中国省际物流业碳排放的空间效应及其传导机制

物流业是我国仅次于工业、建筑业的第三大碳排放源,研究省际物流资源要素的空间效应及其传导机制可以为物流业低碳转型发展提供科学依据。运用GeoDa软件分析我国2013—2020年30个省物流业碳排放时空关联性及其局部空间差异波动性,将STIRPAT模型和EKC模型相结合探究我国省际物流业碳排放影响因素对碳排放的空间效应并明晰其传导机制。结果表明,我国物流业碳排放量呈现出“东高西低”的空间分布特征;省际物流业碳排放聚集分布的二元结构明显,呈现“高—高”和“低—低”集聚为主的空间分布特征;我国省际物流业碳排放存在空间溢出性特征,对本地区物流业碳排放产生正向促进作用的影响因素由强至弱依次为物流业的能源消耗量、产业规模、基础设施,毗邻地区对其产生正向影响的因素是物流业基础设施;物流业基础设施在直接效应与间接效应下对碳排放均产生显著的正向影响,物流业的产业规模和能源消耗量仅在直接效应下对碳排放产生正向影响。我国物流业碳排放的空间集聚、区域差异的形成与演变是在省际物流业的产业规模、能源消耗量、基础设施等多种物流业资源要素协同作用下产生的结果,据此提出省际物流业“协同降碳”建议,推动我国物流业的低碳转型。     

乌鲁木齐市能源结构调整对冬季SO2浓度空间分布变化的影响

乌鲁木齐市冬季大气污染严重,SO2浓度不断增加,且超标频率增多,已成为不容忽视的环境问题.2012年乌鲁木齐市实施“煤改气”工程,旨在改善乌鲁木齐市的大气环境质量.为研究工程的实施对SO2浓度的控制起到的作用,选用冬季污染最为严重的时段(1-2月),对“煤改气”前后城市不同区域的SO2日均浓度变化进行了分析.结果显示,“煤改气”对SO2浓度的降低效果显著,但降低幅度在区域间存在差异,“煤改气”后冬季SO2日均浓度在空间上呈现出由南向北逐渐增加的态势,南面SO2日均浓度基本达标,而北面SO2浓度虽有降低,但超标频率依然较高,值得当地政府在环境治理过程中关注.     

天津市滨海新区家庭直接能源消费碳减排分析

以天津市滨海新区家庭直接能源消费碳排放量为基础数据,运用统计类比分析的方法分析了居民家庭通过有意识改变直接能源消费方式所能带来的碳减排空间及碳减排结构。分析表明,5、6月平均户均碳减排量为27.75kg(以CO2减排当量计,下同),平均人均碳减排量为9.20kg,平均减排比为8.92%。家庭用电的碳排放量具有最大的减排空间;燃气的碳排放量相对于用电和交通较小,但燃气节约比相对最高,因此居民燃气的碳减排空间也相当可观;私家车是影响家庭交通出行碳排放量的最重要因素。家庭人口与住宅面积不是影响家庭碳减排量的主导因素,居民的环保意识及行为在家庭碳减排中起重要作用。因此,提高居民的低碳环保意识,改善居民的生活方式,对于国家碳减排意义重大。     

京津冀及周边“2+26”城市碳排放强度时空演变规律及影响因素分析

基于2008—2018年相关面板数据,参考政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)温室气体排放清单,采用碳排放系数法测算“2+26”城市碳排放强度,并运用空间杜宾模型考察影响城市碳排放强度的关键因素及空间溢出水平。结果表明：(1)“2+26”城市碳排放强度先后经历了“下降期”和“波动期”两个阶段。(2)城市碳排放强度具有明显的空间集聚特征,碳排放强度低的城市主要分布在北京和河北,而高排放城市大多集中在河南和山西,呈现“两极化”分布格局。从空间分布来看,碳排放强度总体从东北至西南逐渐增加,碳排放强度高的城市与碳排放强度低的城市在空间上分布相对集中。(3)环境规制与经济规模对碳排放强度的降低具有显著的促进作用,目前的能源结构和产业结构阻碍碳排放强度的降低,科技投入的影响并不显著。环境规制和经济规模具有负向的空间溢出效应,能源结构表现为正向的空间溢出效应,其余因素的空间溢出效应不显著。     

中国高新技术产业能源消耗与碳排放分析

基于2000-2007年中国高新技术产业经济发展与能源消耗(简称能耗)数据,统计分析了中国高新技术产业能耗强度变化趋势,并采用“学习曲线”方法论证了高新技术产业能耗的特征;在此基础上,采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)温室气体指导方针的方法核算了中国高新技术产业的碳排放量及排放强度.结果表明:(1)中国高新技术产...     

厦门市空气污染的空间分布及其与影响因素空间相关性分析

基于空间信息技术、克里格插值与空间相关矩阵,研究厦门市SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5污染浓度空间分布特征。通过提取人口密度、道路面积比重、建设用地比重、地表温度及植被指数等空气污染影响因素的空间分布数据,划分研究区为生态区、居住区与工业区,定量评价了污染物浓度与影响因素的空间相关性,并识别出各污染物的主要影响因素。结果表明:污染浓度分布总体上呈现出工业区-居住区-生态区递减的空间特征,其主要受工业排放和机动车排放的影响;SO2与除地表温度外的其他影响因数均有较强空间相关性,PM10和PM2.主要与道路面积比重、建设用地比重具有较强相关性,NO2则与道路面积比重的相关性最强,污染浓度与影响因数空间相关性呈现出工业区-居住区-生态区递增趋势;与按照行政区的划分相比,工业区、居住区、生态区的划分显得更为合理。     

餐厨垃圾不同“收集-处理”模式的碳排放估算对比

为明确我国餐厨垃圾不同处理模式下碳排放情况,以中国南方某城市为研究对象,结合实地调研数据,对比研究了集中式好氧堆肥、集中式厌氧发酵和分散式好氧堆肥3种处理模式下的碳排放量。结果表明,集中式好氧堆肥的碳排放总量最高,而集中式厌氧发酵碳排放总量最低。此外,分散式好氧堆肥的主要优势在于可减少收集运输过程的碳排放且可避免其他温室气体的无组织排放;在先进节能手段和控制电耗的措施下,相比于集中式好氧堆肥模式,分散式模式可实现760.91 kg的碳减排(以CO_2计)。然而,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵模式因其可实现有机质产沼气,总碳减排空间是好氧堆肥的22倍,是一种绿色、低碳的餐厨垃圾处理方式,对实现餐厨垃圾资源化、无害化和减量化具有现实意义。     

浙江省酸雨的空间分布格局及其未来变化趋势预测

利用浙江省1992、2002年的酸雨监测数据,并利用RAINS-ASIA模型模拟了1990-2030年浙江省酸雨前体物(SO2)的排放量,以及酸沉降超临界负荷面积占研究区域面积比例的变化情况.结果表明,浙江省的酸雨分布范围不断扩大、危害程度不断加重;未来一个时期内,SO2排放量都会维持在较高的水平;酸沉降超临界负荷面积所占比例在经历较快的增长阶段之后,会维持在较为恒定的水平,并呈现出明显的时滞性.     

基于对数平均迪氏指数法的天津市能源消费碳排放分解分析

根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)2006年版碳排放计算指南中的计算公式和碳排放系数缺省值计算了天津市2000-2008年能源消费的碳排放量,然后对人均GDP、人口和能源强度与碳排放量作相关性分析,运用对数平均迪氏指数(LMDI)法对天津市能源消费碳排放量和碳排放强度进行分解分析,最后探讨了其主要影响因素的...     

An estimation of the spatial and temporal distribution of biogenic non-methane hydrocarbon emissions in Greece

The present study presents the first detailed inventory for non-methane hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation over Greece. The emission inventory, based on a Geographic Information System (GIS), has a spatial resolution of 5×5 km² and a time resolution of 1 h. For the area under study, the calculated yearly monoterpene emissions are higher than the corresponding isoprene ones. In addition to the methodology presented here, the CORINAIR methodology was also applied for the calculation of emission rates. This resulted in orders of magnitude differences in the calculated emission rates. The CORINAIR methodology is judged to lead to unrealistically high values of biogenic NMHC emission rates. The temperature dependence of the CORINAIR correction factors seems to affect most the emissions, together with grazing land emission factors.     

Agricultural ammonia emissions inventory and spatial distribution in the North China Plain

An agricultural ammonia (NH₃) emission inventory in the North China Plain (NCP) on a prefecture level for the year 2004, and a 5 × 5 km² resolution spatial distribution map, has been calculated for the first time. The census database from China's statistics datasets, and emission factors re-calculated by the RAINS model supported total emissions of 3071 kt NH₃-N yr⁻¹ for the NCP, accounting for 27% of the total emissions in China. NH₃ emission from mineral fertilizer application contributed 1620 kt NH₃-N yr⁻¹, 54% of the total emission, while livestock emissions accounted for the remaining 46% of the total emissions, including 7%, 27%, 7% and 5% from cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, and poultry, respectively. A high-resolution spatial NH₃ emissions map was developed based on 1 × 1 km land use database and aggregated to a 5 × 5 km grid resolution. The highest emission density value was 198 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹.     

Estimating and analyzing the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon in China

Research on the terrestrial carbon cycle is an important component in the study of global change. Soil organic carbon, as the main part of the terrestrial carbon reservoir, plays an important role in the Earth's carbon cycle. To accurately estimate soil organic carbon storage, its composition and dynamic change must be determined. This presents a challenge to research on the soil carbon cycle, especially in China where the nationwide soil organic carbon reservoir largely remains unknown. This paper reports a research project that attempts to estimate the nationwide soil organic carbon reservoir. Data from 2473 soil profiles from the second national soil survey were collected and GIS technology was employed to quantify the national soil carbon reservoir. The analytical results show that the total amount of soil organic carbon is about 92.4 Pg (Pg = 10(15) g) and that the average carbon density is about 10.53 kg C m(-2). The spatial distribution of soil organic carbon was also analyzed and mapped. This study presents basic data and an analysis method for carbon-cycle studies and also provides scientific support for policy-making efforts to control CO2 emissions in China.     

Modelling the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions in the UK

Ammonia emissions (NH3) are characterised by a high spatial variability at a local scale. When modelling the spatial distribution of NH3 emissions, it is important to provide robust emission estimates, since the model output is used to assess potential environmental impacts, e.g. exceedance of critical loads. The aim of this study was to provide a new, updated spatial NH3 emission inventory for the UK for the year 2000, based on an improved modelling approach and the use of updated input datasets. The AENEID model distributes NH3 emissions from a range of agricultural activities, such as grazing and housing of livestock, storage and spreading of manures, and fertilizer application, at a 1-km grid resolution over the most suitable landcover types. The results of the emission calculation for the year 2000 are analysed and the methodology is compared with a previous spatial emission inventory for 1996.     

Black carbon emissions in China

Black carbon (BC) is an important aerosol species because of its global and regional influence on radiative forcing and its local effects on the environment and human health. We have estimated the emissions of BC in China, where roughly one-fourth of global anthropogenic emissions is believed to originate. China's high rates of usage of coal and biofuels are primarily responsible for high BC emissions. This paper pays particular attention to the application of appropriate emission factors for China and the attenuation of these emissions where control devices are used. Nevertheless, because of the high degree of uncertainty associated with BC emission factors, we provide ranges of uncertainty for our emission estimates, which are approximately a factor of eight. In our central case, we calculate that BC emissions in China in 1995 were 1342 Gg, about 83% being generated by the residential combustion of coal and biofuels. We estimate that BC emissions could fall to 1224 Gg by 2020. This 9% decrease in BC emissions can be contrasted with the expected increase of 50% in energy use; the reduction will be obtained because of a transition to more advanced technology, including greater use of coal briquettes in place of raw coal in cities and towns. The increased use of diesel vehicles in the future will result in a greater share of the transport sector in total BC emissions. Spatially, BC emissions are predominantly distributed in an east–west swath across China's heartland, where the rural use of coal and biofuels for cooking and heating is widespread. This is in contrast to the emissions of most other anthropogenically derived air pollutants, which are closely tied to population and industrial centers.     

Ozone formation and the spatial distribution of precursor emissions in Sydney

Precursor concentration distributions have been reported for Sydney (Post, 1979a) and the implications of these data for ozone control (namely NMHC emission reduction) have been presented elsewhere (Post, 1979a, b). In this analysis, a number of relationships between non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) concentration, nitrogen oxides (NO_x concentration, NMHC/NO_x ratio and the ozone formation potential parameter (NO_x × (NMHC) are constructed from the field data. These relationships show that:

• 1.(i) NMHC emissions into the Sydney airshed are less uniformly distributed than NO_x emissions and generate air parcels with higher than “typical” NMHC/NO_x, ratio.
• 2.(ii) Air parcels with higher than “typical” NMHC/NO_x ratio are generally those with the worst (highest) ozone formation potential.

Taken together, the relationships suggest that emission control of large undistributed NMHC sources may be more important than control of distributed NMHC sources.     

Modelling the spatial distribution of SO2 and NOx emissions in Ireland

The spatial distributions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are essential inputs to models of atmospheric transport and deposition. Information of this type is required for international negotiations on emission reduction through the critical load approach. High-resolution emission maps for the Republic of Ireland have been created using emission totals and a geographical information system, supported by surrogate statistics and landcover information. Data have been subsequently allocated to the EMEP 50 x 50-km grid, used in long-range transport models for the investigation of transboundary air pollution. Approximately two-thirds of SO2 emissions in Ireland emanate from two grid-squares. Over 50% of total SO2 emissions originate from one grid-square in the west of Ireland, where the largest point sources of SO2 are located. Approximately 15% of the total SO2 emissions originate from the grid-square containing Dublin. SO2 emission densities for the remaining areas are very low, < 1 t km-2 year-1 for most grid-squares. NOx emissions show a very similar distribution pattern. However, NOx emissions are more evenly spread over the country, as about 40% of total NOx emissions originate from road transport.     

The effectiveness and heterogeneity of carbon emissions trading scheme in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Some developed economies have run emission trading scheme (ETS) to mitigate carbon emissions. However, we know little about the effectiveness and...     

Modelling the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions from seabirds in the UK

Knowledge of the sources and distribution of ammonia (NH3) emissions underpins our understanding of the nitrogen budget. Research has focused on quantifying NH3 emissions from anthropogenic sources, whilst those from natural sources have received little attention internationally. Seabirds excrete large quantities of nitrogen, making seabird colonies a major natural source of NH3. Ammonia emissions from each UK seabird species were estimated and combined with population distribution data to model their spatial distribution. Total NH3 emissions from UK seabirds were estimated at 2.7 kt per year. Seabird emissions are concentrated in remote parts of the UK where anthropogenic emissions are small, so that seabirds often represent the main source of NH3 emissions in these areas. Seabird NH3 emissions were found to have increased by 34% since the 1970s. This corresponds to population changes which may be influenced by human activities, showing that even this natural source can be anthropogenically modified.     

石家庄市土壤扬尘排放量估算及分布特征

以2013年为基准年,通过卫星遥感影像解译方法估算了石家庄市土壤扬尘源颗粒物排放量,并给出分辨率为3 km×3 km空间分布图。结果表明,石家庄市土壤扬尘源主要包括河滩、荒地、裸岩和耕地4种类型。冬季土壤扬尘源面积为3 918.19 km2,夏季土壤扬尘源面积为1 115.98 km2,仅为冬季的28.6%。对于总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）和细颗粒物（PM2.5）,石家庄市4种土壤扬尘源类型的排放系数均为荒地 > 河滩 >裸岩 > 耕地。2013年石家庄市土壤扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2.5的排放量分别为12 569、3 771和947 t,与其他季节相比,春季裸地扬尘排放量最大,分别占总排放量的93.9%、93.9%和94.3%。土壤扬尘高排放区主要分布在石家庄市北部的行唐县、灵寿县和平山县区域,3个区域合计占石家庄市土壤扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2.5总排放量的47.5%、47.5%和48.1%。研究结果将为石家庄市颗粒物污染控制方法的建立提供必要的基础数据。