两种一体式全程自养脱氮反应器的启动与运行特征对比

针对采用一体式全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的活性污泥反应器和移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)进行了超过400 d的考察，并对两者的运行特征进行了比较。结果显示，活性污泥CANON反应器经过长期运行，内部的污泥絮体首先聚集形成了生物膜，生物膜经刮擦脱落后可进一步形成颗粒污泥；转化形成的颗粒污泥系统对氨氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为97.6%和81.8%。在MBBR中，系统对氨氮和总氮的去除受曝气的制约，平均值分别为87.0%和72.9%;另外由于生物膜的保护，长期运行后亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)将难以被抑制。反应器微生物群落组成结构显示，生物膜中的氨氧化菌(AOB)、NOB和厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)相对丰度分别为5.66%、2.99%和21.10%,而颗粒污泥中这3种功能菌的相对丰度分别为7.62%、0.34%和6.85%。     

污泥接种策略与联氨促进垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化工艺快速启动及其运行效果

针对厌氧氨氧化工艺启动速度慢及在垃圾渗滤液中脱氮效率低的问题,探究了厌氧氨氧化工艺在处理高氨氮、低C/N比垃圾渗滤液中的快速启动及稳定运行策略。结果表明,厌氧氨氧化工艺接种反硝化污泥:anammox颗粒污泥=9:1的启动效果最佳,100 d时TN去除率可达75.1%。但由于垃圾渗滤液中COD较高,异养反硝化菌生长迅速且严重影响厌氧氨氧化菌活性。通过投加6 mg·L^-1的N₂H₄之后,异养反硝化菌活性受到抑制,反应器内厌氧氨氧菌占据主导地位,Candidatus Kuenenia菌相对丰度由0.2%提升到10.6%,TN去除率及氮去除速率分别达90.6%和0.143 kg·(kg·d)^-1以上。在厌氧氨氧化工艺中投加适量N₂H₄可实现垃圾渗滤液的稳定高效自养脱氮。     

一体式PN/A耦合EBPR工艺高效低耗处理实际低C/N主流城市污水

针对低C/N城市污水脱氮除磷因碳源不足存在能耗、药耗高以及脱氮除磷效率低等问题,开发一体式短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)耦合强化生物除磷工艺(EBPR),以降低碳源消耗和能耗、提高脱氮除磷效率,从而实现高效低耗减污降碳。通过构建悬浮污泥和生物膜共存的混合系统,采用厌氧-好氧运行模式以及间歇曝气,考察短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化与强化生物除磷过程的耦合效果。结果表明,反应器能长期稳定运行,出水总无机氮(TIN)质量浓度稳定低于4 mg·L^-1,溶解态磷(DP)质量浓度约0.2 mg·L^-1,TIN平均去除率大于90%,DP的平均去除率大于85%,平均脱氮负荷为53 mg·(g·d)^-1,强化间歇曝气能够在系统内实现NOB抑制,亚硝氮积累率可达60%以上,甚至100%。控制悬浮污泥好氧污泥龄为3.5 d,NOB由悬浮污泥向填料转移。由于生物膜传质受限,系统的亚硝氮积累率并未受到影响。该系统内厌氧氨氧化活性提高了5倍,厌氧氨氧化菌以Candidatus Brocadia为主,相对丰度为1.1%,较主流条件下提高了2.75倍。本研究结...     

有机碳对养殖池塘沉积物中反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的影响

养殖沉积物中反硝化作用对于缓解氮污染有重要的作用,沉积物中的反硝化和厌氧氨氧化菌可将化合态氮转变为氮气,从而有效降低污染,有机碳在该过程中有着重要的作用。为了解有机碳对养殖池塘沉积物中反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的影响,采取理化分析和分子生物学分析等方法,以养殖池塘沉积物为基质、人工配水为营养液,添加不同浓度的淀粉,分析120 h内底物亚硝氮(NO_2~--N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和TOC浓度,并对反硝化、厌氧氨氧化菌群丰度变化和反硝化菌多样性进行分析。结果表明:淀粉浓度在150 mg·L~(-1)时,NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N的去除率最高,分别达到98.90%和99.86%;NH_4~+-N去除率在淀粉浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)时最高,为35.98%。随着淀粉浓度的增加,反硝化菌的丰度明显增加,但有机碳对厌氧氨氧化菌群具有抑制作用。当淀粉浓度为150 mg·L~(-1)时,反硝化菌的丰度最大、多样性水平最高、物种数目最大,反硝化细菌优势菌属为未分类的变形菌属和β-变形菌属。     

ANAMMOX与反硝化协同作用及氮素负荷研究

向成功启动并稳定运行630 d后的UASB生物膜反应器系统连续添加有机物,分析其对厌氧氨氧化反应脱氮效果的影响,并进行氮素浓度负荷试验.在厌氧氨氧化反应器系统中连续投加有机COD(葡萄糖),系统运行稳定,有机COD(葡萄糖)存在对系统去除氮素能力影响不大,有机COD去除率达到92.0%,仅用23 d,在同一反应器系统中成功实现了厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同作用脱氮.氮素浓度负荷试验阶段,进水氨氮(NH 4-N)、亚硝氮(NO-2-N)以及总氮(TN)浓度负荷分别从0.063 kg/(m3·d)和0.063 kg/(m3·d)和0.126 kg/(m3·d)提升到了0.239 kg/(m3·d)、0.315 kg/(m3·d)和0.554 kg/(m3·d),相应去除率分别为84.0%、93.0%和85.0%,厌氧氨氧化工艺的UASB生物膜反应器对氮素浓度负荷仍有很大提升空间.     

两级自养反硝化实现垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮

针对目前生物工艺难以解决垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮的问题,探究了短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化-硫自养反硝化(两级自养)工艺处理高氨氮、低C/N比垃圾渗滤液的脱氮效果。结果表明,当进水垃圾渗滤液中氨氮平均浓度为2 560 mg·L~(-1),COD值为4 000～5 000 mg·L~(-1)时,经过短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理后,总氮去除负荷可达1.19 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)、总氮去除率可达93.1%(出水TN=176.3 mg·L~(-1))、COD去除率可达52.2%。但是,厌氧氨氧化反应器出水中NO_x~--N浓度为154.5 mg·L~(-1),仍未达到我国生活垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液处理排放标准(TN≤40 mg·L~(-1))。在厌氧氨氧化反应器之后串联硫自养反硝化,整体工艺最终出水NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N平均浓度分别为1.9、0.6、9.7 mg·L~(-1),TN≤15 mg·L~(-1),进水总氮去除率为99.5%。在短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化-硫自养反硝化两级自养深度脱氮反应系统中实现了垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮。     

低温等离子体技术改性填料前后Anammox工艺运行及微生物群落变化

采用低温等离子体技术对普通聚氨酯泡沫塑料填料进行表面改性处理,研究了改性前后填料的表面特征、厌氧氨氧化生物膜量、脱氮性能、微生物群落结构及其功能微生物基因丰度的变化。结果表明:低温等离子体改性以后填料表面与蒸馏水的静态接触角减少33.27°,单点比表面积和吸附平均孔径分别由8.98 m~2·g~(-1)和3.01 nm提高至9.66 m~2·g~(-1)和4.98 nm,材料表面粗糙度增加,亲水性能明显改善;未改性单位质量填料生物膜干质量为0.18 g,改性后单位质量填料生物膜干质量为0.37 g,相同时间内单位质量填料上的生物膜量相比于填料改性前提高了53%;填料改性前后系统总氮去除率均在80%以上。高通量测序结果显示,2系统菌群结构相似,主要功能菌属是Candidatus Kuenenia,改性填料相比于未改性填料其微生物种类丰富程度更高。实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)结果显示,改性后hzo基因相对丰度由59.50%增至73.50%,提高了14%,nxrB基因相对丰度由21.10%减至17.70%,降低了3%。由此可见,填料经改性后表面生物膜量增加,生物膜上功能微生物种类丰富性也有所增加,但在较低氮基质负荷条件下脱氮效率基本不变。     

MBBR一体式耦合短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理污泥水

采用移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理已回收磷后的实际污泥水,在进水平均氨氮浓度为167.51 mg·L~(-1)、HRT为22.24 h、DO为0.5 mg·L~(-1)和温度为24～26℃的条件下实现了一体式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化过程的耦合,对氨氮和总无机氮的最大去除率可达96%和79.7%。但是,一体式反应器受DO浓度影响较大,维持稳定的DO浓度对于系统的氮去除非常重要。荧光原位杂交(FISH)及高通量测序结果表明,MBBR的生物膜及活性污泥中Nitrosomonas菌分别占总菌数的10.46%和21.46%,厌氧氨氧化菌的优势菌种Candidatus Kuenenia在生物膜和活性污泥中分别占总菌数的4.13%和0.71%。因此,MBBR中活性污泥主要完成亚硝化,生物膜主要完成厌氧氨氧化,常温条件下,两者在一个反应体系中共同完成了对污泥水中氮的高效自养脱除。以上结果表明了一体式反应器处理实际污泥水的可行性,可为该工艺在实际工程中的应用提供参考。     

处理畜禽废水的序批式生物膜反应器中的细菌多样性

采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理畜禽废水,在室温(9～18℃)下,采用8 h/周期、交替停曝气的模式运行,控制曝气阶段DO浓度在2 mg/L,可实现明显的亚硝酸盐积累,氨氮及总氮的去除率分别可达(95.1±0.8)%和(87.2±0.6)%。为揭示SBBR中细菌种群构成及其动态变化规律,采用PCR-DGGE技术进行了细菌多样性分析,并构建了系统发育树,结果表明:与接种污泥相比,驯化期生物膜中细菌种群丰富度未发生明显变化,运行期交替曝气、停曝模式有助于提高生物膜中细菌的多样性指数,但受运行模式及氨氮负荷变化影响,运行期氨氧化菌多样性指数略低于驯化期;生物膜内存在一些具有反硝化功能的变形菌和特殊的氨氧化细菌,在本实验条件下未发现厌氧氨氧化菌,说明主要脱氮机理为同时短程硝化反硝化。     

低浓度乙酸盐诱导下厌氧氨氧化与异养反硝化高效耦合脱氮

通过连续流实验研究了低浓度乙酸盐诱导下厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥与异养反硝化菌的耦合脱氮性能,同时采用批试实验考察耦合系统中的氮素转化及去除途径。结果表明:采用低浓度乙酸盐对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥进行驯化,可以实现厌氧氨氧化与异养反硝化的高效耦合脱氮。系统在稳定时期,进水NH_4~+-N为30~40 mg·L~(-1)、NO_2~--N为45~55 mg·L~(-1)、CH_3COONa为60~80 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和TN的去除率分别为93.84%、94.62%和86.46%。耦合系统中的颗粒污泥同时存在厌氧氨氧化特性、硝化特性和反硝化特性。颗粒污泥表现出良好的厌氧氨氧化特性,总氮去除速率为12.46 mg·(g MLSS·h)~(-1)。系统中存在的硝化细菌可以消耗进水中的溶解氧从而缓解溶解氧对ANAMMOX菌的抑制,其中AOB活性高于NOB活性。系统中颗粒污泥对硝氮的反硝化作用强于对亚硝氮的反硝化作用,亚硝氮反硝化和硝氮反硝化的降解速率分别为1.89和3.59 mg·(g MLSS·h)~(-1)。当亚硝氮和硝氮同时存在时,反硝化菌优先将硝氮还原成亚硝氮。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.