毛木耳对铜的生物吸附影响因子研究

报道了高等真菌毛木耳Auricularia polytricha生物吸附Cu2 的试验研究,以摸清毛木耳菌丝体吸附Cu2 的理想条件。试验评价了影响吸附的溶液pH值,温度,振荡吸附时间,初始金属质量浓度和菌丝体生物质量分数。结果表明:pH值影响毛木耳的吸附能力随溶液中初始Cu2 质量浓度的不同而不同,在低Cu2 质量浓度(10mg·L-1),pH=6时,每克干质量的菌丝体对Cu2 的吸附值达到最大(1.4608mg);温度的影响没有规律,在20℃时吸附能力最强;吸收15min时,毛木耳每克干质量的菌丝体对Cu2 的吸附值为最高(1.379mg);随着溶液初始Cu2 质量浓度的增加,吸附率增加,但随菌丝体生物质量分数的增加吸附能力下降,当溶液Cu2 的质量浓度为60mg·L-1,下降最明显。毛木耳作为重金属的生物吸附剂有待进一步的深入研究。     

钙基膨润土和钠基膨润土对Pu的吸附行为

通过静态吸附实验,探讨了在不同条件下,钙基膨润土和钠基膨润土对239Pu的吸附行为.结果表明,钙基膨润土对钚的吸附能力强于钠基膨润土;固液比的增大有助于膨润土对钚的吸附,但达到一定值后对吸附不再产生影响;两种膨润土的吸附能力均随着水相pH的增大而增强,但随着CO2-3和Fe3+离子浓度的增大而减弱;此外,两种膨润土对Pu的吸附行为均可用Freundlich等温式表示.     

溶解性有机质(DOM)对不同浓度卡马西平在蒙脱土上吸附行为的影响

为探究溶解性有机质(DOM)对药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)类污染物吸附过程的影响,以卡马西平(CBZ)为目标污染物,以蒙脱土为介质,用商用腐殖酸(HA)制备DOM,开展吸附实验,并采用紫外-可见光吸收光谱和红外光谱表征等手段,研究了DOM对不同浓度CBZ在蒙脱土上吸附影响的差异及机制.等温吸附实验结果显示:DOM对不同浓度CBZ吸附影响方式不同.CBZ浓度较低时(0.2—1.5 mg·L~(-1)),DOM对CBZ的吸附表现为抑制作用,吸附等温线为L型;浓度较高时(5—40 mg·L~(-1))表现为由抑制转为促进作用,吸附等温线为C型.结合表征结果分析认为,CBZ浓度是影响DOM存在下CBZ吸附行为的主要因素.DOM与低浓度CBZ的结合能力弱,此时大分子量DOM与CBZ竞争有限的吸附位点,小分子量DOM与CBZ结合起到增溶作用,而DOM中以大分子量物质为主,因而DOM对CBZ的吸附抑制作用增强,形成L型吸附等温线;DOM与高浓度CBZ的结合能力较强,结合物质的分子量随CBZ浓度升高而逐渐增大,进而引起共吸附和累积吸附现象产生,在蒙脱土上形成的新的活性吸附位点,从而导致CBZ的吸附促进作用随污染物浓度的升高而增强,形成C型吸附等温线.     

碱渣对铜(Ⅱ)离子吸附特征的研究

研究了铜在碱渣表面的吸附特征.结果表明,碱渣总吸附量随体系温度的升高而降低;随体系pH值的升高而增加;随吸附质初始浓度的增加而增大.在pH《5.01时其等温吸附能较好地符合Freudlich等温吸附规律,而在pH》5.01时,能较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附规律,吸附热随pH值的增大而升高.当pH≤4.54时,碱渣的吸附力以偶极间力和氢键力的作用为主,而当pH》4.54时,以化学键力为主.碱渣的动力学方程亦随pH值的改变而改变,在pH=4.54时,碱渣对Cu2 的吸附动力学方程以一级动力学方程拟合效果最优;当pH为4.91和6.01时,以Langmuir方程的拟合效果最优.     

石灰性褐土中柠檬酸对土壤Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)吸附-解吸的影响

通过室内培养和吸附-解吸实验,研究了不同柠檬酸含量土壤对Cu2+、Cd2+吸附-解吸的影响.结果表明,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随加入柠檬酸量的增加而明显增加,达到峰值后(柠檬酸含量为0.5 mmol.kg-1),吸附量随柠檬酸含量的增加而下降,即Cu2+的吸附曲线呈峰型.在低柠檬酸含量时,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量受Cd2+浓度影响较小,但随柠檬酸含量的增加,在低铜浓度处理(Cu2+浓度为600 mg·L-1,Cu600)下,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随Cd2+浓度的增大而增大,但在高浓度铜处理(Cu2+浓度为1000 mg·L-1,Cu1000)下,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随Cd2+浓度的增加而减少.Cu2+的解吸量随柠檬酸含量的增加而总体上降低;相同柠檬酸含量下,Cu600处理下,Cd2+浓度为10 mg·L-1(Cd10)条件下Cu2+解吸量明显低于无Cd2+(Cd0)和Cd2+浓度为1 mg·L-1(Cd1)条件下.而Cu1000处理下,Cd2+的浓度对Cu2+解吸量的影响较小.Cd2+吸附量随柠檬酸含量的增加无明显变化,但随Cu2+浓度的增加下降明显,其中无Cu2+处理Cd2+吸附量极显著地高于Cu600和Cu1000处理,而Cu600和Cu1000处理间差异不显著,且土壤对Cd2+的吸附随镉添加量增加而增加;Cd2+的解吸量随柠檬酸含量的增加先增大后保持稳定,在柠檬酸含量为0.5 mmol.kg-1时达到最大,Cu600处理的Cd2+的解吸量显著地高于Cu1000处理.     

有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中苯酚的研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵为改性剂制备有机膨润土,研究了有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中典型有机污染物苯酚的性能、条件及改性条件对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,有机膨润土对苯酚有很好的吸附效果,实验条件下对苯酚的去除率可达90％以上,pH值是影响有机膨润土吸附能力的主要因素,绘制了不同初始浓度的苯酚溶液在平衡浓度达国家工业废水的第二类污染物三级排放标准时,改性膨润土的用量曲线及吸附等温线,并得到投样量方程：y＝0．1959x－0．2458,R^2＝0．9751。     

黄原酸化膨润土对Cu^2＋的吸附性能

研究黄原酸化膨润土(XB)对铜离子的吸附性能.考察XB对Cu2 吸附的主要影响因素,最佳吸附条件为:[Cu2 ]起始>=80mg·1-1,pH=6,XB用量2g·1-1,吸附作用时间60min,XB对Cu2 的去除率最高达99.9%,残余浓度为0.077mg·1-1,远低于国家综合污水排放一级标准.采用FT-IR,TG,SEM,XRD和粒度分析等表征手段,分析了XB吸附Cu2 前后表观形貌和晶胞结构的变化,结果表明,黄原酸化改性增大了膨润土的粒度,使之极易沉降;推测Cu2 在XB吸附剂上的吸附为络合或螯合作用.     

木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

以木本泥炭为吸附材料,用于去除水中的Cr(Ⅵ).研究了溶液pH值、吸附时间、木本泥炭用量、缓冲液浓度和初始浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响,以及溶液pH值对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸附的影响.结果表明,木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随溶液pH值的增大而减小,当溶液pH值为4时,木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力最强,3.33 g·L~(-1)木本泥炭对100 mg·L~(-1)Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量为29. 98 mg·g~(-1);当磷酸盐缓冲液浓度在0. 10—0.20 mol·L~(-1)范围内时,随着缓冲液浓度的增大Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量逐渐减小;木本泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合准一级反应动力学,其吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型;当溶液pH值小于6时,Cr(Ⅵ)的解吸率低于0.32%.     

钠化改性膨润土对Cd2+的吸附研究

通过等温吸附试验,研究了钙基膨润土及钠化改性膨润土对Cd^2 的吸附,并与土壤对Cd^2 的吸附进行了对比．试验表明,钠化改性膨润土对Cd^2 有很好的吸附作用,可用于重金属污染土壤的治理,pH值是影响吸附效果的一个重要因素。     

The sorption of selenite from aqueous solutions by pyrite

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace nutrient for mammals; however, the range between deficit and toxic levels is narrow. In this study, the potential sorption of selenite onto pyrite particles from an aqueous solution was investigated. An intraparticle diffusion model was used to describe kinetic data of sorption, yielding diffusivity values of 5 × 10^?7 cm²/s. The Langmuir isotherm equation could be used to describe the experimental data. The fitting results indicated that b and {Se(IV)}_max have values of 0.37 L/mg and 3.49 mg/g, respectively. The sorption of selenite onto the surface of pyrite particles was dependent on a pH range of 2–12, and the quantity of sorption onto pyrite was negatively correlated with pH; that is, the amount of sorption onto pyrite increased with a decrease in pH. In addition, organic matter did not exert a significant effect on removal of selenite. With a reaction time greater than 1 week, sorption of selenite onto pyrite particles was found to partially reduce the amount of elemental Se.     

Improved Cu and Zn sorption on oxidized wheat lignocellulose

We studied the effect an oxidizing treatment of a lignocellulosic substrate, extracted from wheat bran, on the sorption of Cu and Zn. Oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) or sodium periodate (NaIO₄), creates oxygenated functions, e.g. alcohol and carboxylic acid, which increase the density of functional sites and the binding capacity of lignocellulose towards copper and zinc. We found that the treatment with KMnO₄ is the most efficient, with an increase of about 30–40% metal ion binding, compared to 15–25% using NaIO₄. The investigation of the oxidation process shows that the efficiency of KMnO₄ can be attributed to its affinity towards insaturated double bonds of lignin entities. Oxidized lignocellulose is thus a promising, efficient, and cheap biomaterial for the decontamination of wastewater.     

Nature of the action of a compost from olive mill wastewater on Cu sorption by soils

The reaction of two soils that have received composted OMW as manure with Cu solutions is studied. The data were fitted into a multi‐reaction model which considers both reversible and irreversible adsorption sites, and an ‘instantaneous’ fraction. The presence of composted OMW caused a strong increase in the distribution coefficient describing the instantaneous fraction, and the disappearance of the irreversible fraction. This behaviour was attributed to blocking of some sorbing surfaces by the organics, and to new surfaces present in the compost. These effects can have some environmental significance from the viewpoint of Cu mobility.     

Effects of different sediment fractions on sorption of galaxolide

Sorption isotherms of galaxolide (HHCB) of different fractions from two sediments with different mineral and organic carbon contents were determined to compare HHCB sorption behavior and contribution to the total sorption. The HHCB sorption isotherms that used the batch equilibration method were studied on different sediments of different fractions. The sorption isotherms of 600°C heating fractions were detailed using the linear model, while the other fractions were nonlinear and fitted well with the Freundlich model. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removed, NaOH extracted, and 375°C heating fractions showed more nonlinear sorption than the original sediments, which suggested more heterogeneous sorption sites in these fractions. Compared to the original sediments, the 375°C heating fractions had higher carbonnormalized distribution coefficient (K _oc) values, indicating a higher sorption affinity for HHCB. Among the different sediment fractions, the contribution of the 600°C heating fractions to the overall sorption were the lowest (< 20%), while the 375°C heating fractions were the highest (up to 85%).     

不同磷肥对棕壤吸附铜的影响

采用等温平衡法研究3种性质不同的磷肥（磷酸二铵,钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）对棕壤铜吸附量的影响,并应用Freundlich方程Cs=KfCen分析土壤铜的吸附特征。结果表明,与不施磷肥处理（对照）相比,当n（磷）：n（铜）=1：1时,钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉增加棕壤对铜的吸附量,分别增加107%和158%;不同用量的磷酸二铵均会降低棕壤对铜的吸附能力;增加非水溶性磷肥（钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）的施用量,能增加棕壤对铜的吸附量,提高棕壤的吸附能力;高量磷矿粉的作用效果最为明显。由此可知,为降低农产品质量安全风险,铜污染棕壤上不宜施用磷酸二铵,但可选用磷矿粉作为肥源。     

有机酸对潮褐土和红壤吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响及其机制

采用吸附平衡法,研究了有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸)对潮褐土和红壤吸附Cu2+的影响及机制.结果表明,潮褐土、红壤对Cu2+吸附明显有异,潮褐土对Cu2+吸附量是红壤对Cu2+吸附量的5倍多.潮褐土对Cu2+的竞争吸附率随有机酸浓度升高而降低,当草酸、柠檬酸浓度为10 mmol(L-1时,Cu2+吸附率均分别比对照的降低40%和70%以上.在低浓度条件下,红壤对Cu2+的竞争吸附率随有机酸浓度的提高而增加,当草酸、柠檬酸浓度分别超过1 mmol(L-1和0.05 mmol(L-1时,又随有机酸浓度的升高而降低.两种土壤对Cu2+次级吸附率随有机酸浓度升高而变化的规律与竞争吸附的一致.在相同有机酸浓度下,土壤对Cu2+的次级吸附率均比竞争吸附率的高.     

有机酸对潮褐土和红壤吸附Cu(II)的影响及其机制

采用吸附平衡法,研究了有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸)对潮褐土和红壤吸附Cu2+的影响及机制。结果表明,潮褐土、红壤对Cu2+吸附明显有异,潮褐土对Cu2+吸附量是红壤对Cu2+吸附量的5倍多。潮褐土对Cu2+的竞争吸附率随有机酸浓度升高而降低,当草酸、柠檬酸浓度为10 mmolL-1时,Cu2+吸附率均分别比对照的降低40%和70%以上。在低浓度条件下,红壤对Cu2+的竞争吸附率随有机酸浓度的提高而增加,当草酸、柠檬酸浓度分别超过1 mmolL-1和0.05 mmolL-1时,又随有机酸浓度的升高而降低。两种土壤对Cu2+次级吸附率随有机酸浓度升高而变化的规律与竞争吸附的一致。在相同有机酸浓度下,土壤对Cu2+的次级吸附率均比竞争吸附率的高。     

不同化肥对水稻土中Cu吸附行为的影响

通过等温吸附试验,研究Ca(NO3)2、NH4CI、NH4NO3、CO(NH2)2、KH2PO4和KCI 6种化肥对土壤中Cu吸附行为的影响.结果表明,添加CO(NH2)2使土壤中Cu的吸附率和分配系数增大,NH4NO3、KCI、NH4Cl和Ca(NO3)2则使其明显减小,KH2PO4对土壤Cu吸附的影响作用与Cu离子浓度有关.不同化肥处理土壤中Cu的吸附势E0顺序为:CO(NH2)2>CK>NH4NO3>Ca(NO3)2>KCI>NH4CI>KH2PO4.6种化肥对土壤中Cu吸附行为的影响作用为:KH2PO4>CO(NH2)2>CK>NH4NO3>KCI>NH4CI>Ca(NO3)2.由于不同化肥对土壤中Cu吸附行为的影响不同,因此在Cu含量较高的土壤上种植时应合理选择施用化肥,以避免土壤中Cu的迁移转化,降低其生物有效性.     

吸附反应时间对除草剂阿特拉津吸附行为的影响

采用批量动态实验方法,对潮土中阿特拉津吸附特征随吸附反应时间变化进行了研究。结果表明,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随反应时间的变化符合双曲线函数关系。在50μg·L-1～2000μg·L-1浓度系列下,在48h内,土壤颗粒对阿特拉津的吸附属于快反应,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随吸附反应时间呈指数上升,为吸附实验结束(168h)时土壤吸附阿特拉津总量的58%到90%。当吸附反应时间超过48h后,随反应时间增加,土壤吸附阿特拉津量差异变化不显著。阿特拉津在潮土颗粒和土壤溶液中的相分配可用Freundlich方程描述。吸附容量因子Kf与吸附反应时间之间有极显著的线性正关系(r2=0.9063**,p<0.0001)。无量纲的非线性因子n与吸附反应时间之间也具有显著的线性负关系(r2=0.5666*,p=0.0192)。     

Effects of Hg and Cu on hemocytes-mediated functions in the prawn,Macrobrachium malcolmsonii

Sublethal effects of Hg (9.6, 14.5 and 24.1 microg/l) and Cu (60.5, 90.8 and 150.5 microg/l) on the hemocytes-mediated functions in the juveniles of the economically important freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii were investigated. The population of total hemocytes, percentile phagocytosis and superoxide anion production were found to be increased in test prawns exposed to the lowest sublethal concentration of these two metals in comparison to controls. This indicates the fact that a mechanism of host-defence was in an active state to encounter metal toxicity. The total hemocytes population, percentile phagocytosis and superoxide anion production were found to be decreased in test prawns exposed to intermediate as well as the highest sublethal concentrations of Hg and Cu when compared with controls. This suggests that high concentrations of both Hg and Cu have inhibitory effects on the immune functions of the hemocytes in the prawn, M. malcolmsonii.