近地面臭氧污染特征及防控措施探析

随着社会的发展,市场经济不断进步,我国工业化、城市化发展迅速,城市污染也较为严重,臭氧污染气体排放量逐年增高,二次污染物臭氧的含量也在不断升高,近地面臭氧污染问题较为严重。据不完全统计,近年来,我国空气环境检测数据显示,颗粒物浓度下降较为明显,臭氧浓度小幅度提升,近地面臭氧浓度较高,臭氧污染成为我国主要大气污染原因之一。本文对近地面臭氧污染的特征及防御措施展开讨论,提出相应建议。     

重庆市渝中区臭氧时空变化规律因素分析研究

臭氧是城市光化学烟雾的主要成分,同时也是重要的温室气体,因此臭氧污染已经成为城市空气质量的重要因素.对重庆市渝中区2015年3个空气质量自动监测点臭氧浓度进行比较,并分析了臭氧与环境、日照、气温、挥发性有机物、NO2、PM10、PM2.5的相关性.结果表明:臭氧浓度与监测点周围环境有关;臭氧浓度呈典型的季节变化趋势,与日照、气温呈明显的正相关;臭氧浓度小时值变化出现明显的日变化规律;臭氧浓度与挥发性有机物呈正相关,与NO2、PM10、PM2.5有较好的负相关性.     

眉山市东坡区臭氧污染现状及防治对策建议

随着环境空气质量的改善同时,臭氧污染对人类生活造成的不利影响逐渐显现.运用眉山市东坡区"十三五"期间国家城市环境空气质量监测点位监测数据,对眉山市东坡区臭氧污染过程的变化特征进行简要分析.近5年来,臭氧污染天数逐年增多,臭氧污染已然成为制约眉山市东坡区环境空气优良率提升的重要因素.结合臭氧浓度变化规律、氮氧化物浓度变化...     

保定市臭氧污染时空变化特征分析研究

为了解保定臭氧污染状况,利用2013年各环境空气自动监测点位监测数据,对臭氧污染状况及其时空变化特征进行分析.研究结果表明:①臭氧浓度的日变化呈单峰型结构,最高值与最低值分别出现在14点和6点,臭氧呈现明显的"周末效应".②臭氧浓度的月和季度变化具有典型的季节特征,春、夏季高,秋、冬季低,与太阳辐射强度呈正相关性.③各监测点位的臭氧浓度值差异明显,最高值与最低值分别出现在游泳馆点位和华电二校点位.     

基于激光雷达观测的珠海近地面与边界层上部臭氧污染成因研究

利用差分吸收臭氧激光雷达、多普勒风廓线激光雷达,研究了2019年11月在广东珠海出现的一次典型臭氧污染过程前后期的时空分布特征,以及水平风向风速及垂直风速对近地面与边界层上部臭氧浓度变化的影响.结果表明：2019年11月13日的臭氧污染以低风速条件下 臭氧局地生成为主;2019年11月14日的臭氧污染以夜间残留悬空臭氧向下输送叠加地面生成为主.入夜后若近地面水平风速较小,则不利于近地面臭氧清除,地面臭氧浓度下降缓慢.若夜间边界层内存在上升气流,则有利于悬空臭氧残留的维持;若日间边界层内出现下沉气流, 则会导致残留悬空臭氧沉降,进而与新生成的臭氧叠加,加剧地面臭氧污染.污染过程中,若水平风速上升,边界层上部臭氧浓度下降不如 低层明显;若水平风速下降,边界层上部臭氧浓度上升响应也较为迟缓.     

深圳市夏季臭氧污染研究

以2009年8月为例分析了深圳市夏季臭氧污染情况及污染气象特征,基于二维空气质量模式对臭氧污染控制进行数值模拟. 结果表明:深圳市８月各监测点均存在臭氧超标现象,污染形势严峻;副热带高压控制和热带气旋外围下沉气流是造成夏季出现高浓度臭氧的主要天气过程,此时大气边界层混合层高度在500～800 m,且近地面风速约在5 ms以内,不利于污染物扩散;臭氧的生成受前体物挥发性有机物(VOC)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的共同影响,其中VOC排放的影响较大,深圳市臭氧控制应以降低VOC排放量为重点,模拟得出对VOC和NO_x按25∶1～40∶1的比例协同减排可有效降低臭氧污染.      

银川市臭氧污染特征及影响因素分析

依据2014年银川市6个自动空气监测子站的监测数据,分析银川市臭氧浓度的污染特征,并对夏季臭氧相关气象因子进行分析。结果表明,从监测点位来看,银湖巷站点臭氧浓度最高,宁安大街次之,宁化生活区臭氧浓度最低。从时间变化规律来看,银川市臭氧浓度呈夏季最高,春季次之,秋季、冬季污染较低,其中臭氧月均浓度最大值出现在5月、6月。臭氧日变化呈单峰变化规律,夜间臭氧浓度较低,白天臭氧浓度较高。夏季臭氧浓度与二氧化氮、相对湿度呈显著的负相关性,与气温、风速呈显著正相关性。     

中国城市群臭氧时空分布特征分析

为揭示我国主要城市群近地面臭氧的时空分布规律,使用空气质量监测网站发布的2019年243个城市共计1215个站点的臭氧浓度数据对中国正在稳步建设的19个城市群的臭氧时空分布特征进行分析,结果表明:臭氧污染高发期主要集中在夏季6、7月份,春末秋初次之,冬季基本不发生污染.城市群100μg/m³以上的臭氧浓度占比变化趋势大致表现为不规则的“V”和“W”两大类.2019年我国19个城市群可明显提取出北部和南部两个浓度分布高值中心,分别出现在夏季和秋季,夏季根据污染严重程度又可将高值中心划分为两个层级.城市群臭氧浓度分布具有空间自相关特性,夏季热点区域与北部高值中心重合,秋季则与南部高值中心位置一致,此时冷点区域面积达到最大.由于臭氧污染成因的复杂性,不能简单以现有城市群等级划分结果对其进行分级管理,需要根据实际分布情况对不同城市群制定相应污染防控措施.     

基于GRAPES模式佛山市臭氧污染气象指数的构建和预报

选取2017—2018年佛山市空气质量监测资料、地面气象观测资料和ECMWF再分析资料,得到对臭氧污染天气具有指示意义的气象因子,从GRAPES模式可预报性出发构建适用于佛山市干季和湿季的臭氧污染气象指数（OWI）,并对OWI进行预报评估检验.结果表明：干季地面气象要素对区分佛山市臭氧污染和清洁天气的能力更强,出现臭氧污染时往往气温高、地面为弱北风;850 hPa风速较小,高空主要受副热带高压影响.湿季高空气象要素区分臭氧污染和清洁天气的能力更强,出现臭氧污染时往往850 hPa风速较小,850 hPa与地面风场垂直切变较小,多数情况下500 hPa呈辐散形势或700 hPa为下沉运动.综合考虑上述要素构建的臭氧污染气象指数可较好地反映臭氧浓度变化趋势,当OWI超过阈值（干季12.0、湿季10.8）时,出现臭氧污染事件的可能性较大,在湿季该指数区分臭氧清洁天气和污染天气的差异性较干季更显著.基于GRAPES模式预报的OWI与臭氧浓度实况呈正相关关系,相关系数在0.5～0.6之间,能较为有效地预判臭氧污染过程发生、发展和消散的不同阶段;其阈值具有较高的预报参考性,24 h预报性能尤为理想...     

上海市近地面臭氧污染的健康影响评价

根据2008年上海市环境保护部门的每日24h近地面臭氧监测数据,以每日最大8h(11:00～18:59)的臭氧浓度均值作为上海市居民的平均暴露水平,以该年上海市的全部常住人口作为臭氧暴露人口,计算近地面臭氧污染对上海市居民的健康影响和相关的健康经济损失.2008年上海市近地面臭氧每日最大8h的年平均水平为88μg/m3,其中市区为78μg/m3,市郊区为96μg/m3.结果表明,近地面臭氧污染可以导致上海市居民1892(95%CI:589～3540)例早逝和26049(95%CI:13371～38499)例住院,全年的归因健康经济损失为32.42(95%CI:10.80～59.23)亿元,其中由早逝引起的损失占总健康经济损失的88.12%.提示近地面臭氧污染已对上海市居民产生了较大的健康损失和经济损失.     

Emission source-based ozone isopleth and isosurface diagrams and their significance in ozone pollution control strategies

In the past decade, ozone (O₃) pollution has been continuously worsening in most developing countries. The accurate identification of the nonlinear relationship between O₃ and its precursors is a prerequisite for formulating effective O₃ control measures. At present, precursor-based O₃ isopleth diagrams are widely used to infer O₃ control strategy at a particular location. However, there is frequently a large gap between the O₃-precursor nonlinearity delineated by the O₃ isopleths and the emission source control measures to reduce O₃ levels. Consequently, we developed an emission source-based O₃ isopleth diagram that directly illustrates the O₃ level changes in response to synergistic control on two types of emission sources using a validated numerical modeling system and the latest regional emission inventory. Isopleths can be further upgraded to isosurfaces when co-control on three types of emission sources is investigated. Using Guangzhou and Foshan as examples, we demonstrate that similar precursor-based O₃ isopleths can be associated with significantly different emission source co-control strategies. In Guangzhou, controlling solvent use emissions was the most effective approach to reduce peak O₃ levels. In Foshan, co-control of on-road mobile, solvent use, and fixed combustion sources with a ratio of 3:1:2 or 3:1:3 was best to effectively reduce the peak O₃ levels below 145 ppbv. This study underscores the importance of using emission source-based O₃ isopleths and isosurface diagrams to guide a precursor emission control strategy that can effectively reduce the peak O₃ levels in a particular area.     

消耗臭氧层物质对平流层臭氧的影响预测

采用美国戈达德航天中心的雨云气象卫星臭氧全球网格资料,从中截取中国大陆主体部分(69.375°E～139.375°E、14.5°N～54.5°N)的数据,分析臭氧柱浓度变化的统计特性.结果表明,1979～1998年,大陆主体上空区域的臭氧柱浓度下降趋势明显,青藏高原上空的臭氧柱浓度下降速度较全国水平略快.假定其他缔约国均履行蒙特利尔议定书的前提下,以1980年臭氧柱浓度情形为基准,利用臭氧柱浓度与消耗臭氧层物质浓度之间的关系,预测了中国履行蒙特利尔议定书与不履行两种情形下,2001～2050年中国上空臭氧柱浓度变化情况.结果表明,中国履约受控情形下,2050年大陆主体部分上空的臭氧柱浓度将与其1980年的水平相近;不受控情形下,柱浓度将持续下降,2050年整个大陆主体上空绝大部分地区臭氧柱浓度值均低于240DU.     

Uncertainties in surface ozone trend at hohenpeissenberg

It is well-known that early surface ozone measurements using the iodometric method suffered from both negative and positive interferences by reducing and oxidizing gases, notably SO₂ and NO₂, respectively. These interferences could be serious in areas close to emission sources. Using the important Hohenpeissenberg Observatory surface ozone data series as an example, we demonstrate that the uncertainty due to SO₂ interference during the pre-1976 period could have a significant effect on the apparent upward trend, and possibly lead to its overestimation by a factor of 3. There is evidence to show that the NO₂ interference at the Observatory may not be entirely insignificant under certain meteorological conditions. The effect of the uncertainty due to this interperence on the long-term surface ozone trend also needs to be evaluated. In view of the importance of the conclusions concerning increasing surface ozone concentrations, which have stemmed from previous analyses of the Hohenpeissenberg Observatory data set, it is essential to discuss these uncertainties in the open literature so that a consensus of opinion may be formed on the data quality of the early years' observations.     

Recent advances in catalytic decomposition of ozone

Ozone (O₃), as a harmful air pollutant, has been of wide concern. Safe, efficient, and economical O₃ removal methods urgently need to be developed. Catalytic decomposition is the most promising method for O₃ removal, especially at room temperature or even subzero temperatures. Great efforts have been made to develop high-efficiency catalysts for O₃ decomposition that can operate at low temperatures, high space velocity and high humidity. First, this review describes the general reaction mechanism of O₃ decomposition on noble metal and transition metal oxide catalysts. Then, progress on the O₃ decomposition performance of various catalysts in the past 30 years is summarized in detail. The main focus is the O₃ decomposition performance of manganese oxides, which are divided into supported manganese oxides and non-supported manganese oxides. Methods to improve the activity, stability, and humidity resistance of manganese oxide catalysts for O₃ decomposition are also summarized. The deactivation mechanisms of manganese oxides under dry and humid conditions are discussed. The O₃ decomposition performance of monolithic catalysts is also summarized from the perspective of industrial applications. Finally, the future development directions and prospects of O₃ catalytic decomposition technology are put forward.     

Vertical ozone profiles in a pine forest

Vertical profiles of ozone concentration have been measured in a pine forest located in the Landes region, in south-west France. In the daytime, ozone concentrations are nearly constant between ground level and an altitude of 35 m, the higher level of measurement. At night, important vertical variations of ozone concentration are observed in relation with temperature profiles. Analysis of the ozone profiles shows that the main ozone sink is the soil. When the ozone concentration near ground level is around zero, the ozone profile changes slowly, even in the main vegetation layer between 15 and 25 m height. This means that the chemical destruction of ozone at night is weak in comparison with its dry deposition at ground level.     

The characterization and comparison of ozone exposure indices used in assessing the response of loblolly pine to ozone

Using the 1988 and 1989 experimental results obtained for two loblolly pine half-sibling families (GAKR 15–23 and GAKR 15–91) at the Auburn University intensive field research site, we: (1) explored the performance of a set of exposure indices; (2) characterized the ambient air and charcoal-filtered air treatments at Auburn and compared the values of the O₃ exposure indices with those values calculated for ambient O₃ monitors for a select set of sites; (3) identified and characterized O₃ treatments in the Auburn open-top exposure chambers where an adverse effect was noted; and (4) identified where such experimental exposure regimes occurred under ambient conditions. We found that the SUMO exposure index did not perform adequately. We were unable to distinguish among the performances of the SUM06, W126, and SUM08 exposure indices. The results of the analyses of six estimated logistic parameters for a model of diameter² × height (d²h) vs time indicated O₃ effects for both families. At pH 4.3 (near ambient conditions), a response to O₃ was detected in the NF × 2.5 treatments for both families for t₂, the approximate time of maximum growth during the second year. Using ln (final d²h), family 23 did not show O₃ effects. A comparison of the exposures experienced in the NF × 2.5 treatments with those occurring under ambient conditions at other locations showed that in 1983 and 1986, the San Bernardino County (CA) site experienced O₃ exposures similar to those values experienced at the NF × 2.5 treatments in 1989.     

夜间近地表臭氧观测

2018年12月15~18日使用激光雷达在河北望都观测气溶胶与O₃,利用气溶胶消光系数廓线判断边界层的变化,进而研究大气边界层对于近地表层（300m）O₃浓度的影响.结果表明,边界层主要影响O₃的干沉降以及高空O₃的垂直输送,在受本地污染控制时,近地表O₃浓度受干沉降控制明显,随着边界层高度的下降而减少;西北地区气团占主导时,O₃浓度主要受水平传输以及高空垂直输送影响.