水力负荷对改良型垂直流人工湿地降解模拟污水厂尾水效果的影响

为确定改良型垂直流人工湿地降解模拟污水厂尾水的最佳水力负荷,采用生物炭和活性炭改良、微生物强化以及同时添加生物炭、活性炭和微生物改良强化的3套垂直流人工湿地系统,研究了其在3种水力负荷条件下(0.25、0.5和1 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)),对模拟污水厂尾水中污染物的去除效果。结果表明,3套垂直流人工湿地系统均在低水力负荷(0.25 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1))时对模拟污水厂尾水中NH_4~+-N、TN、TP和COD的去除率较高,但随着水力负荷的增大其去除率逐渐降低。3套垂直流人工湿地系统对NO_3~--N的去除率均在高水力负荷(1 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1))时较高,且随着水力负荷的变大,其去除率逐渐升高,但去除率的增长幅度变缓;实验证明,生物炭和活性炭改良基质能够提高湿地系统对NH_4~+-N、TN、TP和COD的去除效果,并且在低水力负荷时对NH_4~+-N、TN和COD的去除拥有更好的改良效果,而对TP去除的改良则在高水力负荷时优于在低水力负荷时。厌氧-异养反硝化菌能够提高湿地系统对NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TN的去除效果,并且在高水力负荷时对NO_3~--N的改良效果优于低水力负荷,而在低水力负荷时对NH_4~+-N和TN具有更好的改良效果。综合考虑多种污染物的去除效果,确定3套改良型垂直流人工湿地系统的最佳水力负荷为0.5 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)。     

低温季大型表流湿地对微污染水体脱氮效果及优化运行

低温季表流湿地脱氮效果下降是业内公认的难题,长期以来备受人们的关注,但针对大型表流湿地处理微污染水体的相应研究开展较少。综述了表流湿地脱氮机理及低温季限制因素,同时以盐龙湖工程的表流湿地单元为实例,分析了其在低温季对微污染水体中各形态氮素的净化效果,从优化湿地运行角度出发开展研究。结果表明,在低温季表流湿地进水的TN平均值为1.16~3.35 mg/L条件下,TN、NH3-N、硝态氮、Org-N的平均去除率为13%、35%、15%、-14%;显著影响表流湿地出水TN浓度的因素为湿地运行面积、进水负荷、温度以及进水浓度(p0.05),影响程度为TN进水浓度(正相关)湿地运行面积(负相关)进水负荷(负相关)温度(负相关)。显著影响表流湿地NH3-N出水浓度的因素为温度与进水浓度(p0.05),影响程度为进水浓度(正相关)温度(负相关);当HRT从0.5 d延长到0.5~1 d时,TN、NH3-N的平均去除率分别由6%、26%提升到17%与41%。     

复合垂直流与潜流人工湿地沿程脱氮除磷对比研究

针对复合垂直流和潜流人工湿地对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N、NO~3~--N和TN的沿程去除规律进行了对比研究.结果表明,夏季复合垂直流人工湿地的去除效果均好于潜流人工湿地.对于复合垂直流人工湿地,污染物的去除主要集中在下行流池,且在进水端0～20 cm对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N和TN都有快速降解的过程.对于潜流人工湿地,进水端0～40 cm主要是COD和TP的快速降解沉淀,之后硝化作用逐渐加强,潜流人工湿地沿程均会发生反硝化作用,TN浓度基本呈均匀下降趋势.     

多级潮汐流人工湿地对污泥厌氧消化液中氨氮及有机物的去除特征

针对城市污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化液回流而引起城市污水处理厂处理系统内氨氮累积的问题,采用多级潮汐流人工湿地(MTF-CWs),研究MTF-CWs对污泥厌氧消化液中氨氮和有机物的去除特征及其主要去除途径。经过260 d的运行,结果表明,NH_4~+-N和COD平均进水浓度分别为859.55 mg·L~(-1)和446.52 mg·L~(-1),MTF-CWs对NH_4~+-N和COD均有较好的处理效果,平均去除率分别为66.50%和47.10%。在MTF-CWs中,转化为NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N占被去除NH_4~+-N的73.21%,硝化反应是NH_4~+-N去除的主要途径,MTF-CWs的平均硝化速率为0.3 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)。TN的平均去除率为17.63%,去除效果较差,其原因在于原水中缺少反硝化所需要的碳源。     

水生蔬菜型湿地植物对氮、磷营养盐的吸收动力学

采用改进的常规耗竭法研究了6种蔬菜型湿地植物根系对氮、磷营养盐的吸收特征及差异。这6种植物根系对NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和H_2PO_4~-的吸收动力学特征均可采用Michaelis-Menten方程描述。结果表明:不同植物对氮、磷的最大吸收速率I_(max)和最小亲和力K_m有显著差异。6种植物对NH_4~+-N的吸收速率最大,对H_2PO_4~-的亲和力常数较小,所以当水体中氮、磷浓度较低时,优先选择吸收磷,但对铵态氮的吸收速率最快。通过对6种植物根系吸收氮、磷的最大吸收速率I_(max)和亲和力常数K_m的比较可知,空心菜根系拥有最大的I_(max)和最小K_m,说明空心菜能够适应任意浓度的水体净化,芋头I_(max)较低而K_m较大,说明芋头不适宜作为生态修复植物;韭菜适合高氮、磷水平的水体净化,可用作水体修复中的先锋植物,生菜适合低氮、磷水平的水体净化;雪里蕻适宜用于低P、低NH_4~+-N、高NO_3~--N水体修复,金花菜则是对高P、高NH_4~+-N、低NO_3~--N水平的污染水体处理效果相对较好;但考虑食用安全性问题,重金属含量可能超标,工程应用时需谨慎。     

HRT对UASB厌氧反硝化脱氮的影响

在反硝化脱氮的影响因素方面,研究多集中在碳源种类和碳氮比(C/N)2个方面,而对水力停留时间(HRT)的影响很少有报道。采用UASB作为厌氧反硝化反应器,进水NO_3~--N为50 mg·L~(-1),C/N比固定为1.5,分别以葡萄糖和乙酸钠作碳源,研究HRT对反硝化效果的影响。结果表明:当外加碳源为葡萄糖时,最佳HRT为6 h,此时NO_3~--N和TN的去除效果最好,去除率分别为79.5%和63.8%,出水NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度分别为4.69 mg·L~(-1)和2.22 mg·L~(-1);当外加碳源为乙酸钠时,最佳HRT为4 h,对应的NO_3~--N和TN去除率分别为99.0%和91.4%,出水NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度分别为3.08 mg·L~(-1)和0.47 mg·L~(-1)。HRT对反硝化效果有显著影响,且跟碳源种类有关。HRT会影响反硝化菌、反硝化异化还原成铵(DNRA)细菌和其他异养菌之间的平衡。     

有机碳对养殖池塘沉积物中反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的影响

养殖沉积物中反硝化作用对于缓解氮污染有重要的作用,沉积物中的反硝化和厌氧氨氧化菌可将化合态氮转变为氮气,从而有效降低污染,有机碳在该过程中有着重要的作用。为了解有机碳对养殖池塘沉积物中反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的影响,采取理化分析和分子生物学分析等方法,以养殖池塘沉积物为基质、人工配水为营养液,添加不同浓度的淀粉,分析120 h内底物亚硝氮(NO_2~--N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和TOC浓度,并对反硝化、厌氧氨氧化菌群丰度变化和反硝化菌多样性进行分析。结果表明:淀粉浓度在150 mg·L~(-1)时,NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N的去除率最高,分别达到98.90%和99.86%;NH_4~+-N去除率在淀粉浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)时最高,为35.98%。随着淀粉浓度的增加,反硝化菌的丰度明显增加,但有机碳对厌氧氨氧化菌群具有抑制作用。当淀粉浓度为150 mg·L~(-1)时,反硝化菌的丰度最大、多样性水平最高、物种数目最大,反硝化细菌优势菌属为未分类的变形菌属和β-变形菌属。     

人工湿地组合工艺对太湖三山岛农村生活污水的脱氮效果

针对太湖三山岛农村生活污水分布面广而分散和水质水量不稳定,以及三级处理费用高等问题,提出了人工湿地组合工艺。以设计规模为1 000 m3/d、处理生活污水的工艺系统为对象,探讨了氮元素在系统中的去除效果、途径及其一级去除速率常数。结果表明,该工艺对NH+4-N去除效果较好,出水NH+4-N平均达到地表水Ⅲ类,TN平均接近地表水Ⅴ类;潜流人工湿地、好氧生态塘C、兼性生态塘A和表流人工湿地D对氮的去除量分别占组合工艺去除总量的52.05%、18.65%、16.65%和12.65%;组合工艺对NH+4-N和TN的平均一级去除速率常数分比别为(14.47±2.01)和(25.91±4.99)m/a。     

四川望佳人工湿地系统生活污水净化效果

取样监测分析了望佳人工湿地系统各组成单元对COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的去除效果。在水力负荷为0.18 m3/m·d、温度为8~19℃、p H为6~8的条件下,分析结果表明,各单元COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的系统去除率满足:人工快渗池>厌氧调节池>1号表流湿地>潜流湿地>氧化塘>2号表流湿地>1号水平潜流湿地>2号水平潜流湿地,其中人工快渗池单元的系统去除率平均值分别为21.21%、22.74%、22.49%、25.58%和30.85%。监测期间COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的总去除率平均值分别为89.41%、90.27%、89.89%、89.89%和92.28%,系统出水达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB18918-2002一级标准的B标准。监测表明,该湿地设计偏于保守,还可以优化设计单元以减少建设和运行成本。     

原位洗脱技术对凉水河底泥中氮、磷释放特征的影响

为探讨新兴底泥原位修复技术—原位洗脱技术对城市河流凉水河底泥中氮、磷释放的抑制作用,于现场采集洗脱前后样品并设计室内静态模拟实验,分析了实验期间洗脱组和对照组上覆水中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN、PO_4~(3-)-P、TP浓度和释放速率变化特征。结果表明:洗脱组释放第30天时,NH_4~+-N由底泥向上覆水中平均NH_4~+-N平均浓度为0.52 mg·L~(-1),较对照组下降了89.4%;PO_4~(3-)-P和TP平均释放速率较对照组降低了78.1%和83.0%,上覆水中TP平均浓度为0.22 mg·L~(-1),较对照组下降了68.1%。原位洗脱技术对底泥中NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P释放的抑制作用主要通过对有机氮、磷物质的削减和水-沉积物界面还原环境的改善来实现。     

Organochlorine residues in water from the Mahala water reservoir, Jaipur, India

Residues of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT alpha-, beta-, gamma-isomers of HCH, aldrin and heptachlor in water, from four different sites of the Mahala water reservoir were monitored periodically from September 1985 to October 1987. All the samples contained the above residues in varying concentrations. Isomers of HCH predominated and were followed in relative dominance by aldrin, total DDT and heptachlor residues, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD constituted the major fraction of total p,p'-DDT. Monthly total organochlorine residue levels in water ranged between 1.07 and 81.23 microg litre-1. The variation is attributed to the run-off or subsoil water movement from the catchment area.     

Trihalomethane formation during water disinfection in four water supplies in the Somes river basin in Romania

Background, aim and scope  

After the discovery of chloroform in drinking water, an extensive amount of work has been dedicated to the factors influencing the formation of halogenated disinfections by-products (DBPs). The disinfection practice can vary significantly from one country to another. Whereas no disinfectant is added to many water supplies in Switzerland or no disinfectant residual is maintained in the distribution system, high disinfectant doses are applied together with high residual concentrations in the distribution system in other countries such as the USA or some southern European countries and Romania. In the present study, several treatment plants in the Somes river basin in Romania were investigated with regard to chlorine practice and DBP formation (trihalomethanes (THMs)). Laboratory kinetic studies were also performed to investigate whether there is a relationship between raw water dissolved organic matter, residual chlorine, water temperature and THM formation.     

Trihalomethane formation during water disinfection in four water supplies in the Somes river basin in Romania

Background, aim and scope

After the discovery of chloroform in drinking water, an extensive amount of work has been dedicated to the factors influencing the formation of halogenated disinfections by-products (DBPs). The disinfection practice can vary significantly from one country to another. Whereas no disinfectant is added to many water supplies in Switzerland or no disinfectant residual is maintained in the distribution system, high disinfectant doses are applied together with high residual concentrations in the distribution system in other countries such as the USA or some southern European countries and Romania. In the present study, several treatment plants in the Somes river basin in Romania were investigated with regard to chlorine practice and DBP formation (trihalomethanes (THMs)). Laboratory kinetic studies were also performed to investigate whether there is a relationship between raw water dissolved organic matter, residual chlorine, water temperature and THM formation.

Materials and methods

Drinking water samples were collected from different sampling points in the water treatment plant (WTP) from Gilau and the corresponding distribution system in Cluj-Napoca and also from Beclean, Dej and Jibou WTPs. The water samples were collected once a month from July 2006 to November 2007 and stored in 40-mL vials closed with Teflon lined screw caps. Water samples were preserved at 4°C until analysis after sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃) had been added to quench residual chlorine. All samples were analysed for THMs using headspace GC-ECD between 1 and 7 days after sampling. The sample (10 mL) was filled into 20-mL headspace vials and closed with a Teflon-lined screw cap. Thereafter, the samples were equilibrated in an oven at 60°C for 45 min. The headspace (1 mL) was then injected into the GC (Cyanopropylphenyl Polysiloxane column, 30 m × 53 mm, 3 μm film thickness, Thermo Finnigan, USA). The MDLs for THMs were determined from the standard deviation of eight standards at 1 μg/L. The MDLs for CHCl₃, CHBrCl₂, CHBr₂Cl and CHBr₃ were 0.3, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.6 μg/L, respectively. All kinetic laboratory studies were carried out only with water from the WTP Gilau. The experiments were conducted under two conditions: baseline conditions (pH 7, 21°C, 2.5 mg/L Cl₂) to gain information about the change of the organic matter in the raw water and seasonally variable conditions to simulate the actual process at the treatment plant and the distribution system.

Results and discussion

This study shows that the current chlorination practice in the investigated plants complies with the THM drinking water standards of the EU. The THM concentrations in all samples taken in the four treatment plants and distributions systems were below the EU drinking water standard for TTHMs of 100 μg/L. Due to the low bromide levels in the raw waters, the main THM formed in the investigated plants is chloroform. It could also be seen that the THM levels were typically lower in water supplies with groundwater as their water resource. In one plant (Dej) with a pre-ozonation step, a significantly lower (50%) THM formation during post-chlorination was observed. Laboratory chlorination experiments revealed a good correlation between chloroform formation and the consumed chlorine dose. Also, these experiments allowed a semi-quantative prediction of the chloroform formation in the distribution system of Cluj-Napoca.

Conclusions

CHCl₃ was the most important trihalomethane species observed after the chlorination of water in all of the sampled months. However, TTHM concentrations did not exceed the maximum permissible value of 100 μg/L (EU). The THM formation rates in the distribution system of Cluj-Napoca have a high seasonal variability. Kinetic laboratory experiments could be used to predict chloroform formation in the Cluj-Napoca distribution system. Furthermore, an empirical model allowed an estimation of the chloroform formation in the Gilau water treatment plant.

     

龙形水系中心区水体富营养化评价与成因分析

龙形水系是北京奥林匹克公园内的主要景观水体,以再生水为主要补水水源.采用综合营养状态指数法对龙形水系中心区(简称中心区)水体富营养化状态进行评价.结果表明:(1)中心区水体全部为富营养状态,汛期的综合营养状态指数总体呈逐渐降低的趋势,即水体在汛期初期至中期为中度富营养,后期为轻度富营养;汛期结束后水质较差,综合营养状态指数上升,中心区水体达到重度富营养化状态.(2)再生水为中心区水体污染物的主要污染源,其TN、TP、COD和NH4+-N年输入量占各类污染物年总输入量的85％以上;在汛期,其主要污染物输入量占总输入量的70％以上.中心区水体在汛期没有明显的污染物集中输入现象.(3)中心区水体富营养化主要成因为氮磷等营养物质的输出量小于输入量,造成氮磷等营养物质大量累积.(4)在汛期,外界的适宜温度、饱和光照、水体的弱碱性和缓慢流速加大了中心区水体水华暴发风险.     

受污染水体的水质恢复方法

大量未经处理的污水排入水体时 ,会导致地面水体严重污染。受污染水体的水质恢复方法有物理法、化学法和生物法 ,它们能控制水体外源性和内源性污染物的排入量、人工强化水体自身的净化能力 ,以降低水体中污染物的浓度、提高溶解氧浓度 ,恢复水生生物的多样性     

Organics in the water colümn and air-water interface samples of Mississippi river water

Organic compounds in Mississippi river water were collected using a teflon disc to obtain surface film samples and a submerged bottle to collect water column samples. These organics were analyzed and characterized by high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of n-alkanes, polynuclear aromatics and chlorinated hydrocarbons was established, with the more hydrophobic compounds found in greater quantities at the air-water interface as compared to the sub-surface water column.     

城市给水厂污泥对污水中磷的动态吸附

以城市给水厂污泥为原料,制备了2种不同粒径的颗粒状吸附剂,探讨了这2种颗粒吸附剂不同应用方式动态吸附初沉池水中磷的效果,并对吸附的影响因素进行了探究。结果表明,在使用2 mm粒径的吸附剂进行动态吸附时,在颗粒投加量固液比为20 g·L~(-1)的条件下,运行8 h后,出水磷浓度最低,总磷、可溶性总磷、可溶性活性磷酸盐的出水浓度分别可达到1.52、0.27、0.16 mg·L~(-1)。干化大颗粒的固定床吸附实验结果表明,空床停留时间应控制在30 min左右,有效滤层高度为11.5 cm,滤柱连续运行前80 h,对初沉池水有良好的处理效果,为该吸附剂投入使用提供了初步依据。对给水厂污泥颗粒吸附剂进行了技术经济分析,得出颗粒吸附剂理论上处理初沉池水所需药剂费用为0.021 2元·t~(-1),具有较高的经济效益。以上结果可为给水厂的污泥在实际生产中的应用提供参考。     

Nitrate and water supplies in the United Kingdom

Nitrate concentrations in UK waters are rising, with the highest levels occurring in the south and east of England, particularly Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and East Anglia. The source of the nitrate is arable agriculture where intensification in the last few decades has increased nitrate leaching from soils into both surface and underground waters. Concentrations in underground waters are expected to reach 150 to 200 mg litre(-1) nitrate (i.e. NO(3)) in the future, if agricultural losses remain stable. No widespread environmental deterioration due to nitrate has been observed in rivers or lakes. Excessive concentrations of nitrate in drinking waters can cause methaemoglobinaemia (blue-baby syndrome) in bottle-fed infants and the government Chief Medical Officer has recommended that a maximum concentration of 100 mg litre(-1) is appropriate for public water supplies in the UK. This level has not been exceeded in public water supplies in the UK, but maintaining it has cost approximately 15m pounds in borehole replacement and arrangements to blend high and low nitrate waters. Future capital costs are estimated as 37m pounds over the next 20 years. The European Economic Community (EEC) Drinking Water Directive (80/778/EEC) sets a maximum admissible concentration of 50 mg litre(-1) nitrate. Adherence to this standard will cost 199m pounds over the same period.