短期有机冲击下船用景观一体化反硝化除磷装置的处理效能

为高效、稳定处理船舶生活污水,研究了船用景观一体化反硝化除磷装置面对短期水质波动的效能变化,采用富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)的ABR-CSTR连续流组合工艺耦合生态单元处理船舶生活污水,对比了ABR进水容积负荷(VLR)为1.2 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)、COD为350 mg·L~(-1)的基准条件,通过短期内提高进水中有机底物的浓度,来模拟1.5倍和2.0倍进水有机负荷的有机冲击,此外通过控制硝化液回流比及溶解氧获得应对冲击的调控策略。结果表明:在2种短期冲击下,COD去除率分别为94.1%和92.6%,出水BOD和TN可达标,生物单元出水磷平均为0.76 mg·L~(-1)和1.14 mg·L~(-1),缺氧吸磷量为7.13 mg·L~(-1)和5.82 mg·L~(-1),生态单元可深度降解氮磷及缓冲波动;在1.5倍VLR下,调整硝化液回流比由200%至300%,反硝化吸磷量由7.10 mg·L~(-1)升至7.41 mg·L~(-1),在2.0倍冲击下,提高硝化液回流比对系统除磷帮助甚微,将DO从1.5 mg·L~(-1)升至2.0 mg·L~(-1),吸磷量由5.17 mg·L~(-1)升至6.01 mg·L~(-1),系统反硝化除磷效果得以提升;污泥特性方面,ABR内MLVSS/MLSS比值和EPS量随有机底物浓度的提高而上升,厌氧段EPS增幅最大,可由154.5 mg·g~(-1)升至164.2 mg·g~(-1)和183.4 mg·g~(-1)。ABR-CSTR-生态单元一体化装置面对短期有机冲击具有稳定处理效果,研究结果可为船舶生活污水的治理提供参考。     

利用反硝化法净化难降解吡啶废气

利用反硝化的方法处理吡啶气体,并通过与普通生物洗涤塔对吡啶废气处理效果的对比研究,探索了难降解VOC—吡啶废气反硝化净化过程的几个问题。实验设置实验组(1~#反应器)和对照组(2~#反应器),结果表明,1~#对吡啶废气的去除能力更大,最大去除负荷为84.5 mg·(L·h)~(-1),而2~#最大去除负荷为49.2 mg·(L·h)~(-1)。1~#系统中反硝化作用对净化吡啶的贡献率,在一定范围内,随着进气浓度的增大而增大。当进气浓度从250 mg·m~(-3)增大到1 000 mg·m~(-3),反硝化去除负荷从8.0 mg·(L·h)~(-1)增加到62.8 mg·(L·h)~(-1),在总去除负荷中所占比重从32.5%增加到73.6%,随着进气负荷的增加,反硝化逐渐起主要作用。     

臭氧耦合ASBR/SBR控氮磷污泥减量化水处理工艺

针对传统污泥减量化工艺中氮磷难以达标的问题,以ASBR/SBR组合工艺为基础辅助臭氧氧化预处理,提出了臭氧耦合ASBR(anaerobic sequencing batch reactor)/SBR(sequencing batch reactor)工艺实现污泥减量与氮磷协同控制,系统评价了该工艺对污泥减量和脱氮除磷效果。结果表明,未投加臭氧时,SBR的污泥表观产率系数Yobs(即降解每克COD产生的悬浮固体的量)均值为0.228 g·g~(-1),投加臭氧(投量为0.074 g·g~(-1))后Yobs均值降低至0.132 g·g~(-1),降低了42%;臭氧投加前后出水COD、NH+4-N、TN和PO3-4-P去除率变化不大,分别在91%、95.2%、74.7%和49.4%左右;投加臭氧使得SOUR(specific oxygen uptake rate)(即每小时每克污泥所需氧气量)由2.8 mg·(g·h)~(-1)降低至2.4 mg·(g·h)~(-1),表明臭氧氧化并未明显抑制生物活性;此外,投加臭氧使得MLVSS/MLSS由0.85降低至0.83,表明实验过程中未发现惰性物质的累积。实验结果表明,臭氧耦合ASBR/SBR工艺在实现污泥减量和控制氮磷方面具有一定的工程应用价值。     

多级生物膜反应器对煤气化废水的处理

采用4级生物膜反应器串联处理煤气化废水,分析了反应器的启动过程、污染物去除能力及沿程水质特征,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)、进水污染物负荷对处理效果的影响。结果表明:系统在16 d的培养时间内可快速完成微生物的驯化及固定化;在连续进水、持续曝气的运行方式下,各反应器均具备对NH_4~+-N、COD、TN及SS的同步去除能力,在HRT=55.6 h、ρ(NH_4~+-N)=245~363 mg·L~(-1)、ρ(COD)=761~1 764 mg·L~(-1)、ρ(TN)=262~377 mg·L~(-1)、ρ(SS)=121~143 mg·L~(-1)的进水条件下,反应器出水NH_4~+-N、COD、TN及SS的质量浓度分别为0.23~1.37、16.3~26.1、91.6~139和12.3~18.5 mg·L~(-1),平均去除率分别为99.8%、98.1%、65.8%和88.2%,同步硝化反硝化效率为70.1%;在HRT≥39.2 h、进水NH_4~+-N负荷≤0.203 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)、进水COD负荷≤1.357 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)的条件下,出水NH_4~+-N、COD浓度均能满足GB 31571-2015排放标准要求。     

印染废水高标准排放组合工艺优化

为了实现印染废水的高标准排放,构建了生物吸附/MBBR/混凝沉淀池/硫铁自养反硝化/活性焦组合工艺,并对其进行了优化运行研究;考察了不同水力停留时间(HRT)和溶解氧(DO)对系统污染物去除的影响。结果表明:生物吸附池和MBBR池的HRT分别为1 h和10 h、DO分别为1 mg·L~(-1)和5 mg·L~(-1)的情况下,污染物的去除效果最佳;其中,COD的去除率达到98%;在最优条件下,组合工艺出水COD、NH4+-N、TP和TN浓度分别为16、0.56、0.32和1.39 mg·L~(-1),污水色度基本完全去除。该组合工艺实现了印染废水的高标准排放,为印染废水处理的工程应用提供了数据和技术支撑。     

多级潮汐流人工湿地对污泥厌氧消化液中氨氮及有机物的去除特征

针对城市污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化液回流而引起城市污水处理厂处理系统内氨氮累积的问题,采用多级潮汐流人工湿地(MTF-CWs),研究MTF-CWs对污泥厌氧消化液中氨氮和有机物的去除特征及其主要去除途径。经过260 d的运行,结果表明,NH_4~+-N和COD平均进水浓度分别为859.55 mg·L~(-1)和446.52 mg·L~(-1),MTF-CWs对NH_4~+-N和COD均有较好的处理效果,平均去除率分别为66.50%和47.10%。在MTF-CWs中,转化为NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N占被去除NH_4~+-N的73.21%,硝化反应是NH_4~+-N去除的主要途径,MTF-CWs的平均硝化速率为0.3 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)。TN的平均去除率为17.63%,去除效果较差,其原因在于原水中缺少反硝化所需要的碳源。     

电解/超声强化铁炭法处理饮用水源中的Cr(Ⅵ)

采用传统铁炭法、电解强化铁炭法、超声强化铁炭法处理供水Cr(Ⅵ)污染,研究其处理效果和去除Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学。结果表明:传统铁炭法在投加量为9 g·L~(-1),反应时间为50 min,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率可达95%以上,铁炭法去除Cr(Ⅵ)的过程符合一级动力学方程。在铁炭投加量为3 g·L~(-1)条件下,电解强化后Cr(Ⅵ)去除率提高了4.42%,超声强化后Cr(Ⅵ)去除率可达到95%以上。电解强化法、超声强化法的Cr(Ⅵ)衰减速率分别是传统铁炭法的Cr(Ⅵ)衰减速率的1.26和2.26倍。超声强化铁炭法不仅使得Cr(Ⅵ)去除率大幅提高,同时还能防止传统铁炭法在实际应用中出现的板结和沟流问题,是一种较为可行的供水厂处理六价铬污染的技术。     

生物处理组合工艺用于制革废水处理

针对制革废水高COD、高总氮的问题,提出了基于上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)、上流式反硝化污泥床(UDNSB)、生物接触氧化池的生物处理组合工艺,进行了为期321 d的现场中试研究。研究结果表明,对于COD、TN、NH_4~+-N平均浓度分别为2 740、278和193 mg·L~(-1)的制革废水,在硝化液回流比R为300%,UASB反应器、UDNSB反应器、生物接触氧化池的水力停留时间(HRT)分别为11、22和57 h,平均容积负荷分别为5.63 kg COD·(m~3·d)~(-1)、0.30 kg TN·(m~3·d)~(-1)和0.11 kg NH+4-N·(m~3·d)~(-1)的条件下,该组合工艺处理出水COD、TN和NH_4~+-N的平均浓度分别为190、69.8和4.6 mg·L~(-1),其平均去除率分别达到92%、73%和97%以上。     

HRT对UASB厌氧反硝化脱氮的影响

在反硝化脱氮的影响因素方面,研究多集中在碳源种类和碳氮比(C/N)2个方面,而对水力停留时间(HRT)的影响很少有报道。采用UASB作为厌氧反硝化反应器,进水NO_3~--N为50 mg·L~(-1),C/N比固定为1.5,分别以葡萄糖和乙酸钠作碳源,研究HRT对反硝化效果的影响。结果表明:当外加碳源为葡萄糖时,最佳HRT为6 h,此时NO_3~--N和TN的去除效果最好,去除率分别为79.5%和63.8%,出水NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度分别为4.69 mg·L~(-1)和2.22 mg·L~(-1);当外加碳源为乙酸钠时,最佳HRT为4 h,对应的NO_3~--N和TN去除率分别为99.0%和91.4%,出水NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度分别为3.08 mg·L~(-1)和0.47 mg·L~(-1)。HRT对反硝化效果有显著影响,且跟碳源种类有关。HRT会影响反硝化菌、反硝化异化还原成铵(DNRA)细菌和其他异养菌之间的平衡。     

Fenton氧化与铁炭微电解组合预处理DMF废水

对COD表征模拟废水中DMF去除率的可行性进行了探讨。在此基础上,分别对铁炭微电解、Fenton氧化-铁炭微电解和铁炭微电解-Fenton氧化组合工艺对DMF废水的处理效果进行分析,结果表明,Fenton氧化-铁炭微电解工艺的处理效果较好。在pH=5,反应时间为1 h,FeSO4·7H2O投加量为1 000 mg/L、H2O2投加量为2.67 mL/L和不曝气的最佳反应条件下,Fenton氧化-铁炭微电解工艺对实际废水和废液中COD的去除率分别达到66.67%和72.22%,从而验证了该工艺处理DMF废水的可行性。此外,Fenton氧化处理DMF废水过程实际上是将酰胺基团和羰基的不饱和双键氧化分解的过程。     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.