their effect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.     

Interactions of zinc and cadmium toxicity in their effects on growth and in antioxidative systems in tomato plants （Solanum lycopersicum）

The interaction between zinc and cadmium was investigated in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 mol/L CdCl2 associated to di erent concentrations of ZnCl2 (10, 50, 100, and 150 mol/L). Zn supply clearly reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and simultaneously increased Zn concentration. Cd induced oxidative stress in leaves as indicated by an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and chlorophyll breakdown. Furthermore, compared with control, Cdtreated plants had significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), whereas, catalase (CAT, EC 1.111.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. Zn supplementation, at low level, restored and enhanced the functional activity of these enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) as compared to Cd-alone-treated plants. The beneficial e ect of adequate Zn level on Cd toxicity was confirmed by a significant decrease in TBARS level and restoration of chlorophyll content. However, when Zn was added at high level in combination with Cd there was an accumulation of oxidative stress, which was higher than that for Cd or excess Zn alone treatments. These results suggested that higher Zn concentrations and Cd are synergistic in their e ect on plant growth parameters and oxidative stress.     

外源锌对不同番茄品种抗氧化酶活性、镉积累及化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd(10 mg·kg-1)污染下,叶面喷施不同浓度Zn(0、50、100、200和400μmol·L-1)对2个番茄品种‘4641’和‘渝粉109’生长、抗氧化酶活性及番茄果实Cd形态和积累量的影响.结果表明,喷施Zn后,番茄根、茎、果实干质量和植株总干质量以及体内Cd含量和积累量在2个品种之间的差异达到了显著水平(p0.05).外源Zn(≤200μmol·L-1)提高了2个番茄品种的果实、根、茎、叶及总干质量.随Zn浓度的增加,2个品种根CAT活性以及‘渝粉109’根POD活性先增加然后降低;2个品种根SOD活性则呈先降后升再降趋势.番茄果实中各形态Cd含量的顺序为:残渣态Cd(FR)盐酸提取态Cd(FHCl)氯化钠提取态Cd(FNaCl)乙醇提取态Cd(FE)醋酸提取态Cd(FHA c)去离子水提取态(FW).适量的Zn(≤200μmol·L-1)减少了2个番茄品种果实中各形态Cd含量,但高量Zn(400μmol·L-1)增加了‘渝粉109’果实中的FE、FR和‘4641’果实中FHCl及FR含量.Cd积累量为叶茎根或果实.叶面喷施Zn使番茄根、茎、叶和果实中的Cd含量分别降低了18.6%~41.7%、10.6%~36.7%、5.8%~21.5%和2.3%~12.7%.供试2个番茄品种,无论喷Zn与否,果实Cd含量和果实Cd积累量均为‘4641’‘渝粉109’,植株Cd总积累量则为‘4641’‘渝粉109’.     

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the effect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings(Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the effect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously iuence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously iuence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coefficient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.