土壤/沉积物中重金属生物有效性和生物可利用性的研究进展

土壤/沉积物中重金属的污染问题越来越引起重视,而重金属在环境中的生态风险与其生物可利用性和生物有效性密切相关。在总结国内外研究的基础上,明确了重金属生物有效性和生物可利用性的定义;概述了用于研究土壤/沉积物中重金属生物有效性的生物模型(小鼠、猪、兔子等);总结了用于研究土壤/沉积物中重金属生物可利用性的几种体外方法,包括模拟人类肠胃消化(PBET、SBRC、UBM等)和底栖生物消化;分析了土壤/沉积物中重金属生物有效性和生物可利用性的关键影响因素(土壤/沉积物理化性质和分析方法)。提出了未来土壤/沉积物中重金属生物有效性和生物可利用性的研究方向,以期为重金属生态风险的评价和控制提供参考。     

翅碱蓬-沙蚕对土壤中Pb的生物可利用性影响研究

用中国北方滩涂湿地优势植物翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera)和潮间带常见物种沙蚕(Nereis succinea)联合处理大连市黑石礁黄海潮间带模拟Pb污染土壤。结果表明,翅碱蓬和沙蚕联合作用,能对Pb~(2+)质量浓度在800mg/kg以下的土壤起到残渣态向可交换态转化的作用,使生物可利用性提高。翅碱蓬和沙蚕联合起协同作用,能显著提高生物体对土壤中总Pb的吸收速率,两者对Pb~(2+)质量浓度800mg/kg以下的土壤30d内都有富集能力,总吸收速率常数随土壤中Pb~(2+)浓度的增大而增大。     

淋洗对污染土壤重金属形态分布及生物可利用性影响研究

淋洗是一种快速高效的土壤重金属修复技术,淋洗条件的选择对不同土地利用类型的重金属污染修复具有重要意义。以Ni、Cu、Cd复合污染土壤为研究对象,在不同淋洗条件(液固比和pH)下考察6种淋洗剂(去离子水、模拟酸雨、柠檬酸、草酸、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na2EDTA)和氨三乙酸(NTA))对Ni、Cu、Cd的淋洗效果、形态分布及生物可利用性影响。结果表明:(1)当液固比5∶1mL/g时,柠檬酸、Na2EDTA、NTA表现出良好的淋洗效果,对建设用地土壤Ni、Cu、Cd的去除率分别达到84.53%、92.30%、56.00%以上。(2)淋洗后土壤中可交换态、可还原态Ni、Cu、Cd浓度均明显降低。(3)总体上,淋洗使残余指数升高、迁移系数降低,重金属离子在液固比20∶1 mL/g时生物可利用性最低。(4)根据实际污染土壤效果,pH 5.2的柠檬酸或pH 7.5的Na2EDTA在液固比20∶1mL/g时可降低农业土壤的风险;建设用地土壤使用液固比5∶1mL/g、pH 7.5的Na2EDTA或pH 7.5的NTA对3种重金属的去除率达80.43%以上。     

中国部分城市污泥中矿质元素形态与生物可利用性研究

近年来随着城市污水处理厂数目迅速增加,低成本、高效率的污泥农用受到越来越多的关注。研究从北到南的五家污水处理厂消化污泥中矿质元素的含量和形态分布,为污泥资源化的合理利用提供科学参考。结果表明：消化污泥总体呈高有机质、高氮磷、低K、高矿质元素营养的相似性,但其理化性质如阳离子交换容量(CEC)、pH等差异较大,对矿质元素的形态分布与生物可利用性有明显的影响。同种元素在不同污泥中含量的差异较大,相差数倍,甚至十倍以上。污泥中不同元素含量明显不同,Fe的浓度最高,次之是Mg、Zn、B的浓度最低。连续提取研究表明,污泥pH对污泥中矿质元素的形态分布有明显影响,酸性污泥(厦门污水处理厂)中各矿质元素酸溶／交换态百分率明显高于其他污泥。Cu主要分布在氧化态;Zn的三态分布百分率均在10％以上;Mg、Mn的酸溶／交换态含量较高;Fe主要分布在残渣态;B氧化态和还原态的百分率较高。建议在全国范围内进行一次污水处理厂污泥品质调查,为污泥合理农用提供科学依据。     

城镇污水处理厂污泥中磷的形态分布及生物可利用性分析

以上海市2家污水处理厂为对象,对比了SMT法与碱性过硫酸钾消解(APPD)法对污泥总磷(TP)的提取效果,应用SMT法分析了污泥处理流程中磷赋存形态的变化规律,探究了污泥中生物可利用磷与TP的关系。结果表明,SMT法对污泥磷的提取较APPD法更为彻底,深度脱水污泥含磷量明显低于其他污泥。无机磷(IP)为污泥中磷的主要形态,占TP的62%以上;IP中又以磷灰石磷(AP)为主,特别是深度脱水污泥中,AP约占IP的90%。污泥中TP与生物有效磷和非磷灰石磷呈极显著正相关关系。深度脱水污泥中生物有效磷约占TP的20%,明显低于其他污泥的52%~66%。这表明,深度脱水污泥中磷潜在的生物可利用性较低,填埋处置的生态风险较低。     

南京玄武湖沉积物生物可利用磷的研究

采用连续提取法(SMT法)和化学提取法,研究了南京玄武湖5个采样点的沉积物中TP、各组分磷及生物可利用磷的垂向分布,探讨了玄武湖不同深度沉积物的潜在释磷能力和生物可利用磷的来源.结果表明,玄武湖5个采样点的沉积物中TP含量分布差异较大,且与人类活动密切相关.沉积物中铁磷(Fe-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)对生物可利用磷的贡献巨大,这部分磷具有较大的潜在释放风险.     

不同浓度Mn2+对铜绿微囊藻的生长及其生物可利用性的影响

利用MA培养液进行藻类增长潜力(AGP)试验,考察了不同浓度Mn2 对铜绿微囊藻生长及其生物可利用性的影响.结果表明,Mn2 为0 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻生长受到很大抑制,叶绿素a含量较低;Mn2 为0.7～6.0 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻生长较快,叶绿素a含量都较高,并且相互差异不明显;Mn2 为12.0 mg/L时,可能对铜绿微囊藻生长产生了毒性,生长受到抑制,且叶绿素a含量较低;Mn2 在藻类正常生长所需浓度范围内,其生物可利用性与溶液中Mn2 浓度呈正相关.     

超临界水氧化法改善有机污染物可生化性的研究

难生化有机污染物二甲基甲酰胺、乙睛、氨基萘磺酸或羟基萘磺酸的高浓度水溶液（4777－28244mg/L），经超临界水氧化处理后，其可生化性能都有了大幅度的提高。二甲基甲酰胺、乙睛、氨基萘磺酸和羟基萘磺酸处理前的BOD5／CODcr，分别为8．4％、1．56％、1．56％和2．73％。经过超临界水氧化处理，它们的BOD5／CODcr可分别达到23．2％、55．1％、50．2％和38．8％。且随着处理温度的升高和COD去除率的上升，可生化性越来越好。这表明，超临界水氧化法不仅可以用来彻底降解有机污染物，也可以用于难生化有机污染物的预处理，为难生化有机污染物的生物处理创造条件。     

超临界水氧化法改善有机污染物可生化性的研究

难生化有机污染物二甲基甲酰胺、乙睛、氨基萘磺酸或羟基萘磺酸的高浓度水溶液 (4777— 2 82 4 4mg/L) ,经超临界水氧化处理后 ,其可生化性都有了大幅度的提高。二甲基甲酰胺、乙睛、氨基萘磺酸和羟基萘磺酸处理前的BOD5/CODCr,分别为 8.4 %、1.5 6 %、1.5 6 %和 2 .73%。经过超临界水氧化处理 ,它们的BOD5/CODCr可分别达到 2 3.2 %、5 5 .1%、5 0 .2 %和 38.8%。且随着处理温度的升高和COD去除率的上升 ,可生化性越来越好。这表明 ,超临界水氧化法不仅可以用来彻底降解有机污染物 ,也可以用于难生化有机污染物的预处理 ,为难生化有机污染物的生物处理创造条件     

赤泥对污染土壤Pb、Zn化学形态和生物可给性的影响

通过土壤培养实验,研究添加赤泥对污染土壤中Pb、Zn化学形态和生物可给性的影响。结果表明,不同赤泥用量处理均可显著降低土壤中HOAc提取态Pb、Zn含量。当赤泥用量为5%时,培养1、2和3个月后,HOAc提取态Pb含量分别比对照下降62.5%、65.3%和73.5%;HOAc提取态Zn含量分别比对照下降56.7%、65.8%和67.4%。培养3个月后,只有1%赤泥用量处理显著降低了土壤中生物可给性Pb含量,而不同用量赤泥处理均显著降低了土壤中生物可给性Zn含量。研究表明赤泥是一种钝化污染土壤中Pb、Zn的潜力添加剂。     

Approaches to assess the oral bioaccessibility of persistent organic pollutants: a critical review

Oral bioaccessibility, also known as in vitro gastrointestinal extraction or the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), is an important tool when assessing the risk to humans from persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (and metals). The approach seeks to mimic the processes of human food digestion and thereby assess the bioavailability of POPs (and metals) from materials consumed either accidentally or intentionally in the diet. In vitro conditions are created to simulate various actions in the stomach and intestines (although some methods also include the mouth compartment). This paper reviews the current status of oral bioaccessibility with respect to the release of POPs from soil and related samples of environmental importance. Particular emphasis is placed on the parameters that influence gastrointestinal extraction including gastric and intestinal pH, enzymes, bile salts, food constituents and residence time. In addition, important developments in the use of in vitro gastrointestinal extraction are highlighted. These developments include the use of epithelial Caco-2 cells to mimic the intestinal cell lining, the potential for biotransformation of POPs into estrogenic metabolites as a result of colon microbiota, and the use of in vivo studies to validate existing approaches.     

Assessment of the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Beijing using an in vitro test

As an important human exposure pathway of contaminants, soil ingestion is of increasing concern for assessing health risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. A wide range of total PAH concentrations ranging from 0.112 microg g(-1) to 27.8 microg g(-1) in soils collected from different public sites, including gas stations, roadsides, bus stops, a kindergarten, primary and middle schools, a university and residential area, was detected. In general, total PAHs concentrations in soils from traffic areas were significantly higher than that from the other sites, indicating a dominant contribution from motor vehicles. Physiologically based in vitro tests were used to evaluate the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in surface soil under different land uses in Beijing regarding both gastric and small intestinal conditions. It was found that the oral bioaccessibility of total PAHs in small intestinal condition, ranging from 9.2% to 60.5% of total PAHs in soil, was significantly higher than gastric condition, ranging from 3.9% to 54.9%. The bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in soils generally decreased with the increasing ring number of PAHs in both gastric and small intestinal conditions. However, the ratio of bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in gastric condition to that in small intestinal condition, generally increased with increasing ring number, indicating the relatively pronounced effect of bile extract on improving bioaccessibility of PAHs with relatively high ring numbers characterized by their high K(ow) values. The observation that bile extract at a level higher than critical micelle concentration could reduce the surface tension of digestive juice substantially, which may cause PAHs to be available for intestinal absorption, calls for more careful establishment of reliable soil criteria for PAHs, especially concerning the health of children who may ingest a considerable amount of PAH-contaminated soil via outdoor hand-mouth activities.     

Remediation of noxious pollutants using nano-titania-based photocatalytic construction materials: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nano-titania (n-TiO2), due to its unique photocatalytic and hydrophobic properties, can be used to prepare self-cleaning cement-based smart building...     

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants and contribute to the pollution of soil environment. Soil ingestion is of increasing concern for assessing health risk from PAH-contaminated soils because soil ingestion is one of the potentially important pathways of exposure to environmental pollutants, particularly relevant for children playing at contaminated sites due to their hand-to-mouth activities. In vitro gastro-intestinal tests imitate the human digestive tract, based on the physiology of humans, generally more simple, less time-consuming, and especially more reproducible than animal tests. This study was conducted to investigate the level of PAH contamination and oral bioaccessibility in surface soils, using physiologically based in vitro gastro-intestinal tests regarding both gastric and small intestinal conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wastewater-irrigated soils were sampled from the metropolitan areas of Beijing and Tianjin, China, which were highly contaminated with PAHs. Reference soil samples were also collected for comparisons. At each site, four soils were sampled in the upper horizon at the depth of 0-20 cm randomly and were bulked together to form one composite sample. PAH concentrations and origin were investigated and a physiologically based in vitro test was conducted using all analytical grade reagents. Linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between total PAH concentrations in soils and soil organic carbon (SOC). RESULTS: A wide range of total PAH concentrations ranging from 1,304 to 3,369 mug kg(-1) in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Tianjin, while ranging from 2,687 to 4,916 mug kg(-1) in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Beijing, was detected. In general, total PAH concentrations in soils from Beijing sites were significantly higher than those from Tianjin sites, indicating a dominant contribution from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. Results indicated that the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in small intestinal was significantly higher (from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) than gastric condition. Similarly, the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in contaminated sites was significantly higher (from P < or = 0.05 to P < 0.001) than in reference sites. Individual PAH ratios (three to six rings), a more accurate and reliable estimation about the emission sources, were used to distinguish the natural and anthropogenic PAH inputs in the soils. Results indicated that PAHs were both pyrogenic and petrogenic in nature. DISCUSSION: The identification of PAH sources and importance of in vitro test for PAH bioaccessibility were emphasized in this study. The oral bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in soils generally decreased with increasing ring numbers of PAHs in both the gastric and small intestinal conditions. However, the ratio of bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in gastric conditions to that in the small intestinal condition generally increased with increasing ring numbers, indicating the relatively pronounced effect of bile extract on improving the bioaccessibility of PAHs with relatively high ring numbers characterized by their high K ( ow ) values. Similarly, total PAH concentrations in soils were strongly correlated with SOC, indicating that SOC was the key factor determining the retention of PAHs in soils. CONCLUSIONS: Soils were contaminated with PAHs due to long-term wastewater irrigation. PAHs with two to six rings showed high concentrations with a significant increase over reference soils. Based on the molecular indices, it was suggested that PAHs in soils had both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. It was also concluded that the oral bioaccessibility of total PAHs in the small intestinal condition was significantly higher than that in the gastric condition. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in soils generally decreased with the increasing ring numbers in both the gastric and small intestinal conditions. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: It is suggested that more care should be given while establishing reliable soil criteria for PAHs, especially concerning the health of children who may ingest a considerable amount of PAH-contaminated soil via outdoor hand-to-mouth activities.     

Recent updates on electrochemical degradation of bio-refractory organic pollutants using BDD anode: a mini review

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is playing an important role in environmental electrochemistry and has been successfully applied to the degradation of various bio-refractory organic pollutants. However, the review concerning recent progress in this research area is still very limited. This mini-review updated recent advances on the removal of three kinds of bio-refractory wastewaters including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes using BDD electrode. It summarized the important parameters in three electrochemical oxidation processes, i.e., anodic oxidation (AO), electro-Fenton (EF), and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) and compared their different degradation mechanisms and behaviors. As an attractive improvement of PEF, solar photoelectro-Fenton using sunlight as UV/vis source presented cost-effectiveness, in which the energy consumption for enrofloxacin removal was 0.246 kWh/(g TOC), which was much lower than that of 0.743 and 0.467 kWh/(g TOC) by AO and EF under similar conditions. Finally the existing problems and future prospects in research were suggested.     

Fate of hydrophobic organic pollutants in the aquatic environment: a review

The fate of hydrophobic organic pollutants in the aquatic environment is controlled by a variety of physical, chemical and biological processes. Some of the most important are physical transport, chemical and biological transformations, and distribution of these compounds between the various environmental compartments (atmosphere, water, sediments and biota). The major biogeochemical processes that control the fate of hydrophobic organic compounds in the aquatic environment are reviewed. These processes include evaporation, solubilization, interaction with dissolved organic matter, sediment-water partitioning, bioaccumulation and degradation. Physico-chemical parameters used to predict the aquatic fate of such compounds are also discussed.     

Biodegradation of organic pollutants in saline wastewater by halophilic microorganisms: a review

Agro-food, petroleum, textile, and leather industries generate saline wastewater with a high content of organic pollutants such as aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, nitroaromatics, and azo dyes. Halophilic microorganisms are of increasing interest in industrial waste treatment, due to their ability to degrade hazardous substances efficiently under high salt conditions. However, their full potential remains unexplored. The isolation and identification of halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms from geographically unrelated and geologically diverse hypersaline sites supports their application in bioremediation processes. Past investigations in this field have mainly focused on the elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols, whereas few studies have investigated N-aromatic compounds, such as nitro-substituted compounds, amines, and azo dyes, in saline wastewater. Information regarding the growth conditions and degradation mechanisms of halophilic microorganisms is also limited. In this review, we discuss recent research on the removal of organic pollutants such as organic matter, in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), dyes, hydrocarbons, N-aliphatic and N-aromatic compounds, and phenols, in conditions of high salinity. In addition, some proposal pathways for the degradation of aromatic compounds are presented.     

物理场协同作用降解有机污染物研究进展

有机污染物是环境污染物的主要类型,通过物理场外加能量的作用可实现各种有机污染物的高效降解.对微波、超声波、紫外光、电场、磁场、等离子体这几类主要物理场相互协同降解有机污染物的研究现状进行综述,重点介绍了物理场协同作用降解有机污染物的机制、效果、影响因素及污染物类型,并展望了该类研究今后的应用前景和发展趋势.     

Cyclodextrin-based adsorbents for the removal of pollutants from wastewater: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Water is a vital substance that constitutes biological structures and sustains life. However, water pollution is currently among the major...     

Assessment of heavy metals phytotoxicity using seed germination and root elongation tests: a comparison of two growth substrates

Seed germination and root elongation test is used to evaluate hazardous waste sites and to assess toxicity of organic and inorganic compounds. Paper substrate, especially circular filter paper placed inside a Petri dish has long been used for this test. Same reports indicate that filter paper might interfere with the toxicity of inorganic substances, especially metal cations. This study evaluate toxicity of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu on lettuce, broccoli, tomato and radish seed using two bed material: agar and filter paper. The results show that percent germination is not affected by substrates; vice versa, as for root elongation, the test in agar showed to be more sensible than that the one on filter paper. The radical growth inhibition depends on the metal, on the tested concentration and on the species; among the tested metals, cadmium was the one determining the highest toxic effects on different species and lettuce was the plant that suffered more. From the comparison, it is clearly evident the greater sensibility of the test in agar; on the other hand, the lower sensibility of the test on the filter paper might be caused by the partial and not homogeneous exposition of the root to metal cations.