超声破解污泥上清液对A~2O工艺脱氮除磷和微生物群落结构的影响

为了提高传统污水处理工艺的脱氮除磷效率、实现污泥资源化,本实验通过超声破解污泥获取碳源,采用耗氧呼吸速率分析上清液作为碳源的可行性,并将上清液回用于生活污水,考察其对A2O工艺长期运行的脱氮除磷效果和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,上清液中可降解有机物达到76.2%,具有作为内碳源的潜能;上清液和生活污水按1∶15投入A2O反应器后,氮、磷的去除率分别从63.2%和53.4%提高到了82.1%和94.7%;上清液明显改变了微生物群落结构,使除磷菌Actinobacteia和反硝化聚磷菌Sphingobacterium富集。     

新型污水处理工艺不排泥,出水直接回用

江西金达莱环保研发中心有限公司的“低能耗高效城镇污水、污泥同步处理技术4S—MBR”,是依托原创的特性菌MBR工艺,可实现污水污泥处理同步、处理回用同步、脱氮除磷同步、节能高效同步的新型污水处理工艺,首创高效复合型特性菌MBR工艺,实现基本不排污泥、连续高效脱氮除磷、出水直接回用、工艺运行无人值守、设备标准化和成套化及一体化。     

传统和氧化沟型A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷性能对比

为了对比研究传统A~2/O工艺和氧化沟型A~2/O工艺的脱氮除磷性能,通过实验分析了2种工艺在不同水力停留时间、不同混合液回流比、不同污泥回流比、不同污泥浓度条件下的脱氮除磷效果及典型工况下的污染物去除过程。结果表明,2种工艺在大多数情况下均可实现良好的脱氮除磷性能,出水COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP等各项水质指标均可满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A要求。在传统A~2/O工艺的缺氧段发生了反硝化除磷反应,在氧化沟型A~2/O工艺中则未发生。     

磁性硅球对SBR活性污泥脱氮除磷性能的影响

为研究磁性硅球(Fe_3O_4@SiO_2)对序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)污水处理系统中脱氮除磷性能的影响,建立了3个相同的SBR(编号依次为1号、2号和3号),在2号和3号反应器中分别投加0.5 g·L~(-1)的纳米Fe_3O_4和Fe_3O_4@SiO_2,1号反应器为不投加任何磁性材料的对照组。结果表明:Fe_3O_4@SiO_2对SBR中的污泥性能有显著的影响,3号反应器在运行20 d时,反应器内活性污泥结构完整,饱满密实,污泥粒径多集中分布在0.3～1.0 mm,颗粒化现象明显,而1号反应器无明显颗粒污泥,2号反应器虽能看到有少部分的颗粒污泥,但分布不均匀;Fe_3O_4@SiO_2对污泥胞外蛋白(PN)、胞外多糖(PS)的含量有促进作用,并能改善污泥的沉降性能,第70天时,3号反应器内PN和PS含量分别为318.89 mg·g~(-1)和28.51 mg·g~(-1),污泥沉降指数(SVI)为35.22 mL·g~(-1),性能优于1号和2号反应器;在除污方面,2号和3号反应器对污水总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)去除率比1号反应器分别提升了10.80%、15.20%和9.40%、12.40%,3号反应器表现出最高的脱氮除磷性能;此外,在典型周期内,3号反应器对氮素及磷的去除速率明显高于1号反应器,在240 min内,1号和3号反应器对TN去除速率分别为4.56 mg·(L·h)~(-1)和5.84 mg·(L·h)~(-1),对TP去除速率分别为0.44 mg·(L·h)~(-1)和0.51 mg·(L·h)~(-1)。由此可见,经SiO2包覆后所制备的Fe_3O_4@SiO_2,提高了其在水体的分散性,增大了与污泥的接触程度,极大促进了污泥经磁聚、吸附作用富集到其表面形成颗粒污泥,并利于脱氮除磷等微生物截留和附着,提高活性污泥反应系统的脱氮除磷效果和去除速率。以上结果可为进一步探索磁性纳米材料对SBR活性污泥脱氮除磷性能影响提供参考。     

污泥消化液的磷浓度对anammox-HAP系统磷回收的影响

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷酸钙(anammox-hydroxyapatite,anammox-HAP)技术可实现污泥厌氧消化液高效自养脱氮同步磷回收.污泥厌氧消化液中磷的浓度与污泥性质、厌氧消化过程相关,变化范围很大.为探索anammox-HAP 系统中的磷回收效率,通过基于anammox-HAP长期运行的膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器...     

新型高效反硝化除磷工艺

针对传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中存在的问题,简述了反硝化除磷工艺所具有的优点及其代谢途径．提出了两种典型的反硝化除磷工艺,并介绍了反硝化除磷技术的影响因素和测定方法。反硝化除磷技术的应用可解决传统生物脱氮除磷工艺中硝化菌污泥龄与聚磷菌污泥龄的差别以及反硝化菌与聚磷菌之间有机物之争的难题。     

新型生物强化A2/O系统在苯胺废水处理中的应用

针对常规A~2/O系统中污泥菌群泥龄不平衡、易受有毒物质毒害而难以有效处理苯胺类废水的问题,采用经驯化并固定的包埋菌对A~2/O系统进行强化。考察了常规A~2/O系统和生物强化A~2/O系统对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(COD)的去除效能,且研究了强化前后系统微生物的响应情况。结果表明:随着常规A~2/O系统随进水中苯胺组分的提高,脱氮能力明显下降,TN去除率由76.46%下降到34.28%,NH_4~+-N去除率由97.63%下降到31.82%;在包埋菌强化后,A~2/O系统TN和NH_4~+-N去除率分别恢复至73.09%和93.30%,同时能有效处理60 mg·L~(-1)苯胺。污泥微生物响应结果显示,生物强化A~2/O系统中活性污泥的比好氧呼吸速率(SOUR)和胞外聚合物(EPS)含量明显上升,说明污泥活性增强,抵御有毒物质能力提高。污泥微生物在属水平上,Zoogloea(动胶菌属)、Flavobacterium(黄杆菌属)和Brevundimonas(短波单胞菌属)等具有硝化和反硝化功能的菌属在强化后的相对丰度增加,这表明系统脱氮能力得到增强。生物强化A~2/O系统实现了苯胺类工业废水的有效处理,可为工程应用提供参考。     

蠕虫捕食对污泥性质的影响

利用一种新型静态序批式蠕虫生物反应器处理剩余污泥,另设一个未加蠕虫的反应器作为对照。通过对比分析2个反应器中污泥的比减量速率、沉降性能、脱水性能和比好氧速率来研究蠕虫捕食对污泥性质的影响。实验结果表明,蠕虫具有良好的污泥减量效果,蠕虫加入后可使污泥比减量速率增加（0．15±0．02）mg／（mg·d）。蠕虫作用后污泥沉降性能明显改善,污泥容积指数（SVI）降低28．9％,胞外聚合物（EPS）含量减少和污泥絮体结构变得更加密实规则是污泥沉降性能得到改善的重要原因。蠕虫捕食后污泥脱水性能变差,污泥标准化毛细吸水时间和比阻分别增大2．45倍和1．16倍,推测主要是由污泥絮体平均粒径减小造成的。另外,蠕虫的存在会降低污泥的微生物活性,异养细菌、氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的比好氧速率分别降低7．09％、7．84％和8．29％。     

一体式PN/A耦合EBPR工艺高效低耗处理实际低C/N主流城市污水

针对低C/N城市污水脱氮除磷因碳源不足存在能耗、药耗高以及脱氮除磷效率低等问题,开发一体式短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)耦合强化生物除磷工艺(EBPR),以降低碳源消耗和能耗、提高脱氮除磷效率,从而实现高效低耗减污降碳。通过构建悬浮污泥和生物膜共存的混合系统,采用厌氧-好氧运行模式以及间歇曝气,考察短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化与强化生物除磷过程的耦合效果。结果表明,反应器能长期稳定运行,出水总无机氮(TIN)质量浓度稳定低于4 mg·L^-1,溶解态磷(DP)质量浓度约0.2 mg·L^-1,TIN平均去除率大于90%,DP的平均去除率大于85%,平均脱氮负荷为53 mg·(g·d)^-1,强化间歇曝气能够在系统内实现NOB抑制,亚硝氮积累率可达60%以上,甚至100%。控制悬浮污泥好氧污泥龄为3.5 d,NOB由悬浮污泥向填料转移。由于生物膜传质受限,系统的亚硝氮积累率并未受到影响。该系统内厌氧氨氧化活性提高了5倍,厌氧氨氧化菌以Candidatus Brocadia为主,相对丰度为1.1%,较主流条件下提高了2.75倍。本研究结...     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能利用NO-3作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器(MBR)脱氮效率低和膜污染问题,建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC-MBR反应器为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明,2套系统的COD去除率均超过88%,对NH4-N的去除均达到99%。闭路MFC-MBR系统TN去除率达到69.4%,高于开路系统的55.3%。混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在88%左右,同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质,zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少,污泥颗粒平均体积粒径(233.482μm)较开路系统(94.877μm)有明显增加,膜清洗周期延长了41.17%。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Characterization of products of ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in liquid phase

In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in the liquid phase, characterization of reaction products has been attempted. One of the products, which was volatile, has been found to be formaldehyde by derivatizing with dimedone. The infrared and mass spectra of the derivative corresponded with that of alkylidene dimedone. Three other reaction products were isolated by TLC using silica gel, CHCl₃:MeOH (80:20). These have been tentatively identified as glyoxal, epoxide of acrylonitrile and acetamide from their mass spectra. Based on these findings a reaction pathway for the formation of formaldehyde is proposed to be that described by Criegee.